ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.70.0/23
network10.78.70.0/23
broadcast10.78.71.255
first host10.78.70.1
last host10.78.71.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.70.0/23
address00001010.01001110.01000110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.01000110.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.01000111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e4600
decimal172901888
reverse dns0.70.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:4600

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.70.0/3110.78.70.0 – 10.78.70.110.78.70.1
210.78.70.2/3110.78.70.2 – 10.78.70.310.78.70.3
310.78.70.4/3110.78.70.4 – 10.78.70.510.78.70.5
410.78.70.6/3110.78.70.6 – 10.78.70.710.78.70.7
510.78.70.8/3110.78.70.8 – 10.78.70.910.78.70.9
610.78.70.10/3110.78.70.10 – 10.78.70.1110.78.70.11
710.78.70.12/3110.78.70.12 – 10.78.70.1310.78.70.13
810.78.70.14/3110.78.70.14 – 10.78.70.1510.78.70.15
910.78.70.16/3110.78.70.16 – 10.78.70.1710.78.70.17
1010.78.70.18/3110.78.70.18 – 10.78.70.1910.78.70.19
1110.78.70.20/3110.78.70.20 – 10.78.70.2110.78.70.21
1210.78.70.22/3110.78.70.22 – 10.78.70.2310.78.70.23
1310.78.70.24/3110.78.70.24 – 10.78.70.2510.78.70.25
1410.78.70.26/3110.78.70.26 – 10.78.70.2710.78.70.27
1510.78.70.28/3110.78.70.28 – 10.78.70.2910.78.70.29
1610.78.70.30/3110.78.70.30 – 10.78.70.3110.78.70.31
1710.78.70.32/3110.78.70.32 – 10.78.70.3310.78.70.33
1810.78.70.34/3110.78.70.34 – 10.78.70.3510.78.70.35
1910.78.70.36/3110.78.70.36 – 10.78.70.3710.78.70.37
2010.78.70.38/3110.78.70.38 – 10.78.70.3910.78.70.39
2110.78.70.40/3110.78.70.40 – 10.78.70.4110.78.70.41
2210.78.70.42/3110.78.70.42 – 10.78.70.4310.78.70.43
2310.78.70.44/3110.78.70.44 – 10.78.70.4510.78.70.45
2410.78.70.46/3110.78.70.46 – 10.78.70.4710.78.70.47
2510.78.70.48/3110.78.70.48 – 10.78.70.4910.78.70.49
2610.78.70.50/3110.78.70.50 – 10.78.70.5110.78.70.51
2710.78.70.52/3110.78.70.52 – 10.78.70.5310.78.70.53
2810.78.70.54/3110.78.70.54 – 10.78.70.5510.78.70.55
2910.78.70.56/3110.78.70.56 – 10.78.70.5710.78.70.57
3010.78.70.58/3110.78.70.58 – 10.78.70.5910.78.70.59
3110.78.70.60/3110.78.70.60 – 10.78.70.6110.78.70.61
3210.78.70.62/3110.78.70.62 – 10.78.70.6310.78.70.63
3310.78.70.64/3110.78.70.64 – 10.78.70.6510.78.70.65
3410.78.70.66/3110.78.70.66 – 10.78.70.6710.78.70.67
3510.78.70.68/3110.78.70.68 – 10.78.70.6910.78.70.69
3610.78.70.70/3110.78.70.70 – 10.78.70.7110.78.70.71
3710.78.70.72/3110.78.70.72 – 10.78.70.7310.78.70.73
3810.78.70.74/3110.78.70.74 – 10.78.70.7510.78.70.75
3910.78.70.76/3110.78.70.76 – 10.78.70.7710.78.70.77
4010.78.70.78/3110.78.70.78 – 10.78.70.7910.78.70.79
4110.78.70.80/3110.78.70.80 – 10.78.70.8110.78.70.81
4210.78.70.82/3110.78.70.82 – 10.78.70.8310.78.70.83
4310.78.70.84/3110.78.70.84 – 10.78.70.8510.78.70.85
4410.78.70.86/3110.78.70.86 – 10.78.70.8710.78.70.87
4510.78.70.88/3110.78.70.88 – 10.78.70.8910.78.70.89
4610.78.70.90/3110.78.70.90 – 10.78.70.9110.78.70.91
4710.78.70.92/3110.78.70.92 – 10.78.70.9310.78.70.93
4810.78.70.94/3110.78.70.94 – 10.78.70.9510.78.70.95
4910.78.70.96/3110.78.70.96 – 10.78.70.9710.78.70.97
5010.78.70.98/3110.78.70.98 – 10.78.70.9910.78.70.99
5110.78.70.100/3110.78.70.100 – 10.78.70.10110.78.70.101
5210.78.70.102/3110.78.70.102 – 10.78.70.10310.78.70.103
5310.78.70.104/3110.78.70.104 – 10.78.70.10510.78.70.105
5410.78.70.106/3110.78.70.106 – 10.78.70.10710.78.70.107
5510.78.70.108/3110.78.70.108 – 10.78.70.10910.78.70.109
5610.78.70.110/3110.78.70.110 – 10.78.70.11110.78.70.111
5710.78.70.112/3110.78.70.112 – 10.78.70.11310.78.70.113
5810.78.70.114/3110.78.70.114 – 10.78.70.11510.78.70.115
5910.78.70.116/3110.78.70.116 – 10.78.70.11710.78.70.117
6010.78.70.118/3110.78.70.118 – 10.78.70.11910.78.70.119
6110.78.70.120/3110.78.70.120 – 10.78.70.12110.78.70.121
6210.78.70.122/3110.78.70.122 – 10.78.70.12310.78.70.123
6310.78.70.124/3110.78.70.124 – 10.78.70.12510.78.70.125
6410.78.70.126/3110.78.70.126 – 10.78.70.12710.78.70.127
6510.78.70.128/3110.78.70.128 – 10.78.70.12910.78.70.129
6610.78.70.130/3110.78.70.130 – 10.78.70.13110.78.70.131
6710.78.70.132/3110.78.70.132 – 10.78.70.13310.78.70.133
6810.78.70.134/3110.78.70.134 – 10.78.70.13510.78.70.135
6910.78.70.136/3110.78.70.136 – 10.78.70.13710.78.70.137
7010.78.70.138/3110.78.70.138 – 10.78.70.13910.78.70.139
7110.78.70.140/3110.78.70.140 – 10.78.70.14110.78.70.141
7210.78.70.142/3110.78.70.142 – 10.78.70.14310.78.70.143
7310.78.70.144/3110.78.70.144 – 10.78.70.14510.78.70.145
7410.78.70.146/3110.78.70.146 – 10.78.70.14710.78.70.147
7510.78.70.148/3110.78.70.148 – 10.78.70.14910.78.70.149
7610.78.70.150/3110.78.70.150 – 10.78.70.15110.78.70.151
7710.78.70.152/3110.78.70.152 – 10.78.70.15310.78.70.153
7810.78.70.154/3110.78.70.154 – 10.78.70.15510.78.70.155
7910.78.70.156/3110.78.70.156 – 10.78.70.15710.78.70.157
8010.78.70.158/3110.78.70.158 – 10.78.70.15910.78.70.159
8110.78.70.160/3110.78.70.160 – 10.78.70.16110.78.70.161
8210.78.70.162/3110.78.70.162 – 10.78.70.16310.78.70.163
8310.78.70.164/3110.78.70.164 – 10.78.70.16510.78.70.165
8410.78.70.166/3110.78.70.166 – 10.78.70.16710.78.70.167
8510.78.70.168/3110.78.70.168 – 10.78.70.16910.78.70.169
8610.78.70.170/3110.78.70.170 – 10.78.70.17110.78.70.171
8710.78.70.172/3110.78.70.172 – 10.78.70.17310.78.70.173
8810.78.70.174/3110.78.70.174 – 10.78.70.17510.78.70.175
8910.78.70.176/3110.78.70.176 – 10.78.70.17710.78.70.177
9010.78.70.178/3110.78.70.178 – 10.78.70.17910.78.70.179
9110.78.70.180/3110.78.70.180 – 10.78.70.18110.78.70.181
9210.78.70.182/3110.78.70.182 – 10.78.70.18310.78.70.183
9310.78.70.184/3110.78.70.184 – 10.78.70.18510.78.70.185
9410.78.70.186/3110.78.70.186 – 10.78.70.18710.78.70.187
9510.78.70.188/3110.78.70.188 – 10.78.70.18910.78.70.189
9610.78.70.190/3110.78.70.190 – 10.78.70.19110.78.70.191
9710.78.70.192/3110.78.70.192 – 10.78.70.19310.78.70.193
9810.78.70.194/3110.78.70.194 – 10.78.70.19510.78.70.195
9910.78.70.196/3110.78.70.196 – 10.78.70.19710.78.70.197
10010.78.70.198/3110.78.70.198 – 10.78.70.19910.78.70.199
10110.78.70.200/3110.78.70.200 – 10.78.70.20110.78.70.201
10210.78.70.202/3110.78.70.202 – 10.78.70.20310.78.70.203
10310.78.70.204/3110.78.70.204 – 10.78.70.20510.78.70.205
10410.78.70.206/3110.78.70.206 – 10.78.70.20710.78.70.207
10510.78.70.208/3110.78.70.208 – 10.78.70.20910.78.70.209
10610.78.70.210/3110.78.70.210 – 10.78.70.21110.78.70.211
10710.78.70.212/3110.78.70.212 – 10.78.70.21310.78.70.213
10810.78.70.214/3110.78.70.214 – 10.78.70.21510.78.70.215
10910.78.70.216/3110.78.70.216 – 10.78.70.21710.78.70.217
11010.78.70.218/3110.78.70.218 – 10.78.70.21910.78.70.219
11110.78.70.220/3110.78.70.220 – 10.78.70.22110.78.70.221
11210.78.70.222/3110.78.70.222 – 10.78.70.22310.78.70.223
11310.78.70.224/3110.78.70.224 – 10.78.70.22510.78.70.225
11410.78.70.226/3110.78.70.226 – 10.78.70.22710.78.70.227
11510.78.70.228/3110.78.70.228 – 10.78.70.22910.78.70.229
11610.78.70.230/3110.78.70.230 – 10.78.70.23110.78.70.231
11710.78.70.232/3110.78.70.232 – 10.78.70.23310.78.70.233
11810.78.70.234/3110.78.70.234 – 10.78.70.23510.78.70.235
11910.78.70.236/3110.78.70.236 – 10.78.70.23710.78.70.237
12010.78.70.238/3110.78.70.238 – 10.78.70.23910.78.70.239
12110.78.70.240/3110.78.70.240 – 10.78.70.24110.78.70.241
12210.78.70.242/3110.78.70.242 – 10.78.70.24310.78.70.243
12310.78.70.244/3110.78.70.244 – 10.78.70.24510.78.70.245
12410.78.70.246/3110.78.70.246 – 10.78.70.24710.78.70.247
12510.78.70.248/3110.78.70.248 – 10.78.70.24910.78.70.249
12610.78.70.250/3110.78.70.250 – 10.78.70.25110.78.70.251
12710.78.70.252/3110.78.70.252 – 10.78.70.25310.78.70.253
12810.78.70.254/3110.78.70.254 – 10.78.70.25510.78.70.255
12910.78.71.0/3110.78.71.0 – 10.78.71.110.78.71.1
13010.78.71.2/3110.78.71.2 – 10.78.71.310.78.71.3
13110.78.71.4/3110.78.71.4 – 10.78.71.510.78.71.5
13210.78.71.6/3110.78.71.6 – 10.78.71.710.78.71.7
13310.78.71.8/3110.78.71.8 – 10.78.71.910.78.71.9
13410.78.71.10/3110.78.71.10 – 10.78.71.1110.78.71.11
13510.78.71.12/3110.78.71.12 – 10.78.71.1310.78.71.13
13610.78.71.14/3110.78.71.14 – 10.78.71.1510.78.71.15
13710.78.71.16/3110.78.71.16 – 10.78.71.1710.78.71.17
13810.78.71.18/3110.78.71.18 – 10.78.71.1910.78.71.19
13910.78.71.20/3110.78.71.20 – 10.78.71.2110.78.71.21
14010.78.71.22/3110.78.71.22 – 10.78.71.2310.78.71.23
14110.78.71.24/3110.78.71.24 – 10.78.71.2510.78.71.25
14210.78.71.26/3110.78.71.26 – 10.78.71.2710.78.71.27
14310.78.71.28/3110.78.71.28 – 10.78.71.2910.78.71.29
14410.78.71.30/3110.78.71.30 – 10.78.71.3110.78.71.31
14510.78.71.32/3110.78.71.32 – 10.78.71.3310.78.71.33
14610.78.71.34/3110.78.71.34 – 10.78.71.3510.78.71.35
14710.78.71.36/3110.78.71.36 – 10.78.71.3710.78.71.37
14810.78.71.38/3110.78.71.38 – 10.78.71.3910.78.71.39
14910.78.71.40/3110.78.71.40 – 10.78.71.4110.78.71.41
15010.78.71.42/3110.78.71.42 – 10.78.71.4310.78.71.43
15110.78.71.44/3110.78.71.44 – 10.78.71.4510.78.71.45
15210.78.71.46/3110.78.71.46 – 10.78.71.4710.78.71.47
15310.78.71.48/3110.78.71.48 – 10.78.71.4910.78.71.49
15410.78.71.50/3110.78.71.50 – 10.78.71.5110.78.71.51
15510.78.71.52/3110.78.71.52 – 10.78.71.5310.78.71.53
15610.78.71.54/3110.78.71.54 – 10.78.71.5510.78.71.55
15710.78.71.56/3110.78.71.56 – 10.78.71.5710.78.71.57
15810.78.71.58/3110.78.71.58 – 10.78.71.5910.78.71.59
15910.78.71.60/3110.78.71.60 – 10.78.71.6110.78.71.61
16010.78.71.62/3110.78.71.62 – 10.78.71.6310.78.71.63
16110.78.71.64/3110.78.71.64 – 10.78.71.6510.78.71.65
16210.78.71.66/3110.78.71.66 – 10.78.71.6710.78.71.67
16310.78.71.68/3110.78.71.68 – 10.78.71.6910.78.71.69
16410.78.71.70/3110.78.71.70 – 10.78.71.7110.78.71.71
16510.78.71.72/3110.78.71.72 – 10.78.71.7310.78.71.73
16610.78.71.74/3110.78.71.74 – 10.78.71.7510.78.71.75
16710.78.71.76/3110.78.71.76 – 10.78.71.7710.78.71.77
16810.78.71.78/3110.78.71.78 – 10.78.71.7910.78.71.79
16910.78.71.80/3110.78.71.80 – 10.78.71.8110.78.71.81
17010.78.71.82/3110.78.71.82 – 10.78.71.8310.78.71.83
17110.78.71.84/3110.78.71.84 – 10.78.71.8510.78.71.85
17210.78.71.86/3110.78.71.86 – 10.78.71.8710.78.71.87
17310.78.71.88/3110.78.71.88 – 10.78.71.8910.78.71.89
17410.78.71.90/3110.78.71.90 – 10.78.71.9110.78.71.91
17510.78.71.92/3110.78.71.92 – 10.78.71.9310.78.71.93
17610.78.71.94/3110.78.71.94 – 10.78.71.9510.78.71.95
17710.78.71.96/3110.78.71.96 – 10.78.71.9710.78.71.97
17810.78.71.98/3110.78.71.98 – 10.78.71.9910.78.71.99
17910.78.71.100/3110.78.71.100 – 10.78.71.10110.78.71.101
18010.78.71.102/3110.78.71.102 – 10.78.71.10310.78.71.103
18110.78.71.104/3110.78.71.104 – 10.78.71.10510.78.71.105
18210.78.71.106/3110.78.71.106 – 10.78.71.10710.78.71.107
18310.78.71.108/3110.78.71.108 – 10.78.71.10910.78.71.109
18410.78.71.110/3110.78.71.110 – 10.78.71.11110.78.71.111
18510.78.71.112/3110.78.71.112 – 10.78.71.11310.78.71.113
18610.78.71.114/3110.78.71.114 – 10.78.71.11510.78.71.115
18710.78.71.116/3110.78.71.116 – 10.78.71.11710.78.71.117
18810.78.71.118/3110.78.71.118 – 10.78.71.11910.78.71.119
18910.78.71.120/3110.78.71.120 – 10.78.71.12110.78.71.121
19010.78.71.122/3110.78.71.122 – 10.78.71.12310.78.71.123
19110.78.71.124/3110.78.71.124 – 10.78.71.12510.78.71.125
19210.78.71.126/3110.78.71.126 – 10.78.71.12710.78.71.127
19310.78.71.128/3110.78.71.128 – 10.78.71.12910.78.71.129
19410.78.71.130/3110.78.71.130 – 10.78.71.13110.78.71.131
19510.78.71.132/3110.78.71.132 – 10.78.71.13310.78.71.133
19610.78.71.134/3110.78.71.134 – 10.78.71.13510.78.71.135
19710.78.71.136/3110.78.71.136 – 10.78.71.13710.78.71.137
19810.78.71.138/3110.78.71.138 – 10.78.71.13910.78.71.139
19910.78.71.140/3110.78.71.140 – 10.78.71.14110.78.71.141
20010.78.71.142/3110.78.71.142 – 10.78.71.14310.78.71.143
20110.78.71.144/3110.78.71.144 – 10.78.71.14510.78.71.145
20210.78.71.146/3110.78.71.146 – 10.78.71.14710.78.71.147
20310.78.71.148/3110.78.71.148 – 10.78.71.14910.78.71.149
20410.78.71.150/3110.78.71.150 – 10.78.71.15110.78.71.151
20510.78.71.152/3110.78.71.152 – 10.78.71.15310.78.71.153
20610.78.71.154/3110.78.71.154 – 10.78.71.15510.78.71.155
20710.78.71.156/3110.78.71.156 – 10.78.71.15710.78.71.157
20810.78.71.158/3110.78.71.158 – 10.78.71.15910.78.71.159
20910.78.71.160/3110.78.71.160 – 10.78.71.16110.78.71.161
21010.78.71.162/3110.78.71.162 – 10.78.71.16310.78.71.163
21110.78.71.164/3110.78.71.164 – 10.78.71.16510.78.71.165
21210.78.71.166/3110.78.71.166 – 10.78.71.16710.78.71.167
21310.78.71.168/3110.78.71.168 – 10.78.71.16910.78.71.169
21410.78.71.170/3110.78.71.170 – 10.78.71.17110.78.71.171
21510.78.71.172/3110.78.71.172 – 10.78.71.17310.78.71.173
21610.78.71.174/3110.78.71.174 – 10.78.71.17510.78.71.175
21710.78.71.176/3110.78.71.176 – 10.78.71.17710.78.71.177
21810.78.71.178/3110.78.71.178 – 10.78.71.17910.78.71.179
21910.78.71.180/3110.78.71.180 – 10.78.71.18110.78.71.181
22010.78.71.182/3110.78.71.182 – 10.78.71.18310.78.71.183
22110.78.71.184/3110.78.71.184 – 10.78.71.18510.78.71.185
22210.78.71.186/3110.78.71.186 – 10.78.71.18710.78.71.187
22310.78.71.188/3110.78.71.188 – 10.78.71.18910.78.71.189
22410.78.71.190/3110.78.71.190 – 10.78.71.19110.78.71.191
22510.78.71.192/3110.78.71.192 – 10.78.71.19310.78.71.193
22610.78.71.194/3110.78.71.194 – 10.78.71.19510.78.71.195
22710.78.71.196/3110.78.71.196 – 10.78.71.19710.78.71.197
22810.78.71.198/3110.78.71.198 – 10.78.71.19910.78.71.199
22910.78.71.200/3110.78.71.200 – 10.78.71.20110.78.71.201
23010.78.71.202/3110.78.71.202 – 10.78.71.20310.78.71.203
23110.78.71.204/3110.78.71.204 – 10.78.71.20510.78.71.205
23210.78.71.206/3110.78.71.206 – 10.78.71.20710.78.71.207
23310.78.71.208/3110.78.71.208 – 10.78.71.20910.78.71.209
23410.78.71.210/3110.78.71.210 – 10.78.71.21110.78.71.211
23510.78.71.212/3110.78.71.212 – 10.78.71.21310.78.71.213
23610.78.71.214/3110.78.71.214 – 10.78.71.21510.78.71.215
23710.78.71.216/3110.78.71.216 – 10.78.71.21710.78.71.217
23810.78.71.218/3110.78.71.218 – 10.78.71.21910.78.71.219
23910.78.71.220/3110.78.71.220 – 10.78.71.22110.78.71.221
24010.78.71.222/3110.78.71.222 – 10.78.71.22310.78.71.223
24110.78.71.224/3110.78.71.224 – 10.78.71.22510.78.71.225
24210.78.71.226/3110.78.71.226 – 10.78.71.22710.78.71.227
24310.78.71.228/3110.78.71.228 – 10.78.71.22910.78.71.229
24410.78.71.230/3110.78.71.230 – 10.78.71.23110.78.71.231
24510.78.71.232/3110.78.71.232 – 10.78.71.23310.78.71.233
24610.78.71.234/3110.78.71.234 – 10.78.71.23510.78.71.235
24710.78.71.236/3110.78.71.236 – 10.78.71.23710.78.71.237
24810.78.71.238/3110.78.71.238 – 10.78.71.23910.78.71.239
24910.78.71.240/3110.78.71.240 – 10.78.71.24110.78.71.241
25010.78.71.242/3110.78.71.242 – 10.78.71.24310.78.71.243
25110.78.71.244/3110.78.71.244 – 10.78.71.24510.78.71.245
25210.78.71.246/3110.78.71.246 – 10.78.71.24710.78.71.247
25310.78.71.248/3110.78.71.248 – 10.78.71.24910.78.71.249
25410.78.71.250/3110.78.71.250 – 10.78.71.25110.78.71.251
25510.78.71.252/3110.78.71.252 – 10.78.71.25310.78.71.253
25610.78.71.254/3110.78.71.254 – 10.78.71.25510.78.71.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →