ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.47.0/24
network10.78.47.0/24
broadcast10.78.47.255
first host10.78.47.1
last host10.78.47.254
subnet mask255.255.255.0
wildcard0.0.0.255
addresses256
usable hosts254
classA
ipcalc 10.78.47.0/24
address00001010.01001110.00101111.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00101111.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00101111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e2f00
decimal172896000
reverse dns0.47.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:2f00

/24 split into /32 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.47.0/3210.78.47.0 – 10.78.47.010.78.47.0
210.78.47.1/3210.78.47.1 – 10.78.47.110.78.47.1
310.78.47.2/3210.78.47.2 – 10.78.47.210.78.47.2
410.78.47.3/3210.78.47.3 – 10.78.47.310.78.47.3
510.78.47.4/3210.78.47.4 – 10.78.47.410.78.47.4
610.78.47.5/3210.78.47.5 – 10.78.47.510.78.47.5
710.78.47.6/3210.78.47.6 – 10.78.47.610.78.47.6
810.78.47.7/3210.78.47.7 – 10.78.47.710.78.47.7
910.78.47.8/3210.78.47.8 – 10.78.47.810.78.47.8
1010.78.47.9/3210.78.47.9 – 10.78.47.910.78.47.9
1110.78.47.10/3210.78.47.10 – 10.78.47.1010.78.47.10
1210.78.47.11/3210.78.47.11 – 10.78.47.1110.78.47.11
1310.78.47.12/3210.78.47.12 – 10.78.47.1210.78.47.12
1410.78.47.13/3210.78.47.13 – 10.78.47.1310.78.47.13
1510.78.47.14/3210.78.47.14 – 10.78.47.1410.78.47.14
1610.78.47.15/3210.78.47.15 – 10.78.47.1510.78.47.15
1710.78.47.16/3210.78.47.16 – 10.78.47.1610.78.47.16
1810.78.47.17/3210.78.47.17 – 10.78.47.1710.78.47.17
1910.78.47.18/3210.78.47.18 – 10.78.47.1810.78.47.18
2010.78.47.19/3210.78.47.19 – 10.78.47.1910.78.47.19
2110.78.47.20/3210.78.47.20 – 10.78.47.2010.78.47.20
2210.78.47.21/3210.78.47.21 – 10.78.47.2110.78.47.21
2310.78.47.22/3210.78.47.22 – 10.78.47.2210.78.47.22
2410.78.47.23/3210.78.47.23 – 10.78.47.2310.78.47.23
2510.78.47.24/3210.78.47.24 – 10.78.47.2410.78.47.24
2610.78.47.25/3210.78.47.25 – 10.78.47.2510.78.47.25
2710.78.47.26/3210.78.47.26 – 10.78.47.2610.78.47.26
2810.78.47.27/3210.78.47.27 – 10.78.47.2710.78.47.27
2910.78.47.28/3210.78.47.28 – 10.78.47.2810.78.47.28
3010.78.47.29/3210.78.47.29 – 10.78.47.2910.78.47.29
3110.78.47.30/3210.78.47.30 – 10.78.47.3010.78.47.30
3210.78.47.31/3210.78.47.31 – 10.78.47.3110.78.47.31
3310.78.47.32/3210.78.47.32 – 10.78.47.3210.78.47.32
3410.78.47.33/3210.78.47.33 – 10.78.47.3310.78.47.33
3510.78.47.34/3210.78.47.34 – 10.78.47.3410.78.47.34
3610.78.47.35/3210.78.47.35 – 10.78.47.3510.78.47.35
3710.78.47.36/3210.78.47.36 – 10.78.47.3610.78.47.36
3810.78.47.37/3210.78.47.37 – 10.78.47.3710.78.47.37
3910.78.47.38/3210.78.47.38 – 10.78.47.3810.78.47.38
4010.78.47.39/3210.78.47.39 – 10.78.47.3910.78.47.39
4110.78.47.40/3210.78.47.40 – 10.78.47.4010.78.47.40
4210.78.47.41/3210.78.47.41 – 10.78.47.4110.78.47.41
4310.78.47.42/3210.78.47.42 – 10.78.47.4210.78.47.42
4410.78.47.43/3210.78.47.43 – 10.78.47.4310.78.47.43
4510.78.47.44/3210.78.47.44 – 10.78.47.4410.78.47.44
4610.78.47.45/3210.78.47.45 – 10.78.47.4510.78.47.45
4710.78.47.46/3210.78.47.46 – 10.78.47.4610.78.47.46
4810.78.47.47/3210.78.47.47 – 10.78.47.4710.78.47.47
4910.78.47.48/3210.78.47.48 – 10.78.47.4810.78.47.48
5010.78.47.49/3210.78.47.49 – 10.78.47.4910.78.47.49
5110.78.47.50/3210.78.47.50 – 10.78.47.5010.78.47.50
5210.78.47.51/3210.78.47.51 – 10.78.47.5110.78.47.51
5310.78.47.52/3210.78.47.52 – 10.78.47.5210.78.47.52
5410.78.47.53/3210.78.47.53 – 10.78.47.5310.78.47.53
5510.78.47.54/3210.78.47.54 – 10.78.47.5410.78.47.54
5610.78.47.55/3210.78.47.55 – 10.78.47.5510.78.47.55
5710.78.47.56/3210.78.47.56 – 10.78.47.5610.78.47.56
5810.78.47.57/3210.78.47.57 – 10.78.47.5710.78.47.57
5910.78.47.58/3210.78.47.58 – 10.78.47.5810.78.47.58
6010.78.47.59/3210.78.47.59 – 10.78.47.5910.78.47.59
6110.78.47.60/3210.78.47.60 – 10.78.47.6010.78.47.60
6210.78.47.61/3210.78.47.61 – 10.78.47.6110.78.47.61
6310.78.47.62/3210.78.47.62 – 10.78.47.6210.78.47.62
6410.78.47.63/3210.78.47.63 – 10.78.47.6310.78.47.63
6510.78.47.64/3210.78.47.64 – 10.78.47.6410.78.47.64
6610.78.47.65/3210.78.47.65 – 10.78.47.6510.78.47.65
6710.78.47.66/3210.78.47.66 – 10.78.47.6610.78.47.66
6810.78.47.67/3210.78.47.67 – 10.78.47.6710.78.47.67
6910.78.47.68/3210.78.47.68 – 10.78.47.6810.78.47.68
7010.78.47.69/3210.78.47.69 – 10.78.47.6910.78.47.69
7110.78.47.70/3210.78.47.70 – 10.78.47.7010.78.47.70
7210.78.47.71/3210.78.47.71 – 10.78.47.7110.78.47.71
7310.78.47.72/3210.78.47.72 – 10.78.47.7210.78.47.72
7410.78.47.73/3210.78.47.73 – 10.78.47.7310.78.47.73
7510.78.47.74/3210.78.47.74 – 10.78.47.7410.78.47.74
7610.78.47.75/3210.78.47.75 – 10.78.47.7510.78.47.75
7710.78.47.76/3210.78.47.76 – 10.78.47.7610.78.47.76
7810.78.47.77/3210.78.47.77 – 10.78.47.7710.78.47.77
7910.78.47.78/3210.78.47.78 – 10.78.47.7810.78.47.78
8010.78.47.79/3210.78.47.79 – 10.78.47.7910.78.47.79
8110.78.47.80/3210.78.47.80 – 10.78.47.8010.78.47.80
8210.78.47.81/3210.78.47.81 – 10.78.47.8110.78.47.81
8310.78.47.82/3210.78.47.82 – 10.78.47.8210.78.47.82
8410.78.47.83/3210.78.47.83 – 10.78.47.8310.78.47.83
8510.78.47.84/3210.78.47.84 – 10.78.47.8410.78.47.84
8610.78.47.85/3210.78.47.85 – 10.78.47.8510.78.47.85
8710.78.47.86/3210.78.47.86 – 10.78.47.8610.78.47.86
8810.78.47.87/3210.78.47.87 – 10.78.47.8710.78.47.87
8910.78.47.88/3210.78.47.88 – 10.78.47.8810.78.47.88
9010.78.47.89/3210.78.47.89 – 10.78.47.8910.78.47.89
9110.78.47.90/3210.78.47.90 – 10.78.47.9010.78.47.90
9210.78.47.91/3210.78.47.91 – 10.78.47.9110.78.47.91
9310.78.47.92/3210.78.47.92 – 10.78.47.9210.78.47.92
9410.78.47.93/3210.78.47.93 – 10.78.47.9310.78.47.93
9510.78.47.94/3210.78.47.94 – 10.78.47.9410.78.47.94
9610.78.47.95/3210.78.47.95 – 10.78.47.9510.78.47.95
9710.78.47.96/3210.78.47.96 – 10.78.47.9610.78.47.96
9810.78.47.97/3210.78.47.97 – 10.78.47.9710.78.47.97
9910.78.47.98/3210.78.47.98 – 10.78.47.9810.78.47.98
10010.78.47.99/3210.78.47.99 – 10.78.47.9910.78.47.99
10110.78.47.100/3210.78.47.100 – 10.78.47.10010.78.47.100
10210.78.47.101/3210.78.47.101 – 10.78.47.10110.78.47.101
10310.78.47.102/3210.78.47.102 – 10.78.47.10210.78.47.102
10410.78.47.103/3210.78.47.103 – 10.78.47.10310.78.47.103
10510.78.47.104/3210.78.47.104 – 10.78.47.10410.78.47.104
10610.78.47.105/3210.78.47.105 – 10.78.47.10510.78.47.105
10710.78.47.106/3210.78.47.106 – 10.78.47.10610.78.47.106
10810.78.47.107/3210.78.47.107 – 10.78.47.10710.78.47.107
10910.78.47.108/3210.78.47.108 – 10.78.47.10810.78.47.108
11010.78.47.109/3210.78.47.109 – 10.78.47.10910.78.47.109
11110.78.47.110/3210.78.47.110 – 10.78.47.11010.78.47.110
11210.78.47.111/3210.78.47.111 – 10.78.47.11110.78.47.111
11310.78.47.112/3210.78.47.112 – 10.78.47.11210.78.47.112
11410.78.47.113/3210.78.47.113 – 10.78.47.11310.78.47.113
11510.78.47.114/3210.78.47.114 – 10.78.47.11410.78.47.114
11610.78.47.115/3210.78.47.115 – 10.78.47.11510.78.47.115
11710.78.47.116/3210.78.47.116 – 10.78.47.11610.78.47.116
11810.78.47.117/3210.78.47.117 – 10.78.47.11710.78.47.117
11910.78.47.118/3210.78.47.118 – 10.78.47.11810.78.47.118
12010.78.47.119/3210.78.47.119 – 10.78.47.11910.78.47.119
12110.78.47.120/3210.78.47.120 – 10.78.47.12010.78.47.120
12210.78.47.121/3210.78.47.121 – 10.78.47.12110.78.47.121
12310.78.47.122/3210.78.47.122 – 10.78.47.12210.78.47.122
12410.78.47.123/3210.78.47.123 – 10.78.47.12310.78.47.123
12510.78.47.124/3210.78.47.124 – 10.78.47.12410.78.47.124
12610.78.47.125/3210.78.47.125 – 10.78.47.12510.78.47.125
12710.78.47.126/3210.78.47.126 – 10.78.47.12610.78.47.126
12810.78.47.127/3210.78.47.127 – 10.78.47.12710.78.47.127
12910.78.47.128/3210.78.47.128 – 10.78.47.12810.78.47.128
13010.78.47.129/3210.78.47.129 – 10.78.47.12910.78.47.129
13110.78.47.130/3210.78.47.130 – 10.78.47.13010.78.47.130
13210.78.47.131/3210.78.47.131 – 10.78.47.13110.78.47.131
13310.78.47.132/3210.78.47.132 – 10.78.47.13210.78.47.132
13410.78.47.133/3210.78.47.133 – 10.78.47.13310.78.47.133
13510.78.47.134/3210.78.47.134 – 10.78.47.13410.78.47.134
13610.78.47.135/3210.78.47.135 – 10.78.47.13510.78.47.135
13710.78.47.136/3210.78.47.136 – 10.78.47.13610.78.47.136
13810.78.47.137/3210.78.47.137 – 10.78.47.13710.78.47.137
13910.78.47.138/3210.78.47.138 – 10.78.47.13810.78.47.138
14010.78.47.139/3210.78.47.139 – 10.78.47.13910.78.47.139
14110.78.47.140/3210.78.47.140 – 10.78.47.14010.78.47.140
14210.78.47.141/3210.78.47.141 – 10.78.47.14110.78.47.141
14310.78.47.142/3210.78.47.142 – 10.78.47.14210.78.47.142
14410.78.47.143/3210.78.47.143 – 10.78.47.14310.78.47.143
14510.78.47.144/3210.78.47.144 – 10.78.47.14410.78.47.144
14610.78.47.145/3210.78.47.145 – 10.78.47.14510.78.47.145
14710.78.47.146/3210.78.47.146 – 10.78.47.14610.78.47.146
14810.78.47.147/3210.78.47.147 – 10.78.47.14710.78.47.147
14910.78.47.148/3210.78.47.148 – 10.78.47.14810.78.47.148
15010.78.47.149/3210.78.47.149 – 10.78.47.14910.78.47.149
15110.78.47.150/3210.78.47.150 – 10.78.47.15010.78.47.150
15210.78.47.151/3210.78.47.151 – 10.78.47.15110.78.47.151
15310.78.47.152/3210.78.47.152 – 10.78.47.15210.78.47.152
15410.78.47.153/3210.78.47.153 – 10.78.47.15310.78.47.153
15510.78.47.154/3210.78.47.154 – 10.78.47.15410.78.47.154
15610.78.47.155/3210.78.47.155 – 10.78.47.15510.78.47.155
15710.78.47.156/3210.78.47.156 – 10.78.47.15610.78.47.156
15810.78.47.157/3210.78.47.157 – 10.78.47.15710.78.47.157
15910.78.47.158/3210.78.47.158 – 10.78.47.15810.78.47.158
16010.78.47.159/3210.78.47.159 – 10.78.47.15910.78.47.159
16110.78.47.160/3210.78.47.160 – 10.78.47.16010.78.47.160
16210.78.47.161/3210.78.47.161 – 10.78.47.16110.78.47.161
16310.78.47.162/3210.78.47.162 – 10.78.47.16210.78.47.162
16410.78.47.163/3210.78.47.163 – 10.78.47.16310.78.47.163
16510.78.47.164/3210.78.47.164 – 10.78.47.16410.78.47.164
16610.78.47.165/3210.78.47.165 – 10.78.47.16510.78.47.165
16710.78.47.166/3210.78.47.166 – 10.78.47.16610.78.47.166
16810.78.47.167/3210.78.47.167 – 10.78.47.16710.78.47.167
16910.78.47.168/3210.78.47.168 – 10.78.47.16810.78.47.168
17010.78.47.169/3210.78.47.169 – 10.78.47.16910.78.47.169
17110.78.47.170/3210.78.47.170 – 10.78.47.17010.78.47.170
17210.78.47.171/3210.78.47.171 – 10.78.47.17110.78.47.171
17310.78.47.172/3210.78.47.172 – 10.78.47.17210.78.47.172
17410.78.47.173/3210.78.47.173 – 10.78.47.17310.78.47.173
17510.78.47.174/3210.78.47.174 – 10.78.47.17410.78.47.174
17610.78.47.175/3210.78.47.175 – 10.78.47.17510.78.47.175
17710.78.47.176/3210.78.47.176 – 10.78.47.17610.78.47.176
17810.78.47.177/3210.78.47.177 – 10.78.47.17710.78.47.177
17910.78.47.178/3210.78.47.178 – 10.78.47.17810.78.47.178
18010.78.47.179/3210.78.47.179 – 10.78.47.17910.78.47.179
18110.78.47.180/3210.78.47.180 – 10.78.47.18010.78.47.180
18210.78.47.181/3210.78.47.181 – 10.78.47.18110.78.47.181
18310.78.47.182/3210.78.47.182 – 10.78.47.18210.78.47.182
18410.78.47.183/3210.78.47.183 – 10.78.47.18310.78.47.183
18510.78.47.184/3210.78.47.184 – 10.78.47.18410.78.47.184
18610.78.47.185/3210.78.47.185 – 10.78.47.18510.78.47.185
18710.78.47.186/3210.78.47.186 – 10.78.47.18610.78.47.186
18810.78.47.187/3210.78.47.187 – 10.78.47.18710.78.47.187
18910.78.47.188/3210.78.47.188 – 10.78.47.18810.78.47.188
19010.78.47.189/3210.78.47.189 – 10.78.47.18910.78.47.189
19110.78.47.190/3210.78.47.190 – 10.78.47.19010.78.47.190
19210.78.47.191/3210.78.47.191 – 10.78.47.19110.78.47.191
19310.78.47.192/3210.78.47.192 – 10.78.47.19210.78.47.192
19410.78.47.193/3210.78.47.193 – 10.78.47.19310.78.47.193
19510.78.47.194/3210.78.47.194 – 10.78.47.19410.78.47.194
19610.78.47.195/3210.78.47.195 – 10.78.47.19510.78.47.195
19710.78.47.196/3210.78.47.196 – 10.78.47.19610.78.47.196
19810.78.47.197/3210.78.47.197 – 10.78.47.19710.78.47.197
19910.78.47.198/3210.78.47.198 – 10.78.47.19810.78.47.198
20010.78.47.199/3210.78.47.199 – 10.78.47.19910.78.47.199
20110.78.47.200/3210.78.47.200 – 10.78.47.20010.78.47.200
20210.78.47.201/3210.78.47.201 – 10.78.47.20110.78.47.201
20310.78.47.202/3210.78.47.202 – 10.78.47.20210.78.47.202
20410.78.47.203/3210.78.47.203 – 10.78.47.20310.78.47.203
20510.78.47.204/3210.78.47.204 – 10.78.47.20410.78.47.204
20610.78.47.205/3210.78.47.205 – 10.78.47.20510.78.47.205
20710.78.47.206/3210.78.47.206 – 10.78.47.20610.78.47.206
20810.78.47.207/3210.78.47.207 – 10.78.47.20710.78.47.207
20910.78.47.208/3210.78.47.208 – 10.78.47.20810.78.47.208
21010.78.47.209/3210.78.47.209 – 10.78.47.20910.78.47.209
21110.78.47.210/3210.78.47.210 – 10.78.47.21010.78.47.210
21210.78.47.211/3210.78.47.211 – 10.78.47.21110.78.47.211
21310.78.47.212/3210.78.47.212 – 10.78.47.21210.78.47.212
21410.78.47.213/3210.78.47.213 – 10.78.47.21310.78.47.213
21510.78.47.214/3210.78.47.214 – 10.78.47.21410.78.47.214
21610.78.47.215/3210.78.47.215 – 10.78.47.21510.78.47.215
21710.78.47.216/3210.78.47.216 – 10.78.47.21610.78.47.216
21810.78.47.217/3210.78.47.217 – 10.78.47.21710.78.47.217
21910.78.47.218/3210.78.47.218 – 10.78.47.21810.78.47.218
22010.78.47.219/3210.78.47.219 – 10.78.47.21910.78.47.219
22110.78.47.220/3210.78.47.220 – 10.78.47.22010.78.47.220
22210.78.47.221/3210.78.47.221 – 10.78.47.22110.78.47.221
22310.78.47.222/3210.78.47.222 – 10.78.47.22210.78.47.222
22410.78.47.223/3210.78.47.223 – 10.78.47.22310.78.47.223
22510.78.47.224/3210.78.47.224 – 10.78.47.22410.78.47.224
22610.78.47.225/3210.78.47.225 – 10.78.47.22510.78.47.225
22710.78.47.226/3210.78.47.226 – 10.78.47.22610.78.47.226
22810.78.47.227/3210.78.47.227 – 10.78.47.22710.78.47.227
22910.78.47.228/3210.78.47.228 – 10.78.47.22810.78.47.228
23010.78.47.229/3210.78.47.229 – 10.78.47.22910.78.47.229
23110.78.47.230/3210.78.47.230 – 10.78.47.23010.78.47.230
23210.78.47.231/3210.78.47.231 – 10.78.47.23110.78.47.231
23310.78.47.232/3210.78.47.232 – 10.78.47.23210.78.47.232
23410.78.47.233/3210.78.47.233 – 10.78.47.23310.78.47.233
23510.78.47.234/3210.78.47.234 – 10.78.47.23410.78.47.234
23610.78.47.235/3210.78.47.235 – 10.78.47.23510.78.47.235
23710.78.47.236/3210.78.47.236 – 10.78.47.23610.78.47.236
23810.78.47.237/3210.78.47.237 – 10.78.47.23710.78.47.237
23910.78.47.238/3210.78.47.238 – 10.78.47.23810.78.47.238
24010.78.47.239/3210.78.47.239 – 10.78.47.23910.78.47.239
24110.78.47.240/3210.78.47.240 – 10.78.47.24010.78.47.240
24210.78.47.241/3210.78.47.241 – 10.78.47.24110.78.47.241
24310.78.47.242/3210.78.47.242 – 10.78.47.24210.78.47.242
24410.78.47.243/3210.78.47.243 – 10.78.47.24310.78.47.243
24510.78.47.244/3210.78.47.244 – 10.78.47.24410.78.47.244
24610.78.47.245/3210.78.47.245 – 10.78.47.24510.78.47.245
24710.78.47.246/3210.78.47.246 – 10.78.47.24610.78.47.246
24810.78.47.247/3210.78.47.247 – 10.78.47.24710.78.47.247
24910.78.47.248/3210.78.47.248 – 10.78.47.24810.78.47.248
25010.78.47.249/3210.78.47.249 – 10.78.47.24910.78.47.249
25110.78.47.250/3210.78.47.250 – 10.78.47.25010.78.47.250
25210.78.47.251/3210.78.47.251 – 10.78.47.25110.78.47.251
25310.78.47.252/3210.78.47.252 – 10.78.47.25210.78.47.252
25410.78.47.253/3210.78.47.253 – 10.78.47.25310.78.47.253
25510.78.47.254/3210.78.47.254 – 10.78.47.25410.78.47.254
25610.78.47.255/3210.78.47.255 – 10.78.47.25510.78.47.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /24
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.0512510-
/24255.255.255.02562541
/25255.255.255.1281281262 split →
/26255.255.255.19264624 split →
/27255.255.255.22432308 split →
/28255.255.255.240161416 split →
/29255.255.255.2488632 split →
/30255.255.255.2524264 split →
/31255.255.255.25422128 split →
/32255.255.255.25511256 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →