ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.91.96.0/23
network10.91.96.0/23
broadcast10.91.97.255
first host10.91.96.1
last host10.91.97.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.91.96.0/23
address00001010.01011011.01100000.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01011011.01100000.00000000
broadcast00001010.01011011.01100001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a5b6000
decimal173760512
reverse dns0.96.91.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a5b:6000

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.91.96.0/3110.91.96.0 – 10.91.96.110.91.96.1
210.91.96.2/3110.91.96.2 – 10.91.96.310.91.96.3
310.91.96.4/3110.91.96.4 – 10.91.96.510.91.96.5
410.91.96.6/3110.91.96.6 – 10.91.96.710.91.96.7
510.91.96.8/3110.91.96.8 – 10.91.96.910.91.96.9
610.91.96.10/3110.91.96.10 – 10.91.96.1110.91.96.11
710.91.96.12/3110.91.96.12 – 10.91.96.1310.91.96.13
810.91.96.14/3110.91.96.14 – 10.91.96.1510.91.96.15
910.91.96.16/3110.91.96.16 – 10.91.96.1710.91.96.17
1010.91.96.18/3110.91.96.18 – 10.91.96.1910.91.96.19
1110.91.96.20/3110.91.96.20 – 10.91.96.2110.91.96.21
1210.91.96.22/3110.91.96.22 – 10.91.96.2310.91.96.23
1310.91.96.24/3110.91.96.24 – 10.91.96.2510.91.96.25
1410.91.96.26/3110.91.96.26 – 10.91.96.2710.91.96.27
1510.91.96.28/3110.91.96.28 – 10.91.96.2910.91.96.29
1610.91.96.30/3110.91.96.30 – 10.91.96.3110.91.96.31
1710.91.96.32/3110.91.96.32 – 10.91.96.3310.91.96.33
1810.91.96.34/3110.91.96.34 – 10.91.96.3510.91.96.35
1910.91.96.36/3110.91.96.36 – 10.91.96.3710.91.96.37
2010.91.96.38/3110.91.96.38 – 10.91.96.3910.91.96.39
2110.91.96.40/3110.91.96.40 – 10.91.96.4110.91.96.41
2210.91.96.42/3110.91.96.42 – 10.91.96.4310.91.96.43
2310.91.96.44/3110.91.96.44 – 10.91.96.4510.91.96.45
2410.91.96.46/3110.91.96.46 – 10.91.96.4710.91.96.47
2510.91.96.48/3110.91.96.48 – 10.91.96.4910.91.96.49
2610.91.96.50/3110.91.96.50 – 10.91.96.5110.91.96.51
2710.91.96.52/3110.91.96.52 – 10.91.96.5310.91.96.53
2810.91.96.54/3110.91.96.54 – 10.91.96.5510.91.96.55
2910.91.96.56/3110.91.96.56 – 10.91.96.5710.91.96.57
3010.91.96.58/3110.91.96.58 – 10.91.96.5910.91.96.59
3110.91.96.60/3110.91.96.60 – 10.91.96.6110.91.96.61
3210.91.96.62/3110.91.96.62 – 10.91.96.6310.91.96.63
3310.91.96.64/3110.91.96.64 – 10.91.96.6510.91.96.65
3410.91.96.66/3110.91.96.66 – 10.91.96.6710.91.96.67
3510.91.96.68/3110.91.96.68 – 10.91.96.6910.91.96.69
3610.91.96.70/3110.91.96.70 – 10.91.96.7110.91.96.71
3710.91.96.72/3110.91.96.72 – 10.91.96.7310.91.96.73
3810.91.96.74/3110.91.96.74 – 10.91.96.7510.91.96.75
3910.91.96.76/3110.91.96.76 – 10.91.96.7710.91.96.77
4010.91.96.78/3110.91.96.78 – 10.91.96.7910.91.96.79
4110.91.96.80/3110.91.96.80 – 10.91.96.8110.91.96.81
4210.91.96.82/3110.91.96.82 – 10.91.96.8310.91.96.83
4310.91.96.84/3110.91.96.84 – 10.91.96.8510.91.96.85
4410.91.96.86/3110.91.96.86 – 10.91.96.8710.91.96.87
4510.91.96.88/3110.91.96.88 – 10.91.96.8910.91.96.89
4610.91.96.90/3110.91.96.90 – 10.91.96.9110.91.96.91
4710.91.96.92/3110.91.96.92 – 10.91.96.9310.91.96.93
4810.91.96.94/3110.91.96.94 – 10.91.96.9510.91.96.95
4910.91.96.96/3110.91.96.96 – 10.91.96.9710.91.96.97
5010.91.96.98/3110.91.96.98 – 10.91.96.9910.91.96.99
5110.91.96.100/3110.91.96.100 – 10.91.96.10110.91.96.101
5210.91.96.102/3110.91.96.102 – 10.91.96.10310.91.96.103
5310.91.96.104/3110.91.96.104 – 10.91.96.10510.91.96.105
5410.91.96.106/3110.91.96.106 – 10.91.96.10710.91.96.107
5510.91.96.108/3110.91.96.108 – 10.91.96.10910.91.96.109
5610.91.96.110/3110.91.96.110 – 10.91.96.11110.91.96.111
5710.91.96.112/3110.91.96.112 – 10.91.96.11310.91.96.113
5810.91.96.114/3110.91.96.114 – 10.91.96.11510.91.96.115
5910.91.96.116/3110.91.96.116 – 10.91.96.11710.91.96.117
6010.91.96.118/3110.91.96.118 – 10.91.96.11910.91.96.119
6110.91.96.120/3110.91.96.120 – 10.91.96.12110.91.96.121
6210.91.96.122/3110.91.96.122 – 10.91.96.12310.91.96.123
6310.91.96.124/3110.91.96.124 – 10.91.96.12510.91.96.125
6410.91.96.126/3110.91.96.126 – 10.91.96.12710.91.96.127
6510.91.96.128/3110.91.96.128 – 10.91.96.12910.91.96.129
6610.91.96.130/3110.91.96.130 – 10.91.96.13110.91.96.131
6710.91.96.132/3110.91.96.132 – 10.91.96.13310.91.96.133
6810.91.96.134/3110.91.96.134 – 10.91.96.13510.91.96.135
6910.91.96.136/3110.91.96.136 – 10.91.96.13710.91.96.137
7010.91.96.138/3110.91.96.138 – 10.91.96.13910.91.96.139
7110.91.96.140/3110.91.96.140 – 10.91.96.14110.91.96.141
7210.91.96.142/3110.91.96.142 – 10.91.96.14310.91.96.143
7310.91.96.144/3110.91.96.144 – 10.91.96.14510.91.96.145
7410.91.96.146/3110.91.96.146 – 10.91.96.14710.91.96.147
7510.91.96.148/3110.91.96.148 – 10.91.96.14910.91.96.149
7610.91.96.150/3110.91.96.150 – 10.91.96.15110.91.96.151
7710.91.96.152/3110.91.96.152 – 10.91.96.15310.91.96.153
7810.91.96.154/3110.91.96.154 – 10.91.96.15510.91.96.155
7910.91.96.156/3110.91.96.156 – 10.91.96.15710.91.96.157
8010.91.96.158/3110.91.96.158 – 10.91.96.15910.91.96.159
8110.91.96.160/3110.91.96.160 – 10.91.96.16110.91.96.161
8210.91.96.162/3110.91.96.162 – 10.91.96.16310.91.96.163
8310.91.96.164/3110.91.96.164 – 10.91.96.16510.91.96.165
8410.91.96.166/3110.91.96.166 – 10.91.96.16710.91.96.167
8510.91.96.168/3110.91.96.168 – 10.91.96.16910.91.96.169
8610.91.96.170/3110.91.96.170 – 10.91.96.17110.91.96.171
8710.91.96.172/3110.91.96.172 – 10.91.96.17310.91.96.173
8810.91.96.174/3110.91.96.174 – 10.91.96.17510.91.96.175
8910.91.96.176/3110.91.96.176 – 10.91.96.17710.91.96.177
9010.91.96.178/3110.91.96.178 – 10.91.96.17910.91.96.179
9110.91.96.180/3110.91.96.180 – 10.91.96.18110.91.96.181
9210.91.96.182/3110.91.96.182 – 10.91.96.18310.91.96.183
9310.91.96.184/3110.91.96.184 – 10.91.96.18510.91.96.185
9410.91.96.186/3110.91.96.186 – 10.91.96.18710.91.96.187
9510.91.96.188/3110.91.96.188 – 10.91.96.18910.91.96.189
9610.91.96.190/3110.91.96.190 – 10.91.96.19110.91.96.191
9710.91.96.192/3110.91.96.192 – 10.91.96.19310.91.96.193
9810.91.96.194/3110.91.96.194 – 10.91.96.19510.91.96.195
9910.91.96.196/3110.91.96.196 – 10.91.96.19710.91.96.197
10010.91.96.198/3110.91.96.198 – 10.91.96.19910.91.96.199
10110.91.96.200/3110.91.96.200 – 10.91.96.20110.91.96.201
10210.91.96.202/3110.91.96.202 – 10.91.96.20310.91.96.203
10310.91.96.204/3110.91.96.204 – 10.91.96.20510.91.96.205
10410.91.96.206/3110.91.96.206 – 10.91.96.20710.91.96.207
10510.91.96.208/3110.91.96.208 – 10.91.96.20910.91.96.209
10610.91.96.210/3110.91.96.210 – 10.91.96.21110.91.96.211
10710.91.96.212/3110.91.96.212 – 10.91.96.21310.91.96.213
10810.91.96.214/3110.91.96.214 – 10.91.96.21510.91.96.215
10910.91.96.216/3110.91.96.216 – 10.91.96.21710.91.96.217
11010.91.96.218/3110.91.96.218 – 10.91.96.21910.91.96.219
11110.91.96.220/3110.91.96.220 – 10.91.96.22110.91.96.221
11210.91.96.222/3110.91.96.222 – 10.91.96.22310.91.96.223
11310.91.96.224/3110.91.96.224 – 10.91.96.22510.91.96.225
11410.91.96.226/3110.91.96.226 – 10.91.96.22710.91.96.227
11510.91.96.228/3110.91.96.228 – 10.91.96.22910.91.96.229
11610.91.96.230/3110.91.96.230 – 10.91.96.23110.91.96.231
11710.91.96.232/3110.91.96.232 – 10.91.96.23310.91.96.233
11810.91.96.234/3110.91.96.234 – 10.91.96.23510.91.96.235
11910.91.96.236/3110.91.96.236 – 10.91.96.23710.91.96.237
12010.91.96.238/3110.91.96.238 – 10.91.96.23910.91.96.239
12110.91.96.240/3110.91.96.240 – 10.91.96.24110.91.96.241
12210.91.96.242/3110.91.96.242 – 10.91.96.24310.91.96.243
12310.91.96.244/3110.91.96.244 – 10.91.96.24510.91.96.245
12410.91.96.246/3110.91.96.246 – 10.91.96.24710.91.96.247
12510.91.96.248/3110.91.96.248 – 10.91.96.24910.91.96.249
12610.91.96.250/3110.91.96.250 – 10.91.96.25110.91.96.251
12710.91.96.252/3110.91.96.252 – 10.91.96.25310.91.96.253
12810.91.96.254/3110.91.96.254 – 10.91.96.25510.91.96.255
12910.91.97.0/3110.91.97.0 – 10.91.97.110.91.97.1
13010.91.97.2/3110.91.97.2 – 10.91.97.310.91.97.3
13110.91.97.4/3110.91.97.4 – 10.91.97.510.91.97.5
13210.91.97.6/3110.91.97.6 – 10.91.97.710.91.97.7
13310.91.97.8/3110.91.97.8 – 10.91.97.910.91.97.9
13410.91.97.10/3110.91.97.10 – 10.91.97.1110.91.97.11
13510.91.97.12/3110.91.97.12 – 10.91.97.1310.91.97.13
13610.91.97.14/3110.91.97.14 – 10.91.97.1510.91.97.15
13710.91.97.16/3110.91.97.16 – 10.91.97.1710.91.97.17
13810.91.97.18/3110.91.97.18 – 10.91.97.1910.91.97.19
13910.91.97.20/3110.91.97.20 – 10.91.97.2110.91.97.21
14010.91.97.22/3110.91.97.22 – 10.91.97.2310.91.97.23
14110.91.97.24/3110.91.97.24 – 10.91.97.2510.91.97.25
14210.91.97.26/3110.91.97.26 – 10.91.97.2710.91.97.27
14310.91.97.28/3110.91.97.28 – 10.91.97.2910.91.97.29
14410.91.97.30/3110.91.97.30 – 10.91.97.3110.91.97.31
14510.91.97.32/3110.91.97.32 – 10.91.97.3310.91.97.33
14610.91.97.34/3110.91.97.34 – 10.91.97.3510.91.97.35
14710.91.97.36/3110.91.97.36 – 10.91.97.3710.91.97.37
14810.91.97.38/3110.91.97.38 – 10.91.97.3910.91.97.39
14910.91.97.40/3110.91.97.40 – 10.91.97.4110.91.97.41
15010.91.97.42/3110.91.97.42 – 10.91.97.4310.91.97.43
15110.91.97.44/3110.91.97.44 – 10.91.97.4510.91.97.45
15210.91.97.46/3110.91.97.46 – 10.91.97.4710.91.97.47
15310.91.97.48/3110.91.97.48 – 10.91.97.4910.91.97.49
15410.91.97.50/3110.91.97.50 – 10.91.97.5110.91.97.51
15510.91.97.52/3110.91.97.52 – 10.91.97.5310.91.97.53
15610.91.97.54/3110.91.97.54 – 10.91.97.5510.91.97.55
15710.91.97.56/3110.91.97.56 – 10.91.97.5710.91.97.57
15810.91.97.58/3110.91.97.58 – 10.91.97.5910.91.97.59
15910.91.97.60/3110.91.97.60 – 10.91.97.6110.91.97.61
16010.91.97.62/3110.91.97.62 – 10.91.97.6310.91.97.63
16110.91.97.64/3110.91.97.64 – 10.91.97.6510.91.97.65
16210.91.97.66/3110.91.97.66 – 10.91.97.6710.91.97.67
16310.91.97.68/3110.91.97.68 – 10.91.97.6910.91.97.69
16410.91.97.70/3110.91.97.70 – 10.91.97.7110.91.97.71
16510.91.97.72/3110.91.97.72 – 10.91.97.7310.91.97.73
16610.91.97.74/3110.91.97.74 – 10.91.97.7510.91.97.75
16710.91.97.76/3110.91.97.76 – 10.91.97.7710.91.97.77
16810.91.97.78/3110.91.97.78 – 10.91.97.7910.91.97.79
16910.91.97.80/3110.91.97.80 – 10.91.97.8110.91.97.81
17010.91.97.82/3110.91.97.82 – 10.91.97.8310.91.97.83
17110.91.97.84/3110.91.97.84 – 10.91.97.8510.91.97.85
17210.91.97.86/3110.91.97.86 – 10.91.97.8710.91.97.87
17310.91.97.88/3110.91.97.88 – 10.91.97.8910.91.97.89
17410.91.97.90/3110.91.97.90 – 10.91.97.9110.91.97.91
17510.91.97.92/3110.91.97.92 – 10.91.97.9310.91.97.93
17610.91.97.94/3110.91.97.94 – 10.91.97.9510.91.97.95
17710.91.97.96/3110.91.97.96 – 10.91.97.9710.91.97.97
17810.91.97.98/3110.91.97.98 – 10.91.97.9910.91.97.99
17910.91.97.100/3110.91.97.100 – 10.91.97.10110.91.97.101
18010.91.97.102/3110.91.97.102 – 10.91.97.10310.91.97.103
18110.91.97.104/3110.91.97.104 – 10.91.97.10510.91.97.105
18210.91.97.106/3110.91.97.106 – 10.91.97.10710.91.97.107
18310.91.97.108/3110.91.97.108 – 10.91.97.10910.91.97.109
18410.91.97.110/3110.91.97.110 – 10.91.97.11110.91.97.111
18510.91.97.112/3110.91.97.112 – 10.91.97.11310.91.97.113
18610.91.97.114/3110.91.97.114 – 10.91.97.11510.91.97.115
18710.91.97.116/3110.91.97.116 – 10.91.97.11710.91.97.117
18810.91.97.118/3110.91.97.118 – 10.91.97.11910.91.97.119
18910.91.97.120/3110.91.97.120 – 10.91.97.12110.91.97.121
19010.91.97.122/3110.91.97.122 – 10.91.97.12310.91.97.123
19110.91.97.124/3110.91.97.124 – 10.91.97.12510.91.97.125
19210.91.97.126/3110.91.97.126 – 10.91.97.12710.91.97.127
19310.91.97.128/3110.91.97.128 – 10.91.97.12910.91.97.129
19410.91.97.130/3110.91.97.130 – 10.91.97.13110.91.97.131
19510.91.97.132/3110.91.97.132 – 10.91.97.13310.91.97.133
19610.91.97.134/3110.91.97.134 – 10.91.97.13510.91.97.135
19710.91.97.136/3110.91.97.136 – 10.91.97.13710.91.97.137
19810.91.97.138/3110.91.97.138 – 10.91.97.13910.91.97.139
19910.91.97.140/3110.91.97.140 – 10.91.97.14110.91.97.141
20010.91.97.142/3110.91.97.142 – 10.91.97.14310.91.97.143
20110.91.97.144/3110.91.97.144 – 10.91.97.14510.91.97.145
20210.91.97.146/3110.91.97.146 – 10.91.97.14710.91.97.147
20310.91.97.148/3110.91.97.148 – 10.91.97.14910.91.97.149
20410.91.97.150/3110.91.97.150 – 10.91.97.15110.91.97.151
20510.91.97.152/3110.91.97.152 – 10.91.97.15310.91.97.153
20610.91.97.154/3110.91.97.154 – 10.91.97.15510.91.97.155
20710.91.97.156/3110.91.97.156 – 10.91.97.15710.91.97.157
20810.91.97.158/3110.91.97.158 – 10.91.97.15910.91.97.159
20910.91.97.160/3110.91.97.160 – 10.91.97.16110.91.97.161
21010.91.97.162/3110.91.97.162 – 10.91.97.16310.91.97.163
21110.91.97.164/3110.91.97.164 – 10.91.97.16510.91.97.165
21210.91.97.166/3110.91.97.166 – 10.91.97.16710.91.97.167
21310.91.97.168/3110.91.97.168 – 10.91.97.16910.91.97.169
21410.91.97.170/3110.91.97.170 – 10.91.97.17110.91.97.171
21510.91.97.172/3110.91.97.172 – 10.91.97.17310.91.97.173
21610.91.97.174/3110.91.97.174 – 10.91.97.17510.91.97.175
21710.91.97.176/3110.91.97.176 – 10.91.97.17710.91.97.177
21810.91.97.178/3110.91.97.178 – 10.91.97.17910.91.97.179
21910.91.97.180/3110.91.97.180 – 10.91.97.18110.91.97.181
22010.91.97.182/3110.91.97.182 – 10.91.97.18310.91.97.183
22110.91.97.184/3110.91.97.184 – 10.91.97.18510.91.97.185
22210.91.97.186/3110.91.97.186 – 10.91.97.18710.91.97.187
22310.91.97.188/3110.91.97.188 – 10.91.97.18910.91.97.189
22410.91.97.190/3110.91.97.190 – 10.91.97.19110.91.97.191
22510.91.97.192/3110.91.97.192 – 10.91.97.19310.91.97.193
22610.91.97.194/3110.91.97.194 – 10.91.97.19510.91.97.195
22710.91.97.196/3110.91.97.196 – 10.91.97.19710.91.97.197
22810.91.97.198/3110.91.97.198 – 10.91.97.19910.91.97.199
22910.91.97.200/3110.91.97.200 – 10.91.97.20110.91.97.201
23010.91.97.202/3110.91.97.202 – 10.91.97.20310.91.97.203
23110.91.97.204/3110.91.97.204 – 10.91.97.20510.91.97.205
23210.91.97.206/3110.91.97.206 – 10.91.97.20710.91.97.207
23310.91.97.208/3110.91.97.208 – 10.91.97.20910.91.97.209
23410.91.97.210/3110.91.97.210 – 10.91.97.21110.91.97.211
23510.91.97.212/3110.91.97.212 – 10.91.97.21310.91.97.213
23610.91.97.214/3110.91.97.214 – 10.91.97.21510.91.97.215
23710.91.97.216/3110.91.97.216 – 10.91.97.21710.91.97.217
23810.91.97.218/3110.91.97.218 – 10.91.97.21910.91.97.219
23910.91.97.220/3110.91.97.220 – 10.91.97.22110.91.97.221
24010.91.97.222/3110.91.97.222 – 10.91.97.22310.91.97.223
24110.91.97.224/3110.91.97.224 – 10.91.97.22510.91.97.225
24210.91.97.226/3110.91.97.226 – 10.91.97.22710.91.97.227
24310.91.97.228/3110.91.97.228 – 10.91.97.22910.91.97.229
24410.91.97.230/3110.91.97.230 – 10.91.97.23110.91.97.231
24510.91.97.232/3110.91.97.232 – 10.91.97.23310.91.97.233
24610.91.97.234/3110.91.97.234 – 10.91.97.23510.91.97.235
24710.91.97.236/3110.91.97.236 – 10.91.97.23710.91.97.237
24810.91.97.238/3110.91.97.238 – 10.91.97.23910.91.97.239
24910.91.97.240/3110.91.97.240 – 10.91.97.24110.91.97.241
25010.91.97.242/3110.91.97.242 – 10.91.97.24310.91.97.243
25110.91.97.244/3110.91.97.244 – 10.91.97.24510.91.97.245
25210.91.97.246/3110.91.97.246 – 10.91.97.24710.91.97.247
25310.91.97.248/3110.91.97.248 – 10.91.97.24910.91.97.249
25410.91.97.250/3110.91.97.250 – 10.91.97.25110.91.97.251
25510.91.97.252/3110.91.97.252 – 10.91.97.25310.91.97.253
25610.91.97.254/3110.91.97.254 – 10.91.97.25510.91.97.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →