ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.84.0/23
network10.78.84.0/23
broadcast10.78.85.255
first host10.78.84.1
last host10.78.85.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.84.0/23
address00001010.01001110.01010100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.01010100.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.01010101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e5400
decimal172905472
reverse dns0.84.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:5400

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.84.0/3110.78.84.0 – 10.78.84.110.78.84.1
210.78.84.2/3110.78.84.2 – 10.78.84.310.78.84.3
310.78.84.4/3110.78.84.4 – 10.78.84.510.78.84.5
410.78.84.6/3110.78.84.6 – 10.78.84.710.78.84.7
510.78.84.8/3110.78.84.8 – 10.78.84.910.78.84.9
610.78.84.10/3110.78.84.10 – 10.78.84.1110.78.84.11
710.78.84.12/3110.78.84.12 – 10.78.84.1310.78.84.13
810.78.84.14/3110.78.84.14 – 10.78.84.1510.78.84.15
910.78.84.16/3110.78.84.16 – 10.78.84.1710.78.84.17
1010.78.84.18/3110.78.84.18 – 10.78.84.1910.78.84.19
1110.78.84.20/3110.78.84.20 – 10.78.84.2110.78.84.21
1210.78.84.22/3110.78.84.22 – 10.78.84.2310.78.84.23
1310.78.84.24/3110.78.84.24 – 10.78.84.2510.78.84.25
1410.78.84.26/3110.78.84.26 – 10.78.84.2710.78.84.27
1510.78.84.28/3110.78.84.28 – 10.78.84.2910.78.84.29
1610.78.84.30/3110.78.84.30 – 10.78.84.3110.78.84.31
1710.78.84.32/3110.78.84.32 – 10.78.84.3310.78.84.33
1810.78.84.34/3110.78.84.34 – 10.78.84.3510.78.84.35
1910.78.84.36/3110.78.84.36 – 10.78.84.3710.78.84.37
2010.78.84.38/3110.78.84.38 – 10.78.84.3910.78.84.39
2110.78.84.40/3110.78.84.40 – 10.78.84.4110.78.84.41
2210.78.84.42/3110.78.84.42 – 10.78.84.4310.78.84.43
2310.78.84.44/3110.78.84.44 – 10.78.84.4510.78.84.45
2410.78.84.46/3110.78.84.46 – 10.78.84.4710.78.84.47
2510.78.84.48/3110.78.84.48 – 10.78.84.4910.78.84.49
2610.78.84.50/3110.78.84.50 – 10.78.84.5110.78.84.51
2710.78.84.52/3110.78.84.52 – 10.78.84.5310.78.84.53
2810.78.84.54/3110.78.84.54 – 10.78.84.5510.78.84.55
2910.78.84.56/3110.78.84.56 – 10.78.84.5710.78.84.57
3010.78.84.58/3110.78.84.58 – 10.78.84.5910.78.84.59
3110.78.84.60/3110.78.84.60 – 10.78.84.6110.78.84.61
3210.78.84.62/3110.78.84.62 – 10.78.84.6310.78.84.63
3310.78.84.64/3110.78.84.64 – 10.78.84.6510.78.84.65
3410.78.84.66/3110.78.84.66 – 10.78.84.6710.78.84.67
3510.78.84.68/3110.78.84.68 – 10.78.84.6910.78.84.69
3610.78.84.70/3110.78.84.70 – 10.78.84.7110.78.84.71
3710.78.84.72/3110.78.84.72 – 10.78.84.7310.78.84.73
3810.78.84.74/3110.78.84.74 – 10.78.84.7510.78.84.75
3910.78.84.76/3110.78.84.76 – 10.78.84.7710.78.84.77
4010.78.84.78/3110.78.84.78 – 10.78.84.7910.78.84.79
4110.78.84.80/3110.78.84.80 – 10.78.84.8110.78.84.81
4210.78.84.82/3110.78.84.82 – 10.78.84.8310.78.84.83
4310.78.84.84/3110.78.84.84 – 10.78.84.8510.78.84.85
4410.78.84.86/3110.78.84.86 – 10.78.84.8710.78.84.87
4510.78.84.88/3110.78.84.88 – 10.78.84.8910.78.84.89
4610.78.84.90/3110.78.84.90 – 10.78.84.9110.78.84.91
4710.78.84.92/3110.78.84.92 – 10.78.84.9310.78.84.93
4810.78.84.94/3110.78.84.94 – 10.78.84.9510.78.84.95
4910.78.84.96/3110.78.84.96 – 10.78.84.9710.78.84.97
5010.78.84.98/3110.78.84.98 – 10.78.84.9910.78.84.99
5110.78.84.100/3110.78.84.100 – 10.78.84.10110.78.84.101
5210.78.84.102/3110.78.84.102 – 10.78.84.10310.78.84.103
5310.78.84.104/3110.78.84.104 – 10.78.84.10510.78.84.105
5410.78.84.106/3110.78.84.106 – 10.78.84.10710.78.84.107
5510.78.84.108/3110.78.84.108 – 10.78.84.10910.78.84.109
5610.78.84.110/3110.78.84.110 – 10.78.84.11110.78.84.111
5710.78.84.112/3110.78.84.112 – 10.78.84.11310.78.84.113
5810.78.84.114/3110.78.84.114 – 10.78.84.11510.78.84.115
5910.78.84.116/3110.78.84.116 – 10.78.84.11710.78.84.117
6010.78.84.118/3110.78.84.118 – 10.78.84.11910.78.84.119
6110.78.84.120/3110.78.84.120 – 10.78.84.12110.78.84.121
6210.78.84.122/3110.78.84.122 – 10.78.84.12310.78.84.123
6310.78.84.124/3110.78.84.124 – 10.78.84.12510.78.84.125
6410.78.84.126/3110.78.84.126 – 10.78.84.12710.78.84.127
6510.78.84.128/3110.78.84.128 – 10.78.84.12910.78.84.129
6610.78.84.130/3110.78.84.130 – 10.78.84.13110.78.84.131
6710.78.84.132/3110.78.84.132 – 10.78.84.13310.78.84.133
6810.78.84.134/3110.78.84.134 – 10.78.84.13510.78.84.135
6910.78.84.136/3110.78.84.136 – 10.78.84.13710.78.84.137
7010.78.84.138/3110.78.84.138 – 10.78.84.13910.78.84.139
7110.78.84.140/3110.78.84.140 – 10.78.84.14110.78.84.141
7210.78.84.142/3110.78.84.142 – 10.78.84.14310.78.84.143
7310.78.84.144/3110.78.84.144 – 10.78.84.14510.78.84.145
7410.78.84.146/3110.78.84.146 – 10.78.84.14710.78.84.147
7510.78.84.148/3110.78.84.148 – 10.78.84.14910.78.84.149
7610.78.84.150/3110.78.84.150 – 10.78.84.15110.78.84.151
7710.78.84.152/3110.78.84.152 – 10.78.84.15310.78.84.153
7810.78.84.154/3110.78.84.154 – 10.78.84.15510.78.84.155
7910.78.84.156/3110.78.84.156 – 10.78.84.15710.78.84.157
8010.78.84.158/3110.78.84.158 – 10.78.84.15910.78.84.159
8110.78.84.160/3110.78.84.160 – 10.78.84.16110.78.84.161
8210.78.84.162/3110.78.84.162 – 10.78.84.16310.78.84.163
8310.78.84.164/3110.78.84.164 – 10.78.84.16510.78.84.165
8410.78.84.166/3110.78.84.166 – 10.78.84.16710.78.84.167
8510.78.84.168/3110.78.84.168 – 10.78.84.16910.78.84.169
8610.78.84.170/3110.78.84.170 – 10.78.84.17110.78.84.171
8710.78.84.172/3110.78.84.172 – 10.78.84.17310.78.84.173
8810.78.84.174/3110.78.84.174 – 10.78.84.17510.78.84.175
8910.78.84.176/3110.78.84.176 – 10.78.84.17710.78.84.177
9010.78.84.178/3110.78.84.178 – 10.78.84.17910.78.84.179
9110.78.84.180/3110.78.84.180 – 10.78.84.18110.78.84.181
9210.78.84.182/3110.78.84.182 – 10.78.84.18310.78.84.183
9310.78.84.184/3110.78.84.184 – 10.78.84.18510.78.84.185
9410.78.84.186/3110.78.84.186 – 10.78.84.18710.78.84.187
9510.78.84.188/3110.78.84.188 – 10.78.84.18910.78.84.189
9610.78.84.190/3110.78.84.190 – 10.78.84.19110.78.84.191
9710.78.84.192/3110.78.84.192 – 10.78.84.19310.78.84.193
9810.78.84.194/3110.78.84.194 – 10.78.84.19510.78.84.195
9910.78.84.196/3110.78.84.196 – 10.78.84.19710.78.84.197
10010.78.84.198/3110.78.84.198 – 10.78.84.19910.78.84.199
10110.78.84.200/3110.78.84.200 – 10.78.84.20110.78.84.201
10210.78.84.202/3110.78.84.202 – 10.78.84.20310.78.84.203
10310.78.84.204/3110.78.84.204 – 10.78.84.20510.78.84.205
10410.78.84.206/3110.78.84.206 – 10.78.84.20710.78.84.207
10510.78.84.208/3110.78.84.208 – 10.78.84.20910.78.84.209
10610.78.84.210/3110.78.84.210 – 10.78.84.21110.78.84.211
10710.78.84.212/3110.78.84.212 – 10.78.84.21310.78.84.213
10810.78.84.214/3110.78.84.214 – 10.78.84.21510.78.84.215
10910.78.84.216/3110.78.84.216 – 10.78.84.21710.78.84.217
11010.78.84.218/3110.78.84.218 – 10.78.84.21910.78.84.219
11110.78.84.220/3110.78.84.220 – 10.78.84.22110.78.84.221
11210.78.84.222/3110.78.84.222 – 10.78.84.22310.78.84.223
11310.78.84.224/3110.78.84.224 – 10.78.84.22510.78.84.225
11410.78.84.226/3110.78.84.226 – 10.78.84.22710.78.84.227
11510.78.84.228/3110.78.84.228 – 10.78.84.22910.78.84.229
11610.78.84.230/3110.78.84.230 – 10.78.84.23110.78.84.231
11710.78.84.232/3110.78.84.232 – 10.78.84.23310.78.84.233
11810.78.84.234/3110.78.84.234 – 10.78.84.23510.78.84.235
11910.78.84.236/3110.78.84.236 – 10.78.84.23710.78.84.237
12010.78.84.238/3110.78.84.238 – 10.78.84.23910.78.84.239
12110.78.84.240/3110.78.84.240 – 10.78.84.24110.78.84.241
12210.78.84.242/3110.78.84.242 – 10.78.84.24310.78.84.243
12310.78.84.244/3110.78.84.244 – 10.78.84.24510.78.84.245
12410.78.84.246/3110.78.84.246 – 10.78.84.24710.78.84.247
12510.78.84.248/3110.78.84.248 – 10.78.84.24910.78.84.249
12610.78.84.250/3110.78.84.250 – 10.78.84.25110.78.84.251
12710.78.84.252/3110.78.84.252 – 10.78.84.25310.78.84.253
12810.78.84.254/3110.78.84.254 – 10.78.84.25510.78.84.255
12910.78.85.0/3110.78.85.0 – 10.78.85.110.78.85.1
13010.78.85.2/3110.78.85.2 – 10.78.85.310.78.85.3
13110.78.85.4/3110.78.85.4 – 10.78.85.510.78.85.5
13210.78.85.6/3110.78.85.6 – 10.78.85.710.78.85.7
13310.78.85.8/3110.78.85.8 – 10.78.85.910.78.85.9
13410.78.85.10/3110.78.85.10 – 10.78.85.1110.78.85.11
13510.78.85.12/3110.78.85.12 – 10.78.85.1310.78.85.13
13610.78.85.14/3110.78.85.14 – 10.78.85.1510.78.85.15
13710.78.85.16/3110.78.85.16 – 10.78.85.1710.78.85.17
13810.78.85.18/3110.78.85.18 – 10.78.85.1910.78.85.19
13910.78.85.20/3110.78.85.20 – 10.78.85.2110.78.85.21
14010.78.85.22/3110.78.85.22 – 10.78.85.2310.78.85.23
14110.78.85.24/3110.78.85.24 – 10.78.85.2510.78.85.25
14210.78.85.26/3110.78.85.26 – 10.78.85.2710.78.85.27
14310.78.85.28/3110.78.85.28 – 10.78.85.2910.78.85.29
14410.78.85.30/3110.78.85.30 – 10.78.85.3110.78.85.31
14510.78.85.32/3110.78.85.32 – 10.78.85.3310.78.85.33
14610.78.85.34/3110.78.85.34 – 10.78.85.3510.78.85.35
14710.78.85.36/3110.78.85.36 – 10.78.85.3710.78.85.37
14810.78.85.38/3110.78.85.38 – 10.78.85.3910.78.85.39
14910.78.85.40/3110.78.85.40 – 10.78.85.4110.78.85.41
15010.78.85.42/3110.78.85.42 – 10.78.85.4310.78.85.43
15110.78.85.44/3110.78.85.44 – 10.78.85.4510.78.85.45
15210.78.85.46/3110.78.85.46 – 10.78.85.4710.78.85.47
15310.78.85.48/3110.78.85.48 – 10.78.85.4910.78.85.49
15410.78.85.50/3110.78.85.50 – 10.78.85.5110.78.85.51
15510.78.85.52/3110.78.85.52 – 10.78.85.5310.78.85.53
15610.78.85.54/3110.78.85.54 – 10.78.85.5510.78.85.55
15710.78.85.56/3110.78.85.56 – 10.78.85.5710.78.85.57
15810.78.85.58/3110.78.85.58 – 10.78.85.5910.78.85.59
15910.78.85.60/3110.78.85.60 – 10.78.85.6110.78.85.61
16010.78.85.62/3110.78.85.62 – 10.78.85.6310.78.85.63
16110.78.85.64/3110.78.85.64 – 10.78.85.6510.78.85.65
16210.78.85.66/3110.78.85.66 – 10.78.85.6710.78.85.67
16310.78.85.68/3110.78.85.68 – 10.78.85.6910.78.85.69
16410.78.85.70/3110.78.85.70 – 10.78.85.7110.78.85.71
16510.78.85.72/3110.78.85.72 – 10.78.85.7310.78.85.73
16610.78.85.74/3110.78.85.74 – 10.78.85.7510.78.85.75
16710.78.85.76/3110.78.85.76 – 10.78.85.7710.78.85.77
16810.78.85.78/3110.78.85.78 – 10.78.85.7910.78.85.79
16910.78.85.80/3110.78.85.80 – 10.78.85.8110.78.85.81
17010.78.85.82/3110.78.85.82 – 10.78.85.8310.78.85.83
17110.78.85.84/3110.78.85.84 – 10.78.85.8510.78.85.85
17210.78.85.86/3110.78.85.86 – 10.78.85.8710.78.85.87
17310.78.85.88/3110.78.85.88 – 10.78.85.8910.78.85.89
17410.78.85.90/3110.78.85.90 – 10.78.85.9110.78.85.91
17510.78.85.92/3110.78.85.92 – 10.78.85.9310.78.85.93
17610.78.85.94/3110.78.85.94 – 10.78.85.9510.78.85.95
17710.78.85.96/3110.78.85.96 – 10.78.85.9710.78.85.97
17810.78.85.98/3110.78.85.98 – 10.78.85.9910.78.85.99
17910.78.85.100/3110.78.85.100 – 10.78.85.10110.78.85.101
18010.78.85.102/3110.78.85.102 – 10.78.85.10310.78.85.103
18110.78.85.104/3110.78.85.104 – 10.78.85.10510.78.85.105
18210.78.85.106/3110.78.85.106 – 10.78.85.10710.78.85.107
18310.78.85.108/3110.78.85.108 – 10.78.85.10910.78.85.109
18410.78.85.110/3110.78.85.110 – 10.78.85.11110.78.85.111
18510.78.85.112/3110.78.85.112 – 10.78.85.11310.78.85.113
18610.78.85.114/3110.78.85.114 – 10.78.85.11510.78.85.115
18710.78.85.116/3110.78.85.116 – 10.78.85.11710.78.85.117
18810.78.85.118/3110.78.85.118 – 10.78.85.11910.78.85.119
18910.78.85.120/3110.78.85.120 – 10.78.85.12110.78.85.121
19010.78.85.122/3110.78.85.122 – 10.78.85.12310.78.85.123
19110.78.85.124/3110.78.85.124 – 10.78.85.12510.78.85.125
19210.78.85.126/3110.78.85.126 – 10.78.85.12710.78.85.127
19310.78.85.128/3110.78.85.128 – 10.78.85.12910.78.85.129
19410.78.85.130/3110.78.85.130 – 10.78.85.13110.78.85.131
19510.78.85.132/3110.78.85.132 – 10.78.85.13310.78.85.133
19610.78.85.134/3110.78.85.134 – 10.78.85.13510.78.85.135
19710.78.85.136/3110.78.85.136 – 10.78.85.13710.78.85.137
19810.78.85.138/3110.78.85.138 – 10.78.85.13910.78.85.139
19910.78.85.140/3110.78.85.140 – 10.78.85.14110.78.85.141
20010.78.85.142/3110.78.85.142 – 10.78.85.14310.78.85.143
20110.78.85.144/3110.78.85.144 – 10.78.85.14510.78.85.145
20210.78.85.146/3110.78.85.146 – 10.78.85.14710.78.85.147
20310.78.85.148/3110.78.85.148 – 10.78.85.14910.78.85.149
20410.78.85.150/3110.78.85.150 – 10.78.85.15110.78.85.151
20510.78.85.152/3110.78.85.152 – 10.78.85.15310.78.85.153
20610.78.85.154/3110.78.85.154 – 10.78.85.15510.78.85.155
20710.78.85.156/3110.78.85.156 – 10.78.85.15710.78.85.157
20810.78.85.158/3110.78.85.158 – 10.78.85.15910.78.85.159
20910.78.85.160/3110.78.85.160 – 10.78.85.16110.78.85.161
21010.78.85.162/3110.78.85.162 – 10.78.85.16310.78.85.163
21110.78.85.164/3110.78.85.164 – 10.78.85.16510.78.85.165
21210.78.85.166/3110.78.85.166 – 10.78.85.16710.78.85.167
21310.78.85.168/3110.78.85.168 – 10.78.85.16910.78.85.169
21410.78.85.170/3110.78.85.170 – 10.78.85.17110.78.85.171
21510.78.85.172/3110.78.85.172 – 10.78.85.17310.78.85.173
21610.78.85.174/3110.78.85.174 – 10.78.85.17510.78.85.175
21710.78.85.176/3110.78.85.176 – 10.78.85.17710.78.85.177
21810.78.85.178/3110.78.85.178 – 10.78.85.17910.78.85.179
21910.78.85.180/3110.78.85.180 – 10.78.85.18110.78.85.181
22010.78.85.182/3110.78.85.182 – 10.78.85.18310.78.85.183
22110.78.85.184/3110.78.85.184 – 10.78.85.18510.78.85.185
22210.78.85.186/3110.78.85.186 – 10.78.85.18710.78.85.187
22310.78.85.188/3110.78.85.188 – 10.78.85.18910.78.85.189
22410.78.85.190/3110.78.85.190 – 10.78.85.19110.78.85.191
22510.78.85.192/3110.78.85.192 – 10.78.85.19310.78.85.193
22610.78.85.194/3110.78.85.194 – 10.78.85.19510.78.85.195
22710.78.85.196/3110.78.85.196 – 10.78.85.19710.78.85.197
22810.78.85.198/3110.78.85.198 – 10.78.85.19910.78.85.199
22910.78.85.200/3110.78.85.200 – 10.78.85.20110.78.85.201
23010.78.85.202/3110.78.85.202 – 10.78.85.20310.78.85.203
23110.78.85.204/3110.78.85.204 – 10.78.85.20510.78.85.205
23210.78.85.206/3110.78.85.206 – 10.78.85.20710.78.85.207
23310.78.85.208/3110.78.85.208 – 10.78.85.20910.78.85.209
23410.78.85.210/3110.78.85.210 – 10.78.85.21110.78.85.211
23510.78.85.212/3110.78.85.212 – 10.78.85.21310.78.85.213
23610.78.85.214/3110.78.85.214 – 10.78.85.21510.78.85.215
23710.78.85.216/3110.78.85.216 – 10.78.85.21710.78.85.217
23810.78.85.218/3110.78.85.218 – 10.78.85.21910.78.85.219
23910.78.85.220/3110.78.85.220 – 10.78.85.22110.78.85.221
24010.78.85.222/3110.78.85.222 – 10.78.85.22310.78.85.223
24110.78.85.224/3110.78.85.224 – 10.78.85.22510.78.85.225
24210.78.85.226/3110.78.85.226 – 10.78.85.22710.78.85.227
24310.78.85.228/3110.78.85.228 – 10.78.85.22910.78.85.229
24410.78.85.230/3110.78.85.230 – 10.78.85.23110.78.85.231
24510.78.85.232/3110.78.85.232 – 10.78.85.23310.78.85.233
24610.78.85.234/3110.78.85.234 – 10.78.85.23510.78.85.235
24710.78.85.236/3110.78.85.236 – 10.78.85.23710.78.85.237
24810.78.85.238/3110.78.85.238 – 10.78.85.23910.78.85.239
24910.78.85.240/3110.78.85.240 – 10.78.85.24110.78.85.241
25010.78.85.242/3110.78.85.242 – 10.78.85.24310.78.85.243
25110.78.85.244/3110.78.85.244 – 10.78.85.24510.78.85.245
25210.78.85.246/3110.78.85.246 – 10.78.85.24710.78.85.247
25310.78.85.248/3110.78.85.248 – 10.78.85.24910.78.85.249
25410.78.85.250/3110.78.85.250 – 10.78.85.25110.78.85.251
25510.78.85.252/3110.78.85.252 – 10.78.85.25310.78.85.253
25610.78.85.254/3110.78.85.254 – 10.78.85.25510.78.85.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →