ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.82.0/23
network10.78.82.0/23
broadcast10.78.83.255
first host10.78.82.1
last host10.78.83.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.82.0/23
address00001010.01001110.01010010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.01010010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.01010011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e5200
decimal172904960
reverse dns0.82.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:5200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.82.0/3110.78.82.0 – 10.78.82.110.78.82.1
210.78.82.2/3110.78.82.2 – 10.78.82.310.78.82.3
310.78.82.4/3110.78.82.4 – 10.78.82.510.78.82.5
410.78.82.6/3110.78.82.6 – 10.78.82.710.78.82.7
510.78.82.8/3110.78.82.8 – 10.78.82.910.78.82.9
610.78.82.10/3110.78.82.10 – 10.78.82.1110.78.82.11
710.78.82.12/3110.78.82.12 – 10.78.82.1310.78.82.13
810.78.82.14/3110.78.82.14 – 10.78.82.1510.78.82.15
910.78.82.16/3110.78.82.16 – 10.78.82.1710.78.82.17
1010.78.82.18/3110.78.82.18 – 10.78.82.1910.78.82.19
1110.78.82.20/3110.78.82.20 – 10.78.82.2110.78.82.21
1210.78.82.22/3110.78.82.22 – 10.78.82.2310.78.82.23
1310.78.82.24/3110.78.82.24 – 10.78.82.2510.78.82.25
1410.78.82.26/3110.78.82.26 – 10.78.82.2710.78.82.27
1510.78.82.28/3110.78.82.28 – 10.78.82.2910.78.82.29
1610.78.82.30/3110.78.82.30 – 10.78.82.3110.78.82.31
1710.78.82.32/3110.78.82.32 – 10.78.82.3310.78.82.33
1810.78.82.34/3110.78.82.34 – 10.78.82.3510.78.82.35
1910.78.82.36/3110.78.82.36 – 10.78.82.3710.78.82.37
2010.78.82.38/3110.78.82.38 – 10.78.82.3910.78.82.39
2110.78.82.40/3110.78.82.40 – 10.78.82.4110.78.82.41
2210.78.82.42/3110.78.82.42 – 10.78.82.4310.78.82.43
2310.78.82.44/3110.78.82.44 – 10.78.82.4510.78.82.45
2410.78.82.46/3110.78.82.46 – 10.78.82.4710.78.82.47
2510.78.82.48/3110.78.82.48 – 10.78.82.4910.78.82.49
2610.78.82.50/3110.78.82.50 – 10.78.82.5110.78.82.51
2710.78.82.52/3110.78.82.52 – 10.78.82.5310.78.82.53
2810.78.82.54/3110.78.82.54 – 10.78.82.5510.78.82.55
2910.78.82.56/3110.78.82.56 – 10.78.82.5710.78.82.57
3010.78.82.58/3110.78.82.58 – 10.78.82.5910.78.82.59
3110.78.82.60/3110.78.82.60 – 10.78.82.6110.78.82.61
3210.78.82.62/3110.78.82.62 – 10.78.82.6310.78.82.63
3310.78.82.64/3110.78.82.64 – 10.78.82.6510.78.82.65
3410.78.82.66/3110.78.82.66 – 10.78.82.6710.78.82.67
3510.78.82.68/3110.78.82.68 – 10.78.82.6910.78.82.69
3610.78.82.70/3110.78.82.70 – 10.78.82.7110.78.82.71
3710.78.82.72/3110.78.82.72 – 10.78.82.7310.78.82.73
3810.78.82.74/3110.78.82.74 – 10.78.82.7510.78.82.75
3910.78.82.76/3110.78.82.76 – 10.78.82.7710.78.82.77
4010.78.82.78/3110.78.82.78 – 10.78.82.7910.78.82.79
4110.78.82.80/3110.78.82.80 – 10.78.82.8110.78.82.81
4210.78.82.82/3110.78.82.82 – 10.78.82.8310.78.82.83
4310.78.82.84/3110.78.82.84 – 10.78.82.8510.78.82.85
4410.78.82.86/3110.78.82.86 – 10.78.82.8710.78.82.87
4510.78.82.88/3110.78.82.88 – 10.78.82.8910.78.82.89
4610.78.82.90/3110.78.82.90 – 10.78.82.9110.78.82.91
4710.78.82.92/3110.78.82.92 – 10.78.82.9310.78.82.93
4810.78.82.94/3110.78.82.94 – 10.78.82.9510.78.82.95
4910.78.82.96/3110.78.82.96 – 10.78.82.9710.78.82.97
5010.78.82.98/3110.78.82.98 – 10.78.82.9910.78.82.99
5110.78.82.100/3110.78.82.100 – 10.78.82.10110.78.82.101
5210.78.82.102/3110.78.82.102 – 10.78.82.10310.78.82.103
5310.78.82.104/3110.78.82.104 – 10.78.82.10510.78.82.105
5410.78.82.106/3110.78.82.106 – 10.78.82.10710.78.82.107
5510.78.82.108/3110.78.82.108 – 10.78.82.10910.78.82.109
5610.78.82.110/3110.78.82.110 – 10.78.82.11110.78.82.111
5710.78.82.112/3110.78.82.112 – 10.78.82.11310.78.82.113
5810.78.82.114/3110.78.82.114 – 10.78.82.11510.78.82.115
5910.78.82.116/3110.78.82.116 – 10.78.82.11710.78.82.117
6010.78.82.118/3110.78.82.118 – 10.78.82.11910.78.82.119
6110.78.82.120/3110.78.82.120 – 10.78.82.12110.78.82.121
6210.78.82.122/3110.78.82.122 – 10.78.82.12310.78.82.123
6310.78.82.124/3110.78.82.124 – 10.78.82.12510.78.82.125
6410.78.82.126/3110.78.82.126 – 10.78.82.12710.78.82.127
6510.78.82.128/3110.78.82.128 – 10.78.82.12910.78.82.129
6610.78.82.130/3110.78.82.130 – 10.78.82.13110.78.82.131
6710.78.82.132/3110.78.82.132 – 10.78.82.13310.78.82.133
6810.78.82.134/3110.78.82.134 – 10.78.82.13510.78.82.135
6910.78.82.136/3110.78.82.136 – 10.78.82.13710.78.82.137
7010.78.82.138/3110.78.82.138 – 10.78.82.13910.78.82.139
7110.78.82.140/3110.78.82.140 – 10.78.82.14110.78.82.141
7210.78.82.142/3110.78.82.142 – 10.78.82.14310.78.82.143
7310.78.82.144/3110.78.82.144 – 10.78.82.14510.78.82.145
7410.78.82.146/3110.78.82.146 – 10.78.82.14710.78.82.147
7510.78.82.148/3110.78.82.148 – 10.78.82.14910.78.82.149
7610.78.82.150/3110.78.82.150 – 10.78.82.15110.78.82.151
7710.78.82.152/3110.78.82.152 – 10.78.82.15310.78.82.153
7810.78.82.154/3110.78.82.154 – 10.78.82.15510.78.82.155
7910.78.82.156/3110.78.82.156 – 10.78.82.15710.78.82.157
8010.78.82.158/3110.78.82.158 – 10.78.82.15910.78.82.159
8110.78.82.160/3110.78.82.160 – 10.78.82.16110.78.82.161
8210.78.82.162/3110.78.82.162 – 10.78.82.16310.78.82.163
8310.78.82.164/3110.78.82.164 – 10.78.82.16510.78.82.165
8410.78.82.166/3110.78.82.166 – 10.78.82.16710.78.82.167
8510.78.82.168/3110.78.82.168 – 10.78.82.16910.78.82.169
8610.78.82.170/3110.78.82.170 – 10.78.82.17110.78.82.171
8710.78.82.172/3110.78.82.172 – 10.78.82.17310.78.82.173
8810.78.82.174/3110.78.82.174 – 10.78.82.17510.78.82.175
8910.78.82.176/3110.78.82.176 – 10.78.82.17710.78.82.177
9010.78.82.178/3110.78.82.178 – 10.78.82.17910.78.82.179
9110.78.82.180/3110.78.82.180 – 10.78.82.18110.78.82.181
9210.78.82.182/3110.78.82.182 – 10.78.82.18310.78.82.183
9310.78.82.184/3110.78.82.184 – 10.78.82.18510.78.82.185
9410.78.82.186/3110.78.82.186 – 10.78.82.18710.78.82.187
9510.78.82.188/3110.78.82.188 – 10.78.82.18910.78.82.189
9610.78.82.190/3110.78.82.190 – 10.78.82.19110.78.82.191
9710.78.82.192/3110.78.82.192 – 10.78.82.19310.78.82.193
9810.78.82.194/3110.78.82.194 – 10.78.82.19510.78.82.195
9910.78.82.196/3110.78.82.196 – 10.78.82.19710.78.82.197
10010.78.82.198/3110.78.82.198 – 10.78.82.19910.78.82.199
10110.78.82.200/3110.78.82.200 – 10.78.82.20110.78.82.201
10210.78.82.202/3110.78.82.202 – 10.78.82.20310.78.82.203
10310.78.82.204/3110.78.82.204 – 10.78.82.20510.78.82.205
10410.78.82.206/3110.78.82.206 – 10.78.82.20710.78.82.207
10510.78.82.208/3110.78.82.208 – 10.78.82.20910.78.82.209
10610.78.82.210/3110.78.82.210 – 10.78.82.21110.78.82.211
10710.78.82.212/3110.78.82.212 – 10.78.82.21310.78.82.213
10810.78.82.214/3110.78.82.214 – 10.78.82.21510.78.82.215
10910.78.82.216/3110.78.82.216 – 10.78.82.21710.78.82.217
11010.78.82.218/3110.78.82.218 – 10.78.82.21910.78.82.219
11110.78.82.220/3110.78.82.220 – 10.78.82.22110.78.82.221
11210.78.82.222/3110.78.82.222 – 10.78.82.22310.78.82.223
11310.78.82.224/3110.78.82.224 – 10.78.82.22510.78.82.225
11410.78.82.226/3110.78.82.226 – 10.78.82.22710.78.82.227
11510.78.82.228/3110.78.82.228 – 10.78.82.22910.78.82.229
11610.78.82.230/3110.78.82.230 – 10.78.82.23110.78.82.231
11710.78.82.232/3110.78.82.232 – 10.78.82.23310.78.82.233
11810.78.82.234/3110.78.82.234 – 10.78.82.23510.78.82.235
11910.78.82.236/3110.78.82.236 – 10.78.82.23710.78.82.237
12010.78.82.238/3110.78.82.238 – 10.78.82.23910.78.82.239
12110.78.82.240/3110.78.82.240 – 10.78.82.24110.78.82.241
12210.78.82.242/3110.78.82.242 – 10.78.82.24310.78.82.243
12310.78.82.244/3110.78.82.244 – 10.78.82.24510.78.82.245
12410.78.82.246/3110.78.82.246 – 10.78.82.24710.78.82.247
12510.78.82.248/3110.78.82.248 – 10.78.82.24910.78.82.249
12610.78.82.250/3110.78.82.250 – 10.78.82.25110.78.82.251
12710.78.82.252/3110.78.82.252 – 10.78.82.25310.78.82.253
12810.78.82.254/3110.78.82.254 – 10.78.82.25510.78.82.255
12910.78.83.0/3110.78.83.0 – 10.78.83.110.78.83.1
13010.78.83.2/3110.78.83.2 – 10.78.83.310.78.83.3
13110.78.83.4/3110.78.83.4 – 10.78.83.510.78.83.5
13210.78.83.6/3110.78.83.6 – 10.78.83.710.78.83.7
13310.78.83.8/3110.78.83.8 – 10.78.83.910.78.83.9
13410.78.83.10/3110.78.83.10 – 10.78.83.1110.78.83.11
13510.78.83.12/3110.78.83.12 – 10.78.83.1310.78.83.13
13610.78.83.14/3110.78.83.14 – 10.78.83.1510.78.83.15
13710.78.83.16/3110.78.83.16 – 10.78.83.1710.78.83.17
13810.78.83.18/3110.78.83.18 – 10.78.83.1910.78.83.19
13910.78.83.20/3110.78.83.20 – 10.78.83.2110.78.83.21
14010.78.83.22/3110.78.83.22 – 10.78.83.2310.78.83.23
14110.78.83.24/3110.78.83.24 – 10.78.83.2510.78.83.25
14210.78.83.26/3110.78.83.26 – 10.78.83.2710.78.83.27
14310.78.83.28/3110.78.83.28 – 10.78.83.2910.78.83.29
14410.78.83.30/3110.78.83.30 – 10.78.83.3110.78.83.31
14510.78.83.32/3110.78.83.32 – 10.78.83.3310.78.83.33
14610.78.83.34/3110.78.83.34 – 10.78.83.3510.78.83.35
14710.78.83.36/3110.78.83.36 – 10.78.83.3710.78.83.37
14810.78.83.38/3110.78.83.38 – 10.78.83.3910.78.83.39
14910.78.83.40/3110.78.83.40 – 10.78.83.4110.78.83.41
15010.78.83.42/3110.78.83.42 – 10.78.83.4310.78.83.43
15110.78.83.44/3110.78.83.44 – 10.78.83.4510.78.83.45
15210.78.83.46/3110.78.83.46 – 10.78.83.4710.78.83.47
15310.78.83.48/3110.78.83.48 – 10.78.83.4910.78.83.49
15410.78.83.50/3110.78.83.50 – 10.78.83.5110.78.83.51
15510.78.83.52/3110.78.83.52 – 10.78.83.5310.78.83.53
15610.78.83.54/3110.78.83.54 – 10.78.83.5510.78.83.55
15710.78.83.56/3110.78.83.56 – 10.78.83.5710.78.83.57
15810.78.83.58/3110.78.83.58 – 10.78.83.5910.78.83.59
15910.78.83.60/3110.78.83.60 – 10.78.83.6110.78.83.61
16010.78.83.62/3110.78.83.62 – 10.78.83.6310.78.83.63
16110.78.83.64/3110.78.83.64 – 10.78.83.6510.78.83.65
16210.78.83.66/3110.78.83.66 – 10.78.83.6710.78.83.67
16310.78.83.68/3110.78.83.68 – 10.78.83.6910.78.83.69
16410.78.83.70/3110.78.83.70 – 10.78.83.7110.78.83.71
16510.78.83.72/3110.78.83.72 – 10.78.83.7310.78.83.73
16610.78.83.74/3110.78.83.74 – 10.78.83.7510.78.83.75
16710.78.83.76/3110.78.83.76 – 10.78.83.7710.78.83.77
16810.78.83.78/3110.78.83.78 – 10.78.83.7910.78.83.79
16910.78.83.80/3110.78.83.80 – 10.78.83.8110.78.83.81
17010.78.83.82/3110.78.83.82 – 10.78.83.8310.78.83.83
17110.78.83.84/3110.78.83.84 – 10.78.83.8510.78.83.85
17210.78.83.86/3110.78.83.86 – 10.78.83.8710.78.83.87
17310.78.83.88/3110.78.83.88 – 10.78.83.8910.78.83.89
17410.78.83.90/3110.78.83.90 – 10.78.83.9110.78.83.91
17510.78.83.92/3110.78.83.92 – 10.78.83.9310.78.83.93
17610.78.83.94/3110.78.83.94 – 10.78.83.9510.78.83.95
17710.78.83.96/3110.78.83.96 – 10.78.83.9710.78.83.97
17810.78.83.98/3110.78.83.98 – 10.78.83.9910.78.83.99
17910.78.83.100/3110.78.83.100 – 10.78.83.10110.78.83.101
18010.78.83.102/3110.78.83.102 – 10.78.83.10310.78.83.103
18110.78.83.104/3110.78.83.104 – 10.78.83.10510.78.83.105
18210.78.83.106/3110.78.83.106 – 10.78.83.10710.78.83.107
18310.78.83.108/3110.78.83.108 – 10.78.83.10910.78.83.109
18410.78.83.110/3110.78.83.110 – 10.78.83.11110.78.83.111
18510.78.83.112/3110.78.83.112 – 10.78.83.11310.78.83.113
18610.78.83.114/3110.78.83.114 – 10.78.83.11510.78.83.115
18710.78.83.116/3110.78.83.116 – 10.78.83.11710.78.83.117
18810.78.83.118/3110.78.83.118 – 10.78.83.11910.78.83.119
18910.78.83.120/3110.78.83.120 – 10.78.83.12110.78.83.121
19010.78.83.122/3110.78.83.122 – 10.78.83.12310.78.83.123
19110.78.83.124/3110.78.83.124 – 10.78.83.12510.78.83.125
19210.78.83.126/3110.78.83.126 – 10.78.83.12710.78.83.127
19310.78.83.128/3110.78.83.128 – 10.78.83.12910.78.83.129
19410.78.83.130/3110.78.83.130 – 10.78.83.13110.78.83.131
19510.78.83.132/3110.78.83.132 – 10.78.83.13310.78.83.133
19610.78.83.134/3110.78.83.134 – 10.78.83.13510.78.83.135
19710.78.83.136/3110.78.83.136 – 10.78.83.13710.78.83.137
19810.78.83.138/3110.78.83.138 – 10.78.83.13910.78.83.139
19910.78.83.140/3110.78.83.140 – 10.78.83.14110.78.83.141
20010.78.83.142/3110.78.83.142 – 10.78.83.14310.78.83.143
20110.78.83.144/3110.78.83.144 – 10.78.83.14510.78.83.145
20210.78.83.146/3110.78.83.146 – 10.78.83.14710.78.83.147
20310.78.83.148/3110.78.83.148 – 10.78.83.14910.78.83.149
20410.78.83.150/3110.78.83.150 – 10.78.83.15110.78.83.151
20510.78.83.152/3110.78.83.152 – 10.78.83.15310.78.83.153
20610.78.83.154/3110.78.83.154 – 10.78.83.15510.78.83.155
20710.78.83.156/3110.78.83.156 – 10.78.83.15710.78.83.157
20810.78.83.158/3110.78.83.158 – 10.78.83.15910.78.83.159
20910.78.83.160/3110.78.83.160 – 10.78.83.16110.78.83.161
21010.78.83.162/3110.78.83.162 – 10.78.83.16310.78.83.163
21110.78.83.164/3110.78.83.164 – 10.78.83.16510.78.83.165
21210.78.83.166/3110.78.83.166 – 10.78.83.16710.78.83.167
21310.78.83.168/3110.78.83.168 – 10.78.83.16910.78.83.169
21410.78.83.170/3110.78.83.170 – 10.78.83.17110.78.83.171
21510.78.83.172/3110.78.83.172 – 10.78.83.17310.78.83.173
21610.78.83.174/3110.78.83.174 – 10.78.83.17510.78.83.175
21710.78.83.176/3110.78.83.176 – 10.78.83.17710.78.83.177
21810.78.83.178/3110.78.83.178 – 10.78.83.17910.78.83.179
21910.78.83.180/3110.78.83.180 – 10.78.83.18110.78.83.181
22010.78.83.182/3110.78.83.182 – 10.78.83.18310.78.83.183
22110.78.83.184/3110.78.83.184 – 10.78.83.18510.78.83.185
22210.78.83.186/3110.78.83.186 – 10.78.83.18710.78.83.187
22310.78.83.188/3110.78.83.188 – 10.78.83.18910.78.83.189
22410.78.83.190/3110.78.83.190 – 10.78.83.19110.78.83.191
22510.78.83.192/3110.78.83.192 – 10.78.83.19310.78.83.193
22610.78.83.194/3110.78.83.194 – 10.78.83.19510.78.83.195
22710.78.83.196/3110.78.83.196 – 10.78.83.19710.78.83.197
22810.78.83.198/3110.78.83.198 – 10.78.83.19910.78.83.199
22910.78.83.200/3110.78.83.200 – 10.78.83.20110.78.83.201
23010.78.83.202/3110.78.83.202 – 10.78.83.20310.78.83.203
23110.78.83.204/3110.78.83.204 – 10.78.83.20510.78.83.205
23210.78.83.206/3110.78.83.206 – 10.78.83.20710.78.83.207
23310.78.83.208/3110.78.83.208 – 10.78.83.20910.78.83.209
23410.78.83.210/3110.78.83.210 – 10.78.83.21110.78.83.211
23510.78.83.212/3110.78.83.212 – 10.78.83.21310.78.83.213
23610.78.83.214/3110.78.83.214 – 10.78.83.21510.78.83.215
23710.78.83.216/3110.78.83.216 – 10.78.83.21710.78.83.217
23810.78.83.218/3110.78.83.218 – 10.78.83.21910.78.83.219
23910.78.83.220/3110.78.83.220 – 10.78.83.22110.78.83.221
24010.78.83.222/3110.78.83.222 – 10.78.83.22310.78.83.223
24110.78.83.224/3110.78.83.224 – 10.78.83.22510.78.83.225
24210.78.83.226/3110.78.83.226 – 10.78.83.22710.78.83.227
24310.78.83.228/3110.78.83.228 – 10.78.83.22910.78.83.229
24410.78.83.230/3110.78.83.230 – 10.78.83.23110.78.83.231
24510.78.83.232/3110.78.83.232 – 10.78.83.23310.78.83.233
24610.78.83.234/3110.78.83.234 – 10.78.83.23510.78.83.235
24710.78.83.236/3110.78.83.236 – 10.78.83.23710.78.83.237
24810.78.83.238/3110.78.83.238 – 10.78.83.23910.78.83.239
24910.78.83.240/3110.78.83.240 – 10.78.83.24110.78.83.241
25010.78.83.242/3110.78.83.242 – 10.78.83.24310.78.83.243
25110.78.83.244/3110.78.83.244 – 10.78.83.24510.78.83.245
25210.78.83.246/3110.78.83.246 – 10.78.83.24710.78.83.247
25310.78.83.248/3110.78.83.248 – 10.78.83.24910.78.83.249
25410.78.83.250/3110.78.83.250 – 10.78.83.25110.78.83.251
25510.78.83.252/3110.78.83.252 – 10.78.83.25310.78.83.253
25610.78.83.254/3110.78.83.254 – 10.78.83.25510.78.83.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →