ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.50.0/23
network10.78.50.0/23
broadcast10.78.51.255
first host10.78.50.1
last host10.78.51.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.50.0/23
address00001010.01001110.00110010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00110010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00110011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e3200
decimal172896768
reverse dns0.50.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:3200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.50.0/3110.78.50.0 – 10.78.50.110.78.50.1
210.78.50.2/3110.78.50.2 – 10.78.50.310.78.50.3
310.78.50.4/3110.78.50.4 – 10.78.50.510.78.50.5
410.78.50.6/3110.78.50.6 – 10.78.50.710.78.50.7
510.78.50.8/3110.78.50.8 – 10.78.50.910.78.50.9
610.78.50.10/3110.78.50.10 – 10.78.50.1110.78.50.11
710.78.50.12/3110.78.50.12 – 10.78.50.1310.78.50.13
810.78.50.14/3110.78.50.14 – 10.78.50.1510.78.50.15
910.78.50.16/3110.78.50.16 – 10.78.50.1710.78.50.17
1010.78.50.18/3110.78.50.18 – 10.78.50.1910.78.50.19
1110.78.50.20/3110.78.50.20 – 10.78.50.2110.78.50.21
1210.78.50.22/3110.78.50.22 – 10.78.50.2310.78.50.23
1310.78.50.24/3110.78.50.24 – 10.78.50.2510.78.50.25
1410.78.50.26/3110.78.50.26 – 10.78.50.2710.78.50.27
1510.78.50.28/3110.78.50.28 – 10.78.50.2910.78.50.29
1610.78.50.30/3110.78.50.30 – 10.78.50.3110.78.50.31
1710.78.50.32/3110.78.50.32 – 10.78.50.3310.78.50.33
1810.78.50.34/3110.78.50.34 – 10.78.50.3510.78.50.35
1910.78.50.36/3110.78.50.36 – 10.78.50.3710.78.50.37
2010.78.50.38/3110.78.50.38 – 10.78.50.3910.78.50.39
2110.78.50.40/3110.78.50.40 – 10.78.50.4110.78.50.41
2210.78.50.42/3110.78.50.42 – 10.78.50.4310.78.50.43
2310.78.50.44/3110.78.50.44 – 10.78.50.4510.78.50.45
2410.78.50.46/3110.78.50.46 – 10.78.50.4710.78.50.47
2510.78.50.48/3110.78.50.48 – 10.78.50.4910.78.50.49
2610.78.50.50/3110.78.50.50 – 10.78.50.5110.78.50.51
2710.78.50.52/3110.78.50.52 – 10.78.50.5310.78.50.53
2810.78.50.54/3110.78.50.54 – 10.78.50.5510.78.50.55
2910.78.50.56/3110.78.50.56 – 10.78.50.5710.78.50.57
3010.78.50.58/3110.78.50.58 – 10.78.50.5910.78.50.59
3110.78.50.60/3110.78.50.60 – 10.78.50.6110.78.50.61
3210.78.50.62/3110.78.50.62 – 10.78.50.6310.78.50.63
3310.78.50.64/3110.78.50.64 – 10.78.50.6510.78.50.65
3410.78.50.66/3110.78.50.66 – 10.78.50.6710.78.50.67
3510.78.50.68/3110.78.50.68 – 10.78.50.6910.78.50.69
3610.78.50.70/3110.78.50.70 – 10.78.50.7110.78.50.71
3710.78.50.72/3110.78.50.72 – 10.78.50.7310.78.50.73
3810.78.50.74/3110.78.50.74 – 10.78.50.7510.78.50.75
3910.78.50.76/3110.78.50.76 – 10.78.50.7710.78.50.77
4010.78.50.78/3110.78.50.78 – 10.78.50.7910.78.50.79
4110.78.50.80/3110.78.50.80 – 10.78.50.8110.78.50.81
4210.78.50.82/3110.78.50.82 – 10.78.50.8310.78.50.83
4310.78.50.84/3110.78.50.84 – 10.78.50.8510.78.50.85
4410.78.50.86/3110.78.50.86 – 10.78.50.8710.78.50.87
4510.78.50.88/3110.78.50.88 – 10.78.50.8910.78.50.89
4610.78.50.90/3110.78.50.90 – 10.78.50.9110.78.50.91
4710.78.50.92/3110.78.50.92 – 10.78.50.9310.78.50.93
4810.78.50.94/3110.78.50.94 – 10.78.50.9510.78.50.95
4910.78.50.96/3110.78.50.96 – 10.78.50.9710.78.50.97
5010.78.50.98/3110.78.50.98 – 10.78.50.9910.78.50.99
5110.78.50.100/3110.78.50.100 – 10.78.50.10110.78.50.101
5210.78.50.102/3110.78.50.102 – 10.78.50.10310.78.50.103
5310.78.50.104/3110.78.50.104 – 10.78.50.10510.78.50.105
5410.78.50.106/3110.78.50.106 – 10.78.50.10710.78.50.107
5510.78.50.108/3110.78.50.108 – 10.78.50.10910.78.50.109
5610.78.50.110/3110.78.50.110 – 10.78.50.11110.78.50.111
5710.78.50.112/3110.78.50.112 – 10.78.50.11310.78.50.113
5810.78.50.114/3110.78.50.114 – 10.78.50.11510.78.50.115
5910.78.50.116/3110.78.50.116 – 10.78.50.11710.78.50.117
6010.78.50.118/3110.78.50.118 – 10.78.50.11910.78.50.119
6110.78.50.120/3110.78.50.120 – 10.78.50.12110.78.50.121
6210.78.50.122/3110.78.50.122 – 10.78.50.12310.78.50.123
6310.78.50.124/3110.78.50.124 – 10.78.50.12510.78.50.125
6410.78.50.126/3110.78.50.126 – 10.78.50.12710.78.50.127
6510.78.50.128/3110.78.50.128 – 10.78.50.12910.78.50.129
6610.78.50.130/3110.78.50.130 – 10.78.50.13110.78.50.131
6710.78.50.132/3110.78.50.132 – 10.78.50.13310.78.50.133
6810.78.50.134/3110.78.50.134 – 10.78.50.13510.78.50.135
6910.78.50.136/3110.78.50.136 – 10.78.50.13710.78.50.137
7010.78.50.138/3110.78.50.138 – 10.78.50.13910.78.50.139
7110.78.50.140/3110.78.50.140 – 10.78.50.14110.78.50.141
7210.78.50.142/3110.78.50.142 – 10.78.50.14310.78.50.143
7310.78.50.144/3110.78.50.144 – 10.78.50.14510.78.50.145
7410.78.50.146/3110.78.50.146 – 10.78.50.14710.78.50.147
7510.78.50.148/3110.78.50.148 – 10.78.50.14910.78.50.149
7610.78.50.150/3110.78.50.150 – 10.78.50.15110.78.50.151
7710.78.50.152/3110.78.50.152 – 10.78.50.15310.78.50.153
7810.78.50.154/3110.78.50.154 – 10.78.50.15510.78.50.155
7910.78.50.156/3110.78.50.156 – 10.78.50.15710.78.50.157
8010.78.50.158/3110.78.50.158 – 10.78.50.15910.78.50.159
8110.78.50.160/3110.78.50.160 – 10.78.50.16110.78.50.161
8210.78.50.162/3110.78.50.162 – 10.78.50.16310.78.50.163
8310.78.50.164/3110.78.50.164 – 10.78.50.16510.78.50.165
8410.78.50.166/3110.78.50.166 – 10.78.50.16710.78.50.167
8510.78.50.168/3110.78.50.168 – 10.78.50.16910.78.50.169
8610.78.50.170/3110.78.50.170 – 10.78.50.17110.78.50.171
8710.78.50.172/3110.78.50.172 – 10.78.50.17310.78.50.173
8810.78.50.174/3110.78.50.174 – 10.78.50.17510.78.50.175
8910.78.50.176/3110.78.50.176 – 10.78.50.17710.78.50.177
9010.78.50.178/3110.78.50.178 – 10.78.50.17910.78.50.179
9110.78.50.180/3110.78.50.180 – 10.78.50.18110.78.50.181
9210.78.50.182/3110.78.50.182 – 10.78.50.18310.78.50.183
9310.78.50.184/3110.78.50.184 – 10.78.50.18510.78.50.185
9410.78.50.186/3110.78.50.186 – 10.78.50.18710.78.50.187
9510.78.50.188/3110.78.50.188 – 10.78.50.18910.78.50.189
9610.78.50.190/3110.78.50.190 – 10.78.50.19110.78.50.191
9710.78.50.192/3110.78.50.192 – 10.78.50.19310.78.50.193
9810.78.50.194/3110.78.50.194 – 10.78.50.19510.78.50.195
9910.78.50.196/3110.78.50.196 – 10.78.50.19710.78.50.197
10010.78.50.198/3110.78.50.198 – 10.78.50.19910.78.50.199
10110.78.50.200/3110.78.50.200 – 10.78.50.20110.78.50.201
10210.78.50.202/3110.78.50.202 – 10.78.50.20310.78.50.203
10310.78.50.204/3110.78.50.204 – 10.78.50.20510.78.50.205
10410.78.50.206/3110.78.50.206 – 10.78.50.20710.78.50.207
10510.78.50.208/3110.78.50.208 – 10.78.50.20910.78.50.209
10610.78.50.210/3110.78.50.210 – 10.78.50.21110.78.50.211
10710.78.50.212/3110.78.50.212 – 10.78.50.21310.78.50.213
10810.78.50.214/3110.78.50.214 – 10.78.50.21510.78.50.215
10910.78.50.216/3110.78.50.216 – 10.78.50.21710.78.50.217
11010.78.50.218/3110.78.50.218 – 10.78.50.21910.78.50.219
11110.78.50.220/3110.78.50.220 – 10.78.50.22110.78.50.221
11210.78.50.222/3110.78.50.222 – 10.78.50.22310.78.50.223
11310.78.50.224/3110.78.50.224 – 10.78.50.22510.78.50.225
11410.78.50.226/3110.78.50.226 – 10.78.50.22710.78.50.227
11510.78.50.228/3110.78.50.228 – 10.78.50.22910.78.50.229
11610.78.50.230/3110.78.50.230 – 10.78.50.23110.78.50.231
11710.78.50.232/3110.78.50.232 – 10.78.50.23310.78.50.233
11810.78.50.234/3110.78.50.234 – 10.78.50.23510.78.50.235
11910.78.50.236/3110.78.50.236 – 10.78.50.23710.78.50.237
12010.78.50.238/3110.78.50.238 – 10.78.50.23910.78.50.239
12110.78.50.240/3110.78.50.240 – 10.78.50.24110.78.50.241
12210.78.50.242/3110.78.50.242 – 10.78.50.24310.78.50.243
12310.78.50.244/3110.78.50.244 – 10.78.50.24510.78.50.245
12410.78.50.246/3110.78.50.246 – 10.78.50.24710.78.50.247
12510.78.50.248/3110.78.50.248 – 10.78.50.24910.78.50.249
12610.78.50.250/3110.78.50.250 – 10.78.50.25110.78.50.251
12710.78.50.252/3110.78.50.252 – 10.78.50.25310.78.50.253
12810.78.50.254/3110.78.50.254 – 10.78.50.25510.78.50.255
12910.78.51.0/3110.78.51.0 – 10.78.51.110.78.51.1
13010.78.51.2/3110.78.51.2 – 10.78.51.310.78.51.3
13110.78.51.4/3110.78.51.4 – 10.78.51.510.78.51.5
13210.78.51.6/3110.78.51.6 – 10.78.51.710.78.51.7
13310.78.51.8/3110.78.51.8 – 10.78.51.910.78.51.9
13410.78.51.10/3110.78.51.10 – 10.78.51.1110.78.51.11
13510.78.51.12/3110.78.51.12 – 10.78.51.1310.78.51.13
13610.78.51.14/3110.78.51.14 – 10.78.51.1510.78.51.15
13710.78.51.16/3110.78.51.16 – 10.78.51.1710.78.51.17
13810.78.51.18/3110.78.51.18 – 10.78.51.1910.78.51.19
13910.78.51.20/3110.78.51.20 – 10.78.51.2110.78.51.21
14010.78.51.22/3110.78.51.22 – 10.78.51.2310.78.51.23
14110.78.51.24/3110.78.51.24 – 10.78.51.2510.78.51.25
14210.78.51.26/3110.78.51.26 – 10.78.51.2710.78.51.27
14310.78.51.28/3110.78.51.28 – 10.78.51.2910.78.51.29
14410.78.51.30/3110.78.51.30 – 10.78.51.3110.78.51.31
14510.78.51.32/3110.78.51.32 – 10.78.51.3310.78.51.33
14610.78.51.34/3110.78.51.34 – 10.78.51.3510.78.51.35
14710.78.51.36/3110.78.51.36 – 10.78.51.3710.78.51.37
14810.78.51.38/3110.78.51.38 – 10.78.51.3910.78.51.39
14910.78.51.40/3110.78.51.40 – 10.78.51.4110.78.51.41
15010.78.51.42/3110.78.51.42 – 10.78.51.4310.78.51.43
15110.78.51.44/3110.78.51.44 – 10.78.51.4510.78.51.45
15210.78.51.46/3110.78.51.46 – 10.78.51.4710.78.51.47
15310.78.51.48/3110.78.51.48 – 10.78.51.4910.78.51.49
15410.78.51.50/3110.78.51.50 – 10.78.51.5110.78.51.51
15510.78.51.52/3110.78.51.52 – 10.78.51.5310.78.51.53
15610.78.51.54/3110.78.51.54 – 10.78.51.5510.78.51.55
15710.78.51.56/3110.78.51.56 – 10.78.51.5710.78.51.57
15810.78.51.58/3110.78.51.58 – 10.78.51.5910.78.51.59
15910.78.51.60/3110.78.51.60 – 10.78.51.6110.78.51.61
16010.78.51.62/3110.78.51.62 – 10.78.51.6310.78.51.63
16110.78.51.64/3110.78.51.64 – 10.78.51.6510.78.51.65
16210.78.51.66/3110.78.51.66 – 10.78.51.6710.78.51.67
16310.78.51.68/3110.78.51.68 – 10.78.51.6910.78.51.69
16410.78.51.70/3110.78.51.70 – 10.78.51.7110.78.51.71
16510.78.51.72/3110.78.51.72 – 10.78.51.7310.78.51.73
16610.78.51.74/3110.78.51.74 – 10.78.51.7510.78.51.75
16710.78.51.76/3110.78.51.76 – 10.78.51.7710.78.51.77
16810.78.51.78/3110.78.51.78 – 10.78.51.7910.78.51.79
16910.78.51.80/3110.78.51.80 – 10.78.51.8110.78.51.81
17010.78.51.82/3110.78.51.82 – 10.78.51.8310.78.51.83
17110.78.51.84/3110.78.51.84 – 10.78.51.8510.78.51.85
17210.78.51.86/3110.78.51.86 – 10.78.51.8710.78.51.87
17310.78.51.88/3110.78.51.88 – 10.78.51.8910.78.51.89
17410.78.51.90/3110.78.51.90 – 10.78.51.9110.78.51.91
17510.78.51.92/3110.78.51.92 – 10.78.51.9310.78.51.93
17610.78.51.94/3110.78.51.94 – 10.78.51.9510.78.51.95
17710.78.51.96/3110.78.51.96 – 10.78.51.9710.78.51.97
17810.78.51.98/3110.78.51.98 – 10.78.51.9910.78.51.99
17910.78.51.100/3110.78.51.100 – 10.78.51.10110.78.51.101
18010.78.51.102/3110.78.51.102 – 10.78.51.10310.78.51.103
18110.78.51.104/3110.78.51.104 – 10.78.51.10510.78.51.105
18210.78.51.106/3110.78.51.106 – 10.78.51.10710.78.51.107
18310.78.51.108/3110.78.51.108 – 10.78.51.10910.78.51.109
18410.78.51.110/3110.78.51.110 – 10.78.51.11110.78.51.111
18510.78.51.112/3110.78.51.112 – 10.78.51.11310.78.51.113
18610.78.51.114/3110.78.51.114 – 10.78.51.11510.78.51.115
18710.78.51.116/3110.78.51.116 – 10.78.51.11710.78.51.117
18810.78.51.118/3110.78.51.118 – 10.78.51.11910.78.51.119
18910.78.51.120/3110.78.51.120 – 10.78.51.12110.78.51.121
19010.78.51.122/3110.78.51.122 – 10.78.51.12310.78.51.123
19110.78.51.124/3110.78.51.124 – 10.78.51.12510.78.51.125
19210.78.51.126/3110.78.51.126 – 10.78.51.12710.78.51.127
19310.78.51.128/3110.78.51.128 – 10.78.51.12910.78.51.129
19410.78.51.130/3110.78.51.130 – 10.78.51.13110.78.51.131
19510.78.51.132/3110.78.51.132 – 10.78.51.13310.78.51.133
19610.78.51.134/3110.78.51.134 – 10.78.51.13510.78.51.135
19710.78.51.136/3110.78.51.136 – 10.78.51.13710.78.51.137
19810.78.51.138/3110.78.51.138 – 10.78.51.13910.78.51.139
19910.78.51.140/3110.78.51.140 – 10.78.51.14110.78.51.141
20010.78.51.142/3110.78.51.142 – 10.78.51.14310.78.51.143
20110.78.51.144/3110.78.51.144 – 10.78.51.14510.78.51.145
20210.78.51.146/3110.78.51.146 – 10.78.51.14710.78.51.147
20310.78.51.148/3110.78.51.148 – 10.78.51.14910.78.51.149
20410.78.51.150/3110.78.51.150 – 10.78.51.15110.78.51.151
20510.78.51.152/3110.78.51.152 – 10.78.51.15310.78.51.153
20610.78.51.154/3110.78.51.154 – 10.78.51.15510.78.51.155
20710.78.51.156/3110.78.51.156 – 10.78.51.15710.78.51.157
20810.78.51.158/3110.78.51.158 – 10.78.51.15910.78.51.159
20910.78.51.160/3110.78.51.160 – 10.78.51.16110.78.51.161
21010.78.51.162/3110.78.51.162 – 10.78.51.16310.78.51.163
21110.78.51.164/3110.78.51.164 – 10.78.51.16510.78.51.165
21210.78.51.166/3110.78.51.166 – 10.78.51.16710.78.51.167
21310.78.51.168/3110.78.51.168 – 10.78.51.16910.78.51.169
21410.78.51.170/3110.78.51.170 – 10.78.51.17110.78.51.171
21510.78.51.172/3110.78.51.172 – 10.78.51.17310.78.51.173
21610.78.51.174/3110.78.51.174 – 10.78.51.17510.78.51.175
21710.78.51.176/3110.78.51.176 – 10.78.51.17710.78.51.177
21810.78.51.178/3110.78.51.178 – 10.78.51.17910.78.51.179
21910.78.51.180/3110.78.51.180 – 10.78.51.18110.78.51.181
22010.78.51.182/3110.78.51.182 – 10.78.51.18310.78.51.183
22110.78.51.184/3110.78.51.184 – 10.78.51.18510.78.51.185
22210.78.51.186/3110.78.51.186 – 10.78.51.18710.78.51.187
22310.78.51.188/3110.78.51.188 – 10.78.51.18910.78.51.189
22410.78.51.190/3110.78.51.190 – 10.78.51.19110.78.51.191
22510.78.51.192/3110.78.51.192 – 10.78.51.19310.78.51.193
22610.78.51.194/3110.78.51.194 – 10.78.51.19510.78.51.195
22710.78.51.196/3110.78.51.196 – 10.78.51.19710.78.51.197
22810.78.51.198/3110.78.51.198 – 10.78.51.19910.78.51.199
22910.78.51.200/3110.78.51.200 – 10.78.51.20110.78.51.201
23010.78.51.202/3110.78.51.202 – 10.78.51.20310.78.51.203
23110.78.51.204/3110.78.51.204 – 10.78.51.20510.78.51.205
23210.78.51.206/3110.78.51.206 – 10.78.51.20710.78.51.207
23310.78.51.208/3110.78.51.208 – 10.78.51.20910.78.51.209
23410.78.51.210/3110.78.51.210 – 10.78.51.21110.78.51.211
23510.78.51.212/3110.78.51.212 – 10.78.51.21310.78.51.213
23610.78.51.214/3110.78.51.214 – 10.78.51.21510.78.51.215
23710.78.51.216/3110.78.51.216 – 10.78.51.21710.78.51.217
23810.78.51.218/3110.78.51.218 – 10.78.51.21910.78.51.219
23910.78.51.220/3110.78.51.220 – 10.78.51.22110.78.51.221
24010.78.51.222/3110.78.51.222 – 10.78.51.22310.78.51.223
24110.78.51.224/3110.78.51.224 – 10.78.51.22510.78.51.225
24210.78.51.226/3110.78.51.226 – 10.78.51.22710.78.51.227
24310.78.51.228/3110.78.51.228 – 10.78.51.22910.78.51.229
24410.78.51.230/3110.78.51.230 – 10.78.51.23110.78.51.231
24510.78.51.232/3110.78.51.232 – 10.78.51.23310.78.51.233
24610.78.51.234/3110.78.51.234 – 10.78.51.23510.78.51.235
24710.78.51.236/3110.78.51.236 – 10.78.51.23710.78.51.237
24810.78.51.238/3110.78.51.238 – 10.78.51.23910.78.51.239
24910.78.51.240/3110.78.51.240 – 10.78.51.24110.78.51.241
25010.78.51.242/3110.78.51.242 – 10.78.51.24310.78.51.243
25110.78.51.244/3110.78.51.244 – 10.78.51.24510.78.51.245
25210.78.51.246/3110.78.51.246 – 10.78.51.24710.78.51.247
25310.78.51.248/3110.78.51.248 – 10.78.51.24910.78.51.249
25410.78.51.250/3110.78.51.250 – 10.78.51.25110.78.51.251
25510.78.51.252/3110.78.51.252 – 10.78.51.25310.78.51.253
25610.78.51.254/3110.78.51.254 – 10.78.51.25510.78.51.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →