ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.80.1.0/24
network10.80.1.0/24
broadcast10.80.1.255
first host10.80.1.1
last host10.80.1.254
subnet mask255.255.255.0
wildcard0.0.0.255
addresses256
usable hosts254
classA
ipcalc 10.80.1.0/24
address00001010.01010000.00000001.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
network00001010.01010000.00000001.00000000
broadcast00001010.01010000.00000001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a500100
decimal173015296
reverse dns0.1.80.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a50:100

/24 split into /32 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.80.1.0/3210.80.1.0 – 10.80.1.010.80.1.0
210.80.1.1/3210.80.1.1 – 10.80.1.110.80.1.1
310.80.1.2/3210.80.1.2 – 10.80.1.210.80.1.2
410.80.1.3/3210.80.1.3 – 10.80.1.310.80.1.3
510.80.1.4/3210.80.1.4 – 10.80.1.410.80.1.4
610.80.1.5/3210.80.1.5 – 10.80.1.510.80.1.5
710.80.1.6/3210.80.1.6 – 10.80.1.610.80.1.6
810.80.1.7/3210.80.1.7 – 10.80.1.710.80.1.7
910.80.1.8/3210.80.1.8 – 10.80.1.810.80.1.8
1010.80.1.9/3210.80.1.9 – 10.80.1.910.80.1.9
1110.80.1.10/3210.80.1.10 – 10.80.1.1010.80.1.10
1210.80.1.11/3210.80.1.11 – 10.80.1.1110.80.1.11
1310.80.1.12/3210.80.1.12 – 10.80.1.1210.80.1.12
1410.80.1.13/3210.80.1.13 – 10.80.1.1310.80.1.13
1510.80.1.14/3210.80.1.14 – 10.80.1.1410.80.1.14
1610.80.1.15/3210.80.1.15 – 10.80.1.1510.80.1.15
1710.80.1.16/3210.80.1.16 – 10.80.1.1610.80.1.16
1810.80.1.17/3210.80.1.17 – 10.80.1.1710.80.1.17
1910.80.1.18/3210.80.1.18 – 10.80.1.1810.80.1.18
2010.80.1.19/3210.80.1.19 – 10.80.1.1910.80.1.19
2110.80.1.20/3210.80.1.20 – 10.80.1.2010.80.1.20
2210.80.1.21/3210.80.1.21 – 10.80.1.2110.80.1.21
2310.80.1.22/3210.80.1.22 – 10.80.1.2210.80.1.22
2410.80.1.23/3210.80.1.23 – 10.80.1.2310.80.1.23
2510.80.1.24/3210.80.1.24 – 10.80.1.2410.80.1.24
2610.80.1.25/3210.80.1.25 – 10.80.1.2510.80.1.25
2710.80.1.26/3210.80.1.26 – 10.80.1.2610.80.1.26
2810.80.1.27/3210.80.1.27 – 10.80.1.2710.80.1.27
2910.80.1.28/3210.80.1.28 – 10.80.1.2810.80.1.28
3010.80.1.29/3210.80.1.29 – 10.80.1.2910.80.1.29
3110.80.1.30/3210.80.1.30 – 10.80.1.3010.80.1.30
3210.80.1.31/3210.80.1.31 – 10.80.1.3110.80.1.31
3310.80.1.32/3210.80.1.32 – 10.80.1.3210.80.1.32
3410.80.1.33/3210.80.1.33 – 10.80.1.3310.80.1.33
3510.80.1.34/3210.80.1.34 – 10.80.1.3410.80.1.34
3610.80.1.35/3210.80.1.35 – 10.80.1.3510.80.1.35
3710.80.1.36/3210.80.1.36 – 10.80.1.3610.80.1.36
3810.80.1.37/3210.80.1.37 – 10.80.1.3710.80.1.37
3910.80.1.38/3210.80.1.38 – 10.80.1.3810.80.1.38
4010.80.1.39/3210.80.1.39 – 10.80.1.3910.80.1.39
4110.80.1.40/3210.80.1.40 – 10.80.1.4010.80.1.40
4210.80.1.41/3210.80.1.41 – 10.80.1.4110.80.1.41
4310.80.1.42/3210.80.1.42 – 10.80.1.4210.80.1.42
4410.80.1.43/3210.80.1.43 – 10.80.1.4310.80.1.43
4510.80.1.44/3210.80.1.44 – 10.80.1.4410.80.1.44
4610.80.1.45/3210.80.1.45 – 10.80.1.4510.80.1.45
4710.80.1.46/3210.80.1.46 – 10.80.1.4610.80.1.46
4810.80.1.47/3210.80.1.47 – 10.80.1.4710.80.1.47
4910.80.1.48/3210.80.1.48 – 10.80.1.4810.80.1.48
5010.80.1.49/3210.80.1.49 – 10.80.1.4910.80.1.49
5110.80.1.50/3210.80.1.50 – 10.80.1.5010.80.1.50
5210.80.1.51/3210.80.1.51 – 10.80.1.5110.80.1.51
5310.80.1.52/3210.80.1.52 – 10.80.1.5210.80.1.52
5410.80.1.53/3210.80.1.53 – 10.80.1.5310.80.1.53
5510.80.1.54/3210.80.1.54 – 10.80.1.5410.80.1.54
5610.80.1.55/3210.80.1.55 – 10.80.1.5510.80.1.55
5710.80.1.56/3210.80.1.56 – 10.80.1.5610.80.1.56
5810.80.1.57/3210.80.1.57 – 10.80.1.5710.80.1.57
5910.80.1.58/3210.80.1.58 – 10.80.1.5810.80.1.58
6010.80.1.59/3210.80.1.59 – 10.80.1.5910.80.1.59
6110.80.1.60/3210.80.1.60 – 10.80.1.6010.80.1.60
6210.80.1.61/3210.80.1.61 – 10.80.1.6110.80.1.61
6310.80.1.62/3210.80.1.62 – 10.80.1.6210.80.1.62
6410.80.1.63/3210.80.1.63 – 10.80.1.6310.80.1.63
6510.80.1.64/3210.80.1.64 – 10.80.1.6410.80.1.64
6610.80.1.65/3210.80.1.65 – 10.80.1.6510.80.1.65
6710.80.1.66/3210.80.1.66 – 10.80.1.6610.80.1.66
6810.80.1.67/3210.80.1.67 – 10.80.1.6710.80.1.67
6910.80.1.68/3210.80.1.68 – 10.80.1.6810.80.1.68
7010.80.1.69/3210.80.1.69 – 10.80.1.6910.80.1.69
7110.80.1.70/3210.80.1.70 – 10.80.1.7010.80.1.70
7210.80.1.71/3210.80.1.71 – 10.80.1.7110.80.1.71
7310.80.1.72/3210.80.1.72 – 10.80.1.7210.80.1.72
7410.80.1.73/3210.80.1.73 – 10.80.1.7310.80.1.73
7510.80.1.74/3210.80.1.74 – 10.80.1.7410.80.1.74
7610.80.1.75/3210.80.1.75 – 10.80.1.7510.80.1.75
7710.80.1.76/3210.80.1.76 – 10.80.1.7610.80.1.76
7810.80.1.77/3210.80.1.77 – 10.80.1.7710.80.1.77
7910.80.1.78/3210.80.1.78 – 10.80.1.7810.80.1.78
8010.80.1.79/3210.80.1.79 – 10.80.1.7910.80.1.79
8110.80.1.80/3210.80.1.80 – 10.80.1.8010.80.1.80
8210.80.1.81/3210.80.1.81 – 10.80.1.8110.80.1.81
8310.80.1.82/3210.80.1.82 – 10.80.1.8210.80.1.82
8410.80.1.83/3210.80.1.83 – 10.80.1.8310.80.1.83
8510.80.1.84/3210.80.1.84 – 10.80.1.8410.80.1.84
8610.80.1.85/3210.80.1.85 – 10.80.1.8510.80.1.85
8710.80.1.86/3210.80.1.86 – 10.80.1.8610.80.1.86
8810.80.1.87/3210.80.1.87 – 10.80.1.8710.80.1.87
8910.80.1.88/3210.80.1.88 – 10.80.1.8810.80.1.88
9010.80.1.89/3210.80.1.89 – 10.80.1.8910.80.1.89
9110.80.1.90/3210.80.1.90 – 10.80.1.9010.80.1.90
9210.80.1.91/3210.80.1.91 – 10.80.1.9110.80.1.91
9310.80.1.92/3210.80.1.92 – 10.80.1.9210.80.1.92
9410.80.1.93/3210.80.1.93 – 10.80.1.9310.80.1.93
9510.80.1.94/3210.80.1.94 – 10.80.1.9410.80.1.94
9610.80.1.95/3210.80.1.95 – 10.80.1.9510.80.1.95
9710.80.1.96/3210.80.1.96 – 10.80.1.9610.80.1.96
9810.80.1.97/3210.80.1.97 – 10.80.1.9710.80.1.97
9910.80.1.98/3210.80.1.98 – 10.80.1.9810.80.1.98
10010.80.1.99/3210.80.1.99 – 10.80.1.9910.80.1.99
10110.80.1.100/3210.80.1.100 – 10.80.1.10010.80.1.100
10210.80.1.101/3210.80.1.101 – 10.80.1.10110.80.1.101
10310.80.1.102/3210.80.1.102 – 10.80.1.10210.80.1.102
10410.80.1.103/3210.80.1.103 – 10.80.1.10310.80.1.103
10510.80.1.104/3210.80.1.104 – 10.80.1.10410.80.1.104
10610.80.1.105/3210.80.1.105 – 10.80.1.10510.80.1.105
10710.80.1.106/3210.80.1.106 – 10.80.1.10610.80.1.106
10810.80.1.107/3210.80.1.107 – 10.80.1.10710.80.1.107
10910.80.1.108/3210.80.1.108 – 10.80.1.10810.80.1.108
11010.80.1.109/3210.80.1.109 – 10.80.1.10910.80.1.109
11110.80.1.110/3210.80.1.110 – 10.80.1.11010.80.1.110
11210.80.1.111/3210.80.1.111 – 10.80.1.11110.80.1.111
11310.80.1.112/3210.80.1.112 – 10.80.1.11210.80.1.112
11410.80.1.113/3210.80.1.113 – 10.80.1.11310.80.1.113
11510.80.1.114/3210.80.1.114 – 10.80.1.11410.80.1.114
11610.80.1.115/3210.80.1.115 – 10.80.1.11510.80.1.115
11710.80.1.116/3210.80.1.116 – 10.80.1.11610.80.1.116
11810.80.1.117/3210.80.1.117 – 10.80.1.11710.80.1.117
11910.80.1.118/3210.80.1.118 – 10.80.1.11810.80.1.118
12010.80.1.119/3210.80.1.119 – 10.80.1.11910.80.1.119
12110.80.1.120/3210.80.1.120 – 10.80.1.12010.80.1.120
12210.80.1.121/3210.80.1.121 – 10.80.1.12110.80.1.121
12310.80.1.122/3210.80.1.122 – 10.80.1.12210.80.1.122
12410.80.1.123/3210.80.1.123 – 10.80.1.12310.80.1.123
12510.80.1.124/3210.80.1.124 – 10.80.1.12410.80.1.124
12610.80.1.125/3210.80.1.125 – 10.80.1.12510.80.1.125
12710.80.1.126/3210.80.1.126 – 10.80.1.12610.80.1.126
12810.80.1.127/3210.80.1.127 – 10.80.1.12710.80.1.127
12910.80.1.128/3210.80.1.128 – 10.80.1.12810.80.1.128
13010.80.1.129/3210.80.1.129 – 10.80.1.12910.80.1.129
13110.80.1.130/3210.80.1.130 – 10.80.1.13010.80.1.130
13210.80.1.131/3210.80.1.131 – 10.80.1.13110.80.1.131
13310.80.1.132/3210.80.1.132 – 10.80.1.13210.80.1.132
13410.80.1.133/3210.80.1.133 – 10.80.1.13310.80.1.133
13510.80.1.134/3210.80.1.134 – 10.80.1.13410.80.1.134
13610.80.1.135/3210.80.1.135 – 10.80.1.13510.80.1.135
13710.80.1.136/3210.80.1.136 – 10.80.1.13610.80.1.136
13810.80.1.137/3210.80.1.137 – 10.80.1.13710.80.1.137
13910.80.1.138/3210.80.1.138 – 10.80.1.13810.80.1.138
14010.80.1.139/3210.80.1.139 – 10.80.1.13910.80.1.139
14110.80.1.140/3210.80.1.140 – 10.80.1.14010.80.1.140
14210.80.1.141/3210.80.1.141 – 10.80.1.14110.80.1.141
14310.80.1.142/3210.80.1.142 – 10.80.1.14210.80.1.142
14410.80.1.143/3210.80.1.143 – 10.80.1.14310.80.1.143
14510.80.1.144/3210.80.1.144 – 10.80.1.14410.80.1.144
14610.80.1.145/3210.80.1.145 – 10.80.1.14510.80.1.145
14710.80.1.146/3210.80.1.146 – 10.80.1.14610.80.1.146
14810.80.1.147/3210.80.1.147 – 10.80.1.14710.80.1.147
14910.80.1.148/3210.80.1.148 – 10.80.1.14810.80.1.148
15010.80.1.149/3210.80.1.149 – 10.80.1.14910.80.1.149
15110.80.1.150/3210.80.1.150 – 10.80.1.15010.80.1.150
15210.80.1.151/3210.80.1.151 – 10.80.1.15110.80.1.151
15310.80.1.152/3210.80.1.152 – 10.80.1.15210.80.1.152
15410.80.1.153/3210.80.1.153 – 10.80.1.15310.80.1.153
15510.80.1.154/3210.80.1.154 – 10.80.1.15410.80.1.154
15610.80.1.155/3210.80.1.155 – 10.80.1.15510.80.1.155
15710.80.1.156/3210.80.1.156 – 10.80.1.15610.80.1.156
15810.80.1.157/3210.80.1.157 – 10.80.1.15710.80.1.157
15910.80.1.158/3210.80.1.158 – 10.80.1.15810.80.1.158
16010.80.1.159/3210.80.1.159 – 10.80.1.15910.80.1.159
16110.80.1.160/3210.80.1.160 – 10.80.1.16010.80.1.160
16210.80.1.161/3210.80.1.161 – 10.80.1.16110.80.1.161
16310.80.1.162/3210.80.1.162 – 10.80.1.16210.80.1.162
16410.80.1.163/3210.80.1.163 – 10.80.1.16310.80.1.163
16510.80.1.164/3210.80.1.164 – 10.80.1.16410.80.1.164
16610.80.1.165/3210.80.1.165 – 10.80.1.16510.80.1.165
16710.80.1.166/3210.80.1.166 – 10.80.1.16610.80.1.166
16810.80.1.167/3210.80.1.167 – 10.80.1.16710.80.1.167
16910.80.1.168/3210.80.1.168 – 10.80.1.16810.80.1.168
17010.80.1.169/3210.80.1.169 – 10.80.1.16910.80.1.169
17110.80.1.170/3210.80.1.170 – 10.80.1.17010.80.1.170
17210.80.1.171/3210.80.1.171 – 10.80.1.17110.80.1.171
17310.80.1.172/3210.80.1.172 – 10.80.1.17210.80.1.172
17410.80.1.173/3210.80.1.173 – 10.80.1.17310.80.1.173
17510.80.1.174/3210.80.1.174 – 10.80.1.17410.80.1.174
17610.80.1.175/3210.80.1.175 – 10.80.1.17510.80.1.175
17710.80.1.176/3210.80.1.176 – 10.80.1.17610.80.1.176
17810.80.1.177/3210.80.1.177 – 10.80.1.17710.80.1.177
17910.80.1.178/3210.80.1.178 – 10.80.1.17810.80.1.178
18010.80.1.179/3210.80.1.179 – 10.80.1.17910.80.1.179
18110.80.1.180/3210.80.1.180 – 10.80.1.18010.80.1.180
18210.80.1.181/3210.80.1.181 – 10.80.1.18110.80.1.181
18310.80.1.182/3210.80.1.182 – 10.80.1.18210.80.1.182
18410.80.1.183/3210.80.1.183 – 10.80.1.18310.80.1.183
18510.80.1.184/3210.80.1.184 – 10.80.1.18410.80.1.184
18610.80.1.185/3210.80.1.185 – 10.80.1.18510.80.1.185
18710.80.1.186/3210.80.1.186 – 10.80.1.18610.80.1.186
18810.80.1.187/3210.80.1.187 – 10.80.1.18710.80.1.187
18910.80.1.188/3210.80.1.188 – 10.80.1.18810.80.1.188
19010.80.1.189/3210.80.1.189 – 10.80.1.18910.80.1.189
19110.80.1.190/3210.80.1.190 – 10.80.1.19010.80.1.190
19210.80.1.191/3210.80.1.191 – 10.80.1.19110.80.1.191
19310.80.1.192/3210.80.1.192 – 10.80.1.19210.80.1.192
19410.80.1.193/3210.80.1.193 – 10.80.1.19310.80.1.193
19510.80.1.194/3210.80.1.194 – 10.80.1.19410.80.1.194
19610.80.1.195/3210.80.1.195 – 10.80.1.19510.80.1.195
19710.80.1.196/3210.80.1.196 – 10.80.1.19610.80.1.196
19810.80.1.197/3210.80.1.197 – 10.80.1.19710.80.1.197
19910.80.1.198/3210.80.1.198 – 10.80.1.19810.80.1.198
20010.80.1.199/3210.80.1.199 – 10.80.1.19910.80.1.199
20110.80.1.200/3210.80.1.200 – 10.80.1.20010.80.1.200
20210.80.1.201/3210.80.1.201 – 10.80.1.20110.80.1.201
20310.80.1.202/3210.80.1.202 – 10.80.1.20210.80.1.202
20410.80.1.203/3210.80.1.203 – 10.80.1.20310.80.1.203
20510.80.1.204/3210.80.1.204 – 10.80.1.20410.80.1.204
20610.80.1.205/3210.80.1.205 – 10.80.1.20510.80.1.205
20710.80.1.206/3210.80.1.206 – 10.80.1.20610.80.1.206
20810.80.1.207/3210.80.1.207 – 10.80.1.20710.80.1.207
20910.80.1.208/3210.80.1.208 – 10.80.1.20810.80.1.208
21010.80.1.209/3210.80.1.209 – 10.80.1.20910.80.1.209
21110.80.1.210/3210.80.1.210 – 10.80.1.21010.80.1.210
21210.80.1.211/3210.80.1.211 – 10.80.1.21110.80.1.211
21310.80.1.212/3210.80.1.212 – 10.80.1.21210.80.1.212
21410.80.1.213/3210.80.1.213 – 10.80.1.21310.80.1.213
21510.80.1.214/3210.80.1.214 – 10.80.1.21410.80.1.214
21610.80.1.215/3210.80.1.215 – 10.80.1.21510.80.1.215
21710.80.1.216/3210.80.1.216 – 10.80.1.21610.80.1.216
21810.80.1.217/3210.80.1.217 – 10.80.1.21710.80.1.217
21910.80.1.218/3210.80.1.218 – 10.80.1.21810.80.1.218
22010.80.1.219/3210.80.1.219 – 10.80.1.21910.80.1.219
22110.80.1.220/3210.80.1.220 – 10.80.1.22010.80.1.220
22210.80.1.221/3210.80.1.221 – 10.80.1.22110.80.1.221
22310.80.1.222/3210.80.1.222 – 10.80.1.22210.80.1.222
22410.80.1.223/3210.80.1.223 – 10.80.1.22310.80.1.223
22510.80.1.224/3210.80.1.224 – 10.80.1.22410.80.1.224
22610.80.1.225/3210.80.1.225 – 10.80.1.22510.80.1.225
22710.80.1.226/3210.80.1.226 – 10.80.1.22610.80.1.226
22810.80.1.227/3210.80.1.227 – 10.80.1.22710.80.1.227
22910.80.1.228/3210.80.1.228 – 10.80.1.22810.80.1.228
23010.80.1.229/3210.80.1.229 – 10.80.1.22910.80.1.229
23110.80.1.230/3210.80.1.230 – 10.80.1.23010.80.1.230
23210.80.1.231/3210.80.1.231 – 10.80.1.23110.80.1.231
23310.80.1.232/3210.80.1.232 – 10.80.1.23210.80.1.232
23410.80.1.233/3210.80.1.233 – 10.80.1.23310.80.1.233
23510.80.1.234/3210.80.1.234 – 10.80.1.23410.80.1.234
23610.80.1.235/3210.80.1.235 – 10.80.1.23510.80.1.235
23710.80.1.236/3210.80.1.236 – 10.80.1.23610.80.1.236
23810.80.1.237/3210.80.1.237 – 10.80.1.23710.80.1.237
23910.80.1.238/3210.80.1.238 – 10.80.1.23810.80.1.238
24010.80.1.239/3210.80.1.239 – 10.80.1.23910.80.1.239
24110.80.1.240/3210.80.1.240 – 10.80.1.24010.80.1.240
24210.80.1.241/3210.80.1.241 – 10.80.1.24110.80.1.241
24310.80.1.242/3210.80.1.242 – 10.80.1.24210.80.1.242
24410.80.1.243/3210.80.1.243 – 10.80.1.24310.80.1.243
24510.80.1.244/3210.80.1.244 – 10.80.1.24410.80.1.244
24610.80.1.245/3210.80.1.245 – 10.80.1.24510.80.1.245
24710.80.1.246/3210.80.1.246 – 10.80.1.24610.80.1.246
24810.80.1.247/3210.80.1.247 – 10.80.1.24710.80.1.247
24910.80.1.248/3210.80.1.248 – 10.80.1.24810.80.1.248
25010.80.1.249/3210.80.1.249 – 10.80.1.24910.80.1.249
25110.80.1.250/3210.80.1.250 – 10.80.1.25010.80.1.250
25210.80.1.251/3210.80.1.251 – 10.80.1.25110.80.1.251
25310.80.1.252/3210.80.1.252 – 10.80.1.25210.80.1.252
25410.80.1.253/3210.80.1.253 – 10.80.1.25310.80.1.253
25510.80.1.254/3210.80.1.254 – 10.80.1.25410.80.1.254
25610.80.1.255/3210.80.1.255 – 10.80.1.25510.80.1.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /24
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.0512510-
/24255.255.255.02562541
/25255.255.255.1281281262 split →
/26255.255.255.19264624 split →
/27255.255.255.22432308 split →
/28255.255.255.240161416 split →
/29255.255.255.2488632 split →
/30255.255.255.2524264 split →
/31255.255.255.25422128 split →
/32255.255.255.25511256 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →