ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.63.0/24
network10.78.63.0/24
broadcast10.78.63.255
first host10.78.63.1
last host10.78.63.254
subnet mask255.255.255.0
wildcard0.0.0.255
addresses256
usable hosts254
classA
ipcalc 10.78.63.0/24
address00001010.01001110.00111111.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00111111.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00111111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e3f00
decimal172900096
reverse dns0.63.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:3f00

/24 split into /32 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.63.0/3210.78.63.0 – 10.78.63.010.78.63.0
210.78.63.1/3210.78.63.1 – 10.78.63.110.78.63.1
310.78.63.2/3210.78.63.2 – 10.78.63.210.78.63.2
410.78.63.3/3210.78.63.3 – 10.78.63.310.78.63.3
510.78.63.4/3210.78.63.4 – 10.78.63.410.78.63.4
610.78.63.5/3210.78.63.5 – 10.78.63.510.78.63.5
710.78.63.6/3210.78.63.6 – 10.78.63.610.78.63.6
810.78.63.7/3210.78.63.7 – 10.78.63.710.78.63.7
910.78.63.8/3210.78.63.8 – 10.78.63.810.78.63.8
1010.78.63.9/3210.78.63.9 – 10.78.63.910.78.63.9
1110.78.63.10/3210.78.63.10 – 10.78.63.1010.78.63.10
1210.78.63.11/3210.78.63.11 – 10.78.63.1110.78.63.11
1310.78.63.12/3210.78.63.12 – 10.78.63.1210.78.63.12
1410.78.63.13/3210.78.63.13 – 10.78.63.1310.78.63.13
1510.78.63.14/3210.78.63.14 – 10.78.63.1410.78.63.14
1610.78.63.15/3210.78.63.15 – 10.78.63.1510.78.63.15
1710.78.63.16/3210.78.63.16 – 10.78.63.1610.78.63.16
1810.78.63.17/3210.78.63.17 – 10.78.63.1710.78.63.17
1910.78.63.18/3210.78.63.18 – 10.78.63.1810.78.63.18
2010.78.63.19/3210.78.63.19 – 10.78.63.1910.78.63.19
2110.78.63.20/3210.78.63.20 – 10.78.63.2010.78.63.20
2210.78.63.21/3210.78.63.21 – 10.78.63.2110.78.63.21
2310.78.63.22/3210.78.63.22 – 10.78.63.2210.78.63.22
2410.78.63.23/3210.78.63.23 – 10.78.63.2310.78.63.23
2510.78.63.24/3210.78.63.24 – 10.78.63.2410.78.63.24
2610.78.63.25/3210.78.63.25 – 10.78.63.2510.78.63.25
2710.78.63.26/3210.78.63.26 – 10.78.63.2610.78.63.26
2810.78.63.27/3210.78.63.27 – 10.78.63.2710.78.63.27
2910.78.63.28/3210.78.63.28 – 10.78.63.2810.78.63.28
3010.78.63.29/3210.78.63.29 – 10.78.63.2910.78.63.29
3110.78.63.30/3210.78.63.30 – 10.78.63.3010.78.63.30
3210.78.63.31/3210.78.63.31 – 10.78.63.3110.78.63.31
3310.78.63.32/3210.78.63.32 – 10.78.63.3210.78.63.32
3410.78.63.33/3210.78.63.33 – 10.78.63.3310.78.63.33
3510.78.63.34/3210.78.63.34 – 10.78.63.3410.78.63.34
3610.78.63.35/3210.78.63.35 – 10.78.63.3510.78.63.35
3710.78.63.36/3210.78.63.36 – 10.78.63.3610.78.63.36
3810.78.63.37/3210.78.63.37 – 10.78.63.3710.78.63.37
3910.78.63.38/3210.78.63.38 – 10.78.63.3810.78.63.38
4010.78.63.39/3210.78.63.39 – 10.78.63.3910.78.63.39
4110.78.63.40/3210.78.63.40 – 10.78.63.4010.78.63.40
4210.78.63.41/3210.78.63.41 – 10.78.63.4110.78.63.41
4310.78.63.42/3210.78.63.42 – 10.78.63.4210.78.63.42
4410.78.63.43/3210.78.63.43 – 10.78.63.4310.78.63.43
4510.78.63.44/3210.78.63.44 – 10.78.63.4410.78.63.44
4610.78.63.45/3210.78.63.45 – 10.78.63.4510.78.63.45
4710.78.63.46/3210.78.63.46 – 10.78.63.4610.78.63.46
4810.78.63.47/3210.78.63.47 – 10.78.63.4710.78.63.47
4910.78.63.48/3210.78.63.48 – 10.78.63.4810.78.63.48
5010.78.63.49/3210.78.63.49 – 10.78.63.4910.78.63.49
5110.78.63.50/3210.78.63.50 – 10.78.63.5010.78.63.50
5210.78.63.51/3210.78.63.51 – 10.78.63.5110.78.63.51
5310.78.63.52/3210.78.63.52 – 10.78.63.5210.78.63.52
5410.78.63.53/3210.78.63.53 – 10.78.63.5310.78.63.53
5510.78.63.54/3210.78.63.54 – 10.78.63.5410.78.63.54
5610.78.63.55/3210.78.63.55 – 10.78.63.5510.78.63.55
5710.78.63.56/3210.78.63.56 – 10.78.63.5610.78.63.56
5810.78.63.57/3210.78.63.57 – 10.78.63.5710.78.63.57
5910.78.63.58/3210.78.63.58 – 10.78.63.5810.78.63.58
6010.78.63.59/3210.78.63.59 – 10.78.63.5910.78.63.59
6110.78.63.60/3210.78.63.60 – 10.78.63.6010.78.63.60
6210.78.63.61/3210.78.63.61 – 10.78.63.6110.78.63.61
6310.78.63.62/3210.78.63.62 – 10.78.63.6210.78.63.62
6410.78.63.63/3210.78.63.63 – 10.78.63.6310.78.63.63
6510.78.63.64/3210.78.63.64 – 10.78.63.6410.78.63.64
6610.78.63.65/3210.78.63.65 – 10.78.63.6510.78.63.65
6710.78.63.66/3210.78.63.66 – 10.78.63.6610.78.63.66
6810.78.63.67/3210.78.63.67 – 10.78.63.6710.78.63.67
6910.78.63.68/3210.78.63.68 – 10.78.63.6810.78.63.68
7010.78.63.69/3210.78.63.69 – 10.78.63.6910.78.63.69
7110.78.63.70/3210.78.63.70 – 10.78.63.7010.78.63.70
7210.78.63.71/3210.78.63.71 – 10.78.63.7110.78.63.71
7310.78.63.72/3210.78.63.72 – 10.78.63.7210.78.63.72
7410.78.63.73/3210.78.63.73 – 10.78.63.7310.78.63.73
7510.78.63.74/3210.78.63.74 – 10.78.63.7410.78.63.74
7610.78.63.75/3210.78.63.75 – 10.78.63.7510.78.63.75
7710.78.63.76/3210.78.63.76 – 10.78.63.7610.78.63.76
7810.78.63.77/3210.78.63.77 – 10.78.63.7710.78.63.77
7910.78.63.78/3210.78.63.78 – 10.78.63.7810.78.63.78
8010.78.63.79/3210.78.63.79 – 10.78.63.7910.78.63.79
8110.78.63.80/3210.78.63.80 – 10.78.63.8010.78.63.80
8210.78.63.81/3210.78.63.81 – 10.78.63.8110.78.63.81
8310.78.63.82/3210.78.63.82 – 10.78.63.8210.78.63.82
8410.78.63.83/3210.78.63.83 – 10.78.63.8310.78.63.83
8510.78.63.84/3210.78.63.84 – 10.78.63.8410.78.63.84
8610.78.63.85/3210.78.63.85 – 10.78.63.8510.78.63.85
8710.78.63.86/3210.78.63.86 – 10.78.63.8610.78.63.86
8810.78.63.87/3210.78.63.87 – 10.78.63.8710.78.63.87
8910.78.63.88/3210.78.63.88 – 10.78.63.8810.78.63.88
9010.78.63.89/3210.78.63.89 – 10.78.63.8910.78.63.89
9110.78.63.90/3210.78.63.90 – 10.78.63.9010.78.63.90
9210.78.63.91/3210.78.63.91 – 10.78.63.9110.78.63.91
9310.78.63.92/3210.78.63.92 – 10.78.63.9210.78.63.92
9410.78.63.93/3210.78.63.93 – 10.78.63.9310.78.63.93
9510.78.63.94/3210.78.63.94 – 10.78.63.9410.78.63.94
9610.78.63.95/3210.78.63.95 – 10.78.63.9510.78.63.95
9710.78.63.96/3210.78.63.96 – 10.78.63.9610.78.63.96
9810.78.63.97/3210.78.63.97 – 10.78.63.9710.78.63.97
9910.78.63.98/3210.78.63.98 – 10.78.63.9810.78.63.98
10010.78.63.99/3210.78.63.99 – 10.78.63.9910.78.63.99
10110.78.63.100/3210.78.63.100 – 10.78.63.10010.78.63.100
10210.78.63.101/3210.78.63.101 – 10.78.63.10110.78.63.101
10310.78.63.102/3210.78.63.102 – 10.78.63.10210.78.63.102
10410.78.63.103/3210.78.63.103 – 10.78.63.10310.78.63.103
10510.78.63.104/3210.78.63.104 – 10.78.63.10410.78.63.104
10610.78.63.105/3210.78.63.105 – 10.78.63.10510.78.63.105
10710.78.63.106/3210.78.63.106 – 10.78.63.10610.78.63.106
10810.78.63.107/3210.78.63.107 – 10.78.63.10710.78.63.107
10910.78.63.108/3210.78.63.108 – 10.78.63.10810.78.63.108
11010.78.63.109/3210.78.63.109 – 10.78.63.10910.78.63.109
11110.78.63.110/3210.78.63.110 – 10.78.63.11010.78.63.110
11210.78.63.111/3210.78.63.111 – 10.78.63.11110.78.63.111
11310.78.63.112/3210.78.63.112 – 10.78.63.11210.78.63.112
11410.78.63.113/3210.78.63.113 – 10.78.63.11310.78.63.113
11510.78.63.114/3210.78.63.114 – 10.78.63.11410.78.63.114
11610.78.63.115/3210.78.63.115 – 10.78.63.11510.78.63.115
11710.78.63.116/3210.78.63.116 – 10.78.63.11610.78.63.116
11810.78.63.117/3210.78.63.117 – 10.78.63.11710.78.63.117
11910.78.63.118/3210.78.63.118 – 10.78.63.11810.78.63.118
12010.78.63.119/3210.78.63.119 – 10.78.63.11910.78.63.119
12110.78.63.120/3210.78.63.120 – 10.78.63.12010.78.63.120
12210.78.63.121/3210.78.63.121 – 10.78.63.12110.78.63.121
12310.78.63.122/3210.78.63.122 – 10.78.63.12210.78.63.122
12410.78.63.123/3210.78.63.123 – 10.78.63.12310.78.63.123
12510.78.63.124/3210.78.63.124 – 10.78.63.12410.78.63.124
12610.78.63.125/3210.78.63.125 – 10.78.63.12510.78.63.125
12710.78.63.126/3210.78.63.126 – 10.78.63.12610.78.63.126
12810.78.63.127/3210.78.63.127 – 10.78.63.12710.78.63.127
12910.78.63.128/3210.78.63.128 – 10.78.63.12810.78.63.128
13010.78.63.129/3210.78.63.129 – 10.78.63.12910.78.63.129
13110.78.63.130/3210.78.63.130 – 10.78.63.13010.78.63.130
13210.78.63.131/3210.78.63.131 – 10.78.63.13110.78.63.131
13310.78.63.132/3210.78.63.132 – 10.78.63.13210.78.63.132
13410.78.63.133/3210.78.63.133 – 10.78.63.13310.78.63.133
13510.78.63.134/3210.78.63.134 – 10.78.63.13410.78.63.134
13610.78.63.135/3210.78.63.135 – 10.78.63.13510.78.63.135
13710.78.63.136/3210.78.63.136 – 10.78.63.13610.78.63.136
13810.78.63.137/3210.78.63.137 – 10.78.63.13710.78.63.137
13910.78.63.138/3210.78.63.138 – 10.78.63.13810.78.63.138
14010.78.63.139/3210.78.63.139 – 10.78.63.13910.78.63.139
14110.78.63.140/3210.78.63.140 – 10.78.63.14010.78.63.140
14210.78.63.141/3210.78.63.141 – 10.78.63.14110.78.63.141
14310.78.63.142/3210.78.63.142 – 10.78.63.14210.78.63.142
14410.78.63.143/3210.78.63.143 – 10.78.63.14310.78.63.143
14510.78.63.144/3210.78.63.144 – 10.78.63.14410.78.63.144
14610.78.63.145/3210.78.63.145 – 10.78.63.14510.78.63.145
14710.78.63.146/3210.78.63.146 – 10.78.63.14610.78.63.146
14810.78.63.147/3210.78.63.147 – 10.78.63.14710.78.63.147
14910.78.63.148/3210.78.63.148 – 10.78.63.14810.78.63.148
15010.78.63.149/3210.78.63.149 – 10.78.63.14910.78.63.149
15110.78.63.150/3210.78.63.150 – 10.78.63.15010.78.63.150
15210.78.63.151/3210.78.63.151 – 10.78.63.15110.78.63.151
15310.78.63.152/3210.78.63.152 – 10.78.63.15210.78.63.152
15410.78.63.153/3210.78.63.153 – 10.78.63.15310.78.63.153
15510.78.63.154/3210.78.63.154 – 10.78.63.15410.78.63.154
15610.78.63.155/3210.78.63.155 – 10.78.63.15510.78.63.155
15710.78.63.156/3210.78.63.156 – 10.78.63.15610.78.63.156
15810.78.63.157/3210.78.63.157 – 10.78.63.15710.78.63.157
15910.78.63.158/3210.78.63.158 – 10.78.63.15810.78.63.158
16010.78.63.159/3210.78.63.159 – 10.78.63.15910.78.63.159
16110.78.63.160/3210.78.63.160 – 10.78.63.16010.78.63.160
16210.78.63.161/3210.78.63.161 – 10.78.63.16110.78.63.161
16310.78.63.162/3210.78.63.162 – 10.78.63.16210.78.63.162
16410.78.63.163/3210.78.63.163 – 10.78.63.16310.78.63.163
16510.78.63.164/3210.78.63.164 – 10.78.63.16410.78.63.164
16610.78.63.165/3210.78.63.165 – 10.78.63.16510.78.63.165
16710.78.63.166/3210.78.63.166 – 10.78.63.16610.78.63.166
16810.78.63.167/3210.78.63.167 – 10.78.63.16710.78.63.167
16910.78.63.168/3210.78.63.168 – 10.78.63.16810.78.63.168
17010.78.63.169/3210.78.63.169 – 10.78.63.16910.78.63.169
17110.78.63.170/3210.78.63.170 – 10.78.63.17010.78.63.170
17210.78.63.171/3210.78.63.171 – 10.78.63.17110.78.63.171
17310.78.63.172/3210.78.63.172 – 10.78.63.17210.78.63.172
17410.78.63.173/3210.78.63.173 – 10.78.63.17310.78.63.173
17510.78.63.174/3210.78.63.174 – 10.78.63.17410.78.63.174
17610.78.63.175/3210.78.63.175 – 10.78.63.17510.78.63.175
17710.78.63.176/3210.78.63.176 – 10.78.63.17610.78.63.176
17810.78.63.177/3210.78.63.177 – 10.78.63.17710.78.63.177
17910.78.63.178/3210.78.63.178 – 10.78.63.17810.78.63.178
18010.78.63.179/3210.78.63.179 – 10.78.63.17910.78.63.179
18110.78.63.180/3210.78.63.180 – 10.78.63.18010.78.63.180
18210.78.63.181/3210.78.63.181 – 10.78.63.18110.78.63.181
18310.78.63.182/3210.78.63.182 – 10.78.63.18210.78.63.182
18410.78.63.183/3210.78.63.183 – 10.78.63.18310.78.63.183
18510.78.63.184/3210.78.63.184 – 10.78.63.18410.78.63.184
18610.78.63.185/3210.78.63.185 – 10.78.63.18510.78.63.185
18710.78.63.186/3210.78.63.186 – 10.78.63.18610.78.63.186
18810.78.63.187/3210.78.63.187 – 10.78.63.18710.78.63.187
18910.78.63.188/3210.78.63.188 – 10.78.63.18810.78.63.188
19010.78.63.189/3210.78.63.189 – 10.78.63.18910.78.63.189
19110.78.63.190/3210.78.63.190 – 10.78.63.19010.78.63.190
19210.78.63.191/3210.78.63.191 – 10.78.63.19110.78.63.191
19310.78.63.192/3210.78.63.192 – 10.78.63.19210.78.63.192
19410.78.63.193/3210.78.63.193 – 10.78.63.19310.78.63.193
19510.78.63.194/3210.78.63.194 – 10.78.63.19410.78.63.194
19610.78.63.195/3210.78.63.195 – 10.78.63.19510.78.63.195
19710.78.63.196/3210.78.63.196 – 10.78.63.19610.78.63.196
19810.78.63.197/3210.78.63.197 – 10.78.63.19710.78.63.197
19910.78.63.198/3210.78.63.198 – 10.78.63.19810.78.63.198
20010.78.63.199/3210.78.63.199 – 10.78.63.19910.78.63.199
20110.78.63.200/3210.78.63.200 – 10.78.63.20010.78.63.200
20210.78.63.201/3210.78.63.201 – 10.78.63.20110.78.63.201
20310.78.63.202/3210.78.63.202 – 10.78.63.20210.78.63.202
20410.78.63.203/3210.78.63.203 – 10.78.63.20310.78.63.203
20510.78.63.204/3210.78.63.204 – 10.78.63.20410.78.63.204
20610.78.63.205/3210.78.63.205 – 10.78.63.20510.78.63.205
20710.78.63.206/3210.78.63.206 – 10.78.63.20610.78.63.206
20810.78.63.207/3210.78.63.207 – 10.78.63.20710.78.63.207
20910.78.63.208/3210.78.63.208 – 10.78.63.20810.78.63.208
21010.78.63.209/3210.78.63.209 – 10.78.63.20910.78.63.209
21110.78.63.210/3210.78.63.210 – 10.78.63.21010.78.63.210
21210.78.63.211/3210.78.63.211 – 10.78.63.21110.78.63.211
21310.78.63.212/3210.78.63.212 – 10.78.63.21210.78.63.212
21410.78.63.213/3210.78.63.213 – 10.78.63.21310.78.63.213
21510.78.63.214/3210.78.63.214 – 10.78.63.21410.78.63.214
21610.78.63.215/3210.78.63.215 – 10.78.63.21510.78.63.215
21710.78.63.216/3210.78.63.216 – 10.78.63.21610.78.63.216
21810.78.63.217/3210.78.63.217 – 10.78.63.21710.78.63.217
21910.78.63.218/3210.78.63.218 – 10.78.63.21810.78.63.218
22010.78.63.219/3210.78.63.219 – 10.78.63.21910.78.63.219
22110.78.63.220/3210.78.63.220 – 10.78.63.22010.78.63.220
22210.78.63.221/3210.78.63.221 – 10.78.63.22110.78.63.221
22310.78.63.222/3210.78.63.222 – 10.78.63.22210.78.63.222
22410.78.63.223/3210.78.63.223 – 10.78.63.22310.78.63.223
22510.78.63.224/3210.78.63.224 – 10.78.63.22410.78.63.224
22610.78.63.225/3210.78.63.225 – 10.78.63.22510.78.63.225
22710.78.63.226/3210.78.63.226 – 10.78.63.22610.78.63.226
22810.78.63.227/3210.78.63.227 – 10.78.63.22710.78.63.227
22910.78.63.228/3210.78.63.228 – 10.78.63.22810.78.63.228
23010.78.63.229/3210.78.63.229 – 10.78.63.22910.78.63.229
23110.78.63.230/3210.78.63.230 – 10.78.63.23010.78.63.230
23210.78.63.231/3210.78.63.231 – 10.78.63.23110.78.63.231
23310.78.63.232/3210.78.63.232 – 10.78.63.23210.78.63.232
23410.78.63.233/3210.78.63.233 – 10.78.63.23310.78.63.233
23510.78.63.234/3210.78.63.234 – 10.78.63.23410.78.63.234
23610.78.63.235/3210.78.63.235 – 10.78.63.23510.78.63.235
23710.78.63.236/3210.78.63.236 – 10.78.63.23610.78.63.236
23810.78.63.237/3210.78.63.237 – 10.78.63.23710.78.63.237
23910.78.63.238/3210.78.63.238 – 10.78.63.23810.78.63.238
24010.78.63.239/3210.78.63.239 – 10.78.63.23910.78.63.239
24110.78.63.240/3210.78.63.240 – 10.78.63.24010.78.63.240
24210.78.63.241/3210.78.63.241 – 10.78.63.24110.78.63.241
24310.78.63.242/3210.78.63.242 – 10.78.63.24210.78.63.242
24410.78.63.243/3210.78.63.243 – 10.78.63.24310.78.63.243
24510.78.63.244/3210.78.63.244 – 10.78.63.24410.78.63.244
24610.78.63.245/3210.78.63.245 – 10.78.63.24510.78.63.245
24710.78.63.246/3210.78.63.246 – 10.78.63.24610.78.63.246
24810.78.63.247/3210.78.63.247 – 10.78.63.24710.78.63.247
24910.78.63.248/3210.78.63.248 – 10.78.63.24810.78.63.248
25010.78.63.249/3210.78.63.249 – 10.78.63.24910.78.63.249
25110.78.63.250/3210.78.63.250 – 10.78.63.25010.78.63.250
25210.78.63.251/3210.78.63.251 – 10.78.63.25110.78.63.251
25310.78.63.252/3210.78.63.252 – 10.78.63.25210.78.63.252
25410.78.63.253/3210.78.63.253 – 10.78.63.25310.78.63.253
25510.78.63.254/3210.78.63.254 – 10.78.63.25410.78.63.254
25610.78.63.255/3210.78.63.255 – 10.78.63.25510.78.63.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /24
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.0512510-
/24255.255.255.02562541
/25255.255.255.1281281262 split →
/26255.255.255.19264624 split →
/27255.255.255.22432308 split →
/28255.255.255.240161416 split →
/29255.255.255.2488632 split →
/30255.255.255.2524264 split →
/31255.255.255.25422128 split →
/32255.255.255.25511256 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →