ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.43.0/24
network10.78.43.0/24
broadcast10.78.43.255
first host10.78.43.1
last host10.78.43.254
subnet mask255.255.255.0
wildcard0.0.0.255
addresses256
usable hosts254
classA
ipcalc 10.78.43.0/24
address00001010.01001110.00101011.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00101011.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00101011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e2b00
decimal172894976
reverse dns0.43.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:2b00

/24 split into /32 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.43.0/3210.78.43.0 – 10.78.43.010.78.43.0
210.78.43.1/3210.78.43.1 – 10.78.43.110.78.43.1
310.78.43.2/3210.78.43.2 – 10.78.43.210.78.43.2
410.78.43.3/3210.78.43.3 – 10.78.43.310.78.43.3
510.78.43.4/3210.78.43.4 – 10.78.43.410.78.43.4
610.78.43.5/3210.78.43.5 – 10.78.43.510.78.43.5
710.78.43.6/3210.78.43.6 – 10.78.43.610.78.43.6
810.78.43.7/3210.78.43.7 – 10.78.43.710.78.43.7
910.78.43.8/3210.78.43.8 – 10.78.43.810.78.43.8
1010.78.43.9/3210.78.43.9 – 10.78.43.910.78.43.9
1110.78.43.10/3210.78.43.10 – 10.78.43.1010.78.43.10
1210.78.43.11/3210.78.43.11 – 10.78.43.1110.78.43.11
1310.78.43.12/3210.78.43.12 – 10.78.43.1210.78.43.12
1410.78.43.13/3210.78.43.13 – 10.78.43.1310.78.43.13
1510.78.43.14/3210.78.43.14 – 10.78.43.1410.78.43.14
1610.78.43.15/3210.78.43.15 – 10.78.43.1510.78.43.15
1710.78.43.16/3210.78.43.16 – 10.78.43.1610.78.43.16
1810.78.43.17/3210.78.43.17 – 10.78.43.1710.78.43.17
1910.78.43.18/3210.78.43.18 – 10.78.43.1810.78.43.18
2010.78.43.19/3210.78.43.19 – 10.78.43.1910.78.43.19
2110.78.43.20/3210.78.43.20 – 10.78.43.2010.78.43.20
2210.78.43.21/3210.78.43.21 – 10.78.43.2110.78.43.21
2310.78.43.22/3210.78.43.22 – 10.78.43.2210.78.43.22
2410.78.43.23/3210.78.43.23 – 10.78.43.2310.78.43.23
2510.78.43.24/3210.78.43.24 – 10.78.43.2410.78.43.24
2610.78.43.25/3210.78.43.25 – 10.78.43.2510.78.43.25
2710.78.43.26/3210.78.43.26 – 10.78.43.2610.78.43.26
2810.78.43.27/3210.78.43.27 – 10.78.43.2710.78.43.27
2910.78.43.28/3210.78.43.28 – 10.78.43.2810.78.43.28
3010.78.43.29/3210.78.43.29 – 10.78.43.2910.78.43.29
3110.78.43.30/3210.78.43.30 – 10.78.43.3010.78.43.30
3210.78.43.31/3210.78.43.31 – 10.78.43.3110.78.43.31
3310.78.43.32/3210.78.43.32 – 10.78.43.3210.78.43.32
3410.78.43.33/3210.78.43.33 – 10.78.43.3310.78.43.33
3510.78.43.34/3210.78.43.34 – 10.78.43.3410.78.43.34
3610.78.43.35/3210.78.43.35 – 10.78.43.3510.78.43.35
3710.78.43.36/3210.78.43.36 – 10.78.43.3610.78.43.36
3810.78.43.37/3210.78.43.37 – 10.78.43.3710.78.43.37
3910.78.43.38/3210.78.43.38 – 10.78.43.3810.78.43.38
4010.78.43.39/3210.78.43.39 – 10.78.43.3910.78.43.39
4110.78.43.40/3210.78.43.40 – 10.78.43.4010.78.43.40
4210.78.43.41/3210.78.43.41 – 10.78.43.4110.78.43.41
4310.78.43.42/3210.78.43.42 – 10.78.43.4210.78.43.42
4410.78.43.43/3210.78.43.43 – 10.78.43.4310.78.43.43
4510.78.43.44/3210.78.43.44 – 10.78.43.4410.78.43.44
4610.78.43.45/3210.78.43.45 – 10.78.43.4510.78.43.45
4710.78.43.46/3210.78.43.46 – 10.78.43.4610.78.43.46
4810.78.43.47/3210.78.43.47 – 10.78.43.4710.78.43.47
4910.78.43.48/3210.78.43.48 – 10.78.43.4810.78.43.48
5010.78.43.49/3210.78.43.49 – 10.78.43.4910.78.43.49
5110.78.43.50/3210.78.43.50 – 10.78.43.5010.78.43.50
5210.78.43.51/3210.78.43.51 – 10.78.43.5110.78.43.51
5310.78.43.52/3210.78.43.52 – 10.78.43.5210.78.43.52
5410.78.43.53/3210.78.43.53 – 10.78.43.5310.78.43.53
5510.78.43.54/3210.78.43.54 – 10.78.43.5410.78.43.54
5610.78.43.55/3210.78.43.55 – 10.78.43.5510.78.43.55
5710.78.43.56/3210.78.43.56 – 10.78.43.5610.78.43.56
5810.78.43.57/3210.78.43.57 – 10.78.43.5710.78.43.57
5910.78.43.58/3210.78.43.58 – 10.78.43.5810.78.43.58
6010.78.43.59/3210.78.43.59 – 10.78.43.5910.78.43.59
6110.78.43.60/3210.78.43.60 – 10.78.43.6010.78.43.60
6210.78.43.61/3210.78.43.61 – 10.78.43.6110.78.43.61
6310.78.43.62/3210.78.43.62 – 10.78.43.6210.78.43.62
6410.78.43.63/3210.78.43.63 – 10.78.43.6310.78.43.63
6510.78.43.64/3210.78.43.64 – 10.78.43.6410.78.43.64
6610.78.43.65/3210.78.43.65 – 10.78.43.6510.78.43.65
6710.78.43.66/3210.78.43.66 – 10.78.43.6610.78.43.66
6810.78.43.67/3210.78.43.67 – 10.78.43.6710.78.43.67
6910.78.43.68/3210.78.43.68 – 10.78.43.6810.78.43.68
7010.78.43.69/3210.78.43.69 – 10.78.43.6910.78.43.69
7110.78.43.70/3210.78.43.70 – 10.78.43.7010.78.43.70
7210.78.43.71/3210.78.43.71 – 10.78.43.7110.78.43.71
7310.78.43.72/3210.78.43.72 – 10.78.43.7210.78.43.72
7410.78.43.73/3210.78.43.73 – 10.78.43.7310.78.43.73
7510.78.43.74/3210.78.43.74 – 10.78.43.7410.78.43.74
7610.78.43.75/3210.78.43.75 – 10.78.43.7510.78.43.75
7710.78.43.76/3210.78.43.76 – 10.78.43.7610.78.43.76
7810.78.43.77/3210.78.43.77 – 10.78.43.7710.78.43.77
7910.78.43.78/3210.78.43.78 – 10.78.43.7810.78.43.78
8010.78.43.79/3210.78.43.79 – 10.78.43.7910.78.43.79
8110.78.43.80/3210.78.43.80 – 10.78.43.8010.78.43.80
8210.78.43.81/3210.78.43.81 – 10.78.43.8110.78.43.81
8310.78.43.82/3210.78.43.82 – 10.78.43.8210.78.43.82
8410.78.43.83/3210.78.43.83 – 10.78.43.8310.78.43.83
8510.78.43.84/3210.78.43.84 – 10.78.43.8410.78.43.84
8610.78.43.85/3210.78.43.85 – 10.78.43.8510.78.43.85
8710.78.43.86/3210.78.43.86 – 10.78.43.8610.78.43.86
8810.78.43.87/3210.78.43.87 – 10.78.43.8710.78.43.87
8910.78.43.88/3210.78.43.88 – 10.78.43.8810.78.43.88
9010.78.43.89/3210.78.43.89 – 10.78.43.8910.78.43.89
9110.78.43.90/3210.78.43.90 – 10.78.43.9010.78.43.90
9210.78.43.91/3210.78.43.91 – 10.78.43.9110.78.43.91
9310.78.43.92/3210.78.43.92 – 10.78.43.9210.78.43.92
9410.78.43.93/3210.78.43.93 – 10.78.43.9310.78.43.93
9510.78.43.94/3210.78.43.94 – 10.78.43.9410.78.43.94
9610.78.43.95/3210.78.43.95 – 10.78.43.9510.78.43.95
9710.78.43.96/3210.78.43.96 – 10.78.43.9610.78.43.96
9810.78.43.97/3210.78.43.97 – 10.78.43.9710.78.43.97
9910.78.43.98/3210.78.43.98 – 10.78.43.9810.78.43.98
10010.78.43.99/3210.78.43.99 – 10.78.43.9910.78.43.99
10110.78.43.100/3210.78.43.100 – 10.78.43.10010.78.43.100
10210.78.43.101/3210.78.43.101 – 10.78.43.10110.78.43.101
10310.78.43.102/3210.78.43.102 – 10.78.43.10210.78.43.102
10410.78.43.103/3210.78.43.103 – 10.78.43.10310.78.43.103
10510.78.43.104/3210.78.43.104 – 10.78.43.10410.78.43.104
10610.78.43.105/3210.78.43.105 – 10.78.43.10510.78.43.105
10710.78.43.106/3210.78.43.106 – 10.78.43.10610.78.43.106
10810.78.43.107/3210.78.43.107 – 10.78.43.10710.78.43.107
10910.78.43.108/3210.78.43.108 – 10.78.43.10810.78.43.108
11010.78.43.109/3210.78.43.109 – 10.78.43.10910.78.43.109
11110.78.43.110/3210.78.43.110 – 10.78.43.11010.78.43.110
11210.78.43.111/3210.78.43.111 – 10.78.43.11110.78.43.111
11310.78.43.112/3210.78.43.112 – 10.78.43.11210.78.43.112
11410.78.43.113/3210.78.43.113 – 10.78.43.11310.78.43.113
11510.78.43.114/3210.78.43.114 – 10.78.43.11410.78.43.114
11610.78.43.115/3210.78.43.115 – 10.78.43.11510.78.43.115
11710.78.43.116/3210.78.43.116 – 10.78.43.11610.78.43.116
11810.78.43.117/3210.78.43.117 – 10.78.43.11710.78.43.117
11910.78.43.118/3210.78.43.118 – 10.78.43.11810.78.43.118
12010.78.43.119/3210.78.43.119 – 10.78.43.11910.78.43.119
12110.78.43.120/3210.78.43.120 – 10.78.43.12010.78.43.120
12210.78.43.121/3210.78.43.121 – 10.78.43.12110.78.43.121
12310.78.43.122/3210.78.43.122 – 10.78.43.12210.78.43.122
12410.78.43.123/3210.78.43.123 – 10.78.43.12310.78.43.123
12510.78.43.124/3210.78.43.124 – 10.78.43.12410.78.43.124
12610.78.43.125/3210.78.43.125 – 10.78.43.12510.78.43.125
12710.78.43.126/3210.78.43.126 – 10.78.43.12610.78.43.126
12810.78.43.127/3210.78.43.127 – 10.78.43.12710.78.43.127
12910.78.43.128/3210.78.43.128 – 10.78.43.12810.78.43.128
13010.78.43.129/3210.78.43.129 – 10.78.43.12910.78.43.129
13110.78.43.130/3210.78.43.130 – 10.78.43.13010.78.43.130
13210.78.43.131/3210.78.43.131 – 10.78.43.13110.78.43.131
13310.78.43.132/3210.78.43.132 – 10.78.43.13210.78.43.132
13410.78.43.133/3210.78.43.133 – 10.78.43.13310.78.43.133
13510.78.43.134/3210.78.43.134 – 10.78.43.13410.78.43.134
13610.78.43.135/3210.78.43.135 – 10.78.43.13510.78.43.135
13710.78.43.136/3210.78.43.136 – 10.78.43.13610.78.43.136
13810.78.43.137/3210.78.43.137 – 10.78.43.13710.78.43.137
13910.78.43.138/3210.78.43.138 – 10.78.43.13810.78.43.138
14010.78.43.139/3210.78.43.139 – 10.78.43.13910.78.43.139
14110.78.43.140/3210.78.43.140 – 10.78.43.14010.78.43.140
14210.78.43.141/3210.78.43.141 – 10.78.43.14110.78.43.141
14310.78.43.142/3210.78.43.142 – 10.78.43.14210.78.43.142
14410.78.43.143/3210.78.43.143 – 10.78.43.14310.78.43.143
14510.78.43.144/3210.78.43.144 – 10.78.43.14410.78.43.144
14610.78.43.145/3210.78.43.145 – 10.78.43.14510.78.43.145
14710.78.43.146/3210.78.43.146 – 10.78.43.14610.78.43.146
14810.78.43.147/3210.78.43.147 – 10.78.43.14710.78.43.147
14910.78.43.148/3210.78.43.148 – 10.78.43.14810.78.43.148
15010.78.43.149/3210.78.43.149 – 10.78.43.14910.78.43.149
15110.78.43.150/3210.78.43.150 – 10.78.43.15010.78.43.150
15210.78.43.151/3210.78.43.151 – 10.78.43.15110.78.43.151
15310.78.43.152/3210.78.43.152 – 10.78.43.15210.78.43.152
15410.78.43.153/3210.78.43.153 – 10.78.43.15310.78.43.153
15510.78.43.154/3210.78.43.154 – 10.78.43.15410.78.43.154
15610.78.43.155/3210.78.43.155 – 10.78.43.15510.78.43.155
15710.78.43.156/3210.78.43.156 – 10.78.43.15610.78.43.156
15810.78.43.157/3210.78.43.157 – 10.78.43.15710.78.43.157
15910.78.43.158/3210.78.43.158 – 10.78.43.15810.78.43.158
16010.78.43.159/3210.78.43.159 – 10.78.43.15910.78.43.159
16110.78.43.160/3210.78.43.160 – 10.78.43.16010.78.43.160
16210.78.43.161/3210.78.43.161 – 10.78.43.16110.78.43.161
16310.78.43.162/3210.78.43.162 – 10.78.43.16210.78.43.162
16410.78.43.163/3210.78.43.163 – 10.78.43.16310.78.43.163
16510.78.43.164/3210.78.43.164 – 10.78.43.16410.78.43.164
16610.78.43.165/3210.78.43.165 – 10.78.43.16510.78.43.165
16710.78.43.166/3210.78.43.166 – 10.78.43.16610.78.43.166
16810.78.43.167/3210.78.43.167 – 10.78.43.16710.78.43.167
16910.78.43.168/3210.78.43.168 – 10.78.43.16810.78.43.168
17010.78.43.169/3210.78.43.169 – 10.78.43.16910.78.43.169
17110.78.43.170/3210.78.43.170 – 10.78.43.17010.78.43.170
17210.78.43.171/3210.78.43.171 – 10.78.43.17110.78.43.171
17310.78.43.172/3210.78.43.172 – 10.78.43.17210.78.43.172
17410.78.43.173/3210.78.43.173 – 10.78.43.17310.78.43.173
17510.78.43.174/3210.78.43.174 – 10.78.43.17410.78.43.174
17610.78.43.175/3210.78.43.175 – 10.78.43.17510.78.43.175
17710.78.43.176/3210.78.43.176 – 10.78.43.17610.78.43.176
17810.78.43.177/3210.78.43.177 – 10.78.43.17710.78.43.177
17910.78.43.178/3210.78.43.178 – 10.78.43.17810.78.43.178
18010.78.43.179/3210.78.43.179 – 10.78.43.17910.78.43.179
18110.78.43.180/3210.78.43.180 – 10.78.43.18010.78.43.180
18210.78.43.181/3210.78.43.181 – 10.78.43.18110.78.43.181
18310.78.43.182/3210.78.43.182 – 10.78.43.18210.78.43.182
18410.78.43.183/3210.78.43.183 – 10.78.43.18310.78.43.183
18510.78.43.184/3210.78.43.184 – 10.78.43.18410.78.43.184
18610.78.43.185/3210.78.43.185 – 10.78.43.18510.78.43.185
18710.78.43.186/3210.78.43.186 – 10.78.43.18610.78.43.186
18810.78.43.187/3210.78.43.187 – 10.78.43.18710.78.43.187
18910.78.43.188/3210.78.43.188 – 10.78.43.18810.78.43.188
19010.78.43.189/3210.78.43.189 – 10.78.43.18910.78.43.189
19110.78.43.190/3210.78.43.190 – 10.78.43.19010.78.43.190
19210.78.43.191/3210.78.43.191 – 10.78.43.19110.78.43.191
19310.78.43.192/3210.78.43.192 – 10.78.43.19210.78.43.192
19410.78.43.193/3210.78.43.193 – 10.78.43.19310.78.43.193
19510.78.43.194/3210.78.43.194 – 10.78.43.19410.78.43.194
19610.78.43.195/3210.78.43.195 – 10.78.43.19510.78.43.195
19710.78.43.196/3210.78.43.196 – 10.78.43.19610.78.43.196
19810.78.43.197/3210.78.43.197 – 10.78.43.19710.78.43.197
19910.78.43.198/3210.78.43.198 – 10.78.43.19810.78.43.198
20010.78.43.199/3210.78.43.199 – 10.78.43.19910.78.43.199
20110.78.43.200/3210.78.43.200 – 10.78.43.20010.78.43.200
20210.78.43.201/3210.78.43.201 – 10.78.43.20110.78.43.201
20310.78.43.202/3210.78.43.202 – 10.78.43.20210.78.43.202
20410.78.43.203/3210.78.43.203 – 10.78.43.20310.78.43.203
20510.78.43.204/3210.78.43.204 – 10.78.43.20410.78.43.204
20610.78.43.205/3210.78.43.205 – 10.78.43.20510.78.43.205
20710.78.43.206/3210.78.43.206 – 10.78.43.20610.78.43.206
20810.78.43.207/3210.78.43.207 – 10.78.43.20710.78.43.207
20910.78.43.208/3210.78.43.208 – 10.78.43.20810.78.43.208
21010.78.43.209/3210.78.43.209 – 10.78.43.20910.78.43.209
21110.78.43.210/3210.78.43.210 – 10.78.43.21010.78.43.210
21210.78.43.211/3210.78.43.211 – 10.78.43.21110.78.43.211
21310.78.43.212/3210.78.43.212 – 10.78.43.21210.78.43.212
21410.78.43.213/3210.78.43.213 – 10.78.43.21310.78.43.213
21510.78.43.214/3210.78.43.214 – 10.78.43.21410.78.43.214
21610.78.43.215/3210.78.43.215 – 10.78.43.21510.78.43.215
21710.78.43.216/3210.78.43.216 – 10.78.43.21610.78.43.216
21810.78.43.217/3210.78.43.217 – 10.78.43.21710.78.43.217
21910.78.43.218/3210.78.43.218 – 10.78.43.21810.78.43.218
22010.78.43.219/3210.78.43.219 – 10.78.43.21910.78.43.219
22110.78.43.220/3210.78.43.220 – 10.78.43.22010.78.43.220
22210.78.43.221/3210.78.43.221 – 10.78.43.22110.78.43.221
22310.78.43.222/3210.78.43.222 – 10.78.43.22210.78.43.222
22410.78.43.223/3210.78.43.223 – 10.78.43.22310.78.43.223
22510.78.43.224/3210.78.43.224 – 10.78.43.22410.78.43.224
22610.78.43.225/3210.78.43.225 – 10.78.43.22510.78.43.225
22710.78.43.226/3210.78.43.226 – 10.78.43.22610.78.43.226
22810.78.43.227/3210.78.43.227 – 10.78.43.22710.78.43.227
22910.78.43.228/3210.78.43.228 – 10.78.43.22810.78.43.228
23010.78.43.229/3210.78.43.229 – 10.78.43.22910.78.43.229
23110.78.43.230/3210.78.43.230 – 10.78.43.23010.78.43.230
23210.78.43.231/3210.78.43.231 – 10.78.43.23110.78.43.231
23310.78.43.232/3210.78.43.232 – 10.78.43.23210.78.43.232
23410.78.43.233/3210.78.43.233 – 10.78.43.23310.78.43.233
23510.78.43.234/3210.78.43.234 – 10.78.43.23410.78.43.234
23610.78.43.235/3210.78.43.235 – 10.78.43.23510.78.43.235
23710.78.43.236/3210.78.43.236 – 10.78.43.23610.78.43.236
23810.78.43.237/3210.78.43.237 – 10.78.43.23710.78.43.237
23910.78.43.238/3210.78.43.238 – 10.78.43.23810.78.43.238
24010.78.43.239/3210.78.43.239 – 10.78.43.23910.78.43.239
24110.78.43.240/3210.78.43.240 – 10.78.43.24010.78.43.240
24210.78.43.241/3210.78.43.241 – 10.78.43.24110.78.43.241
24310.78.43.242/3210.78.43.242 – 10.78.43.24210.78.43.242
24410.78.43.243/3210.78.43.243 – 10.78.43.24310.78.43.243
24510.78.43.244/3210.78.43.244 – 10.78.43.24410.78.43.244
24610.78.43.245/3210.78.43.245 – 10.78.43.24510.78.43.245
24710.78.43.246/3210.78.43.246 – 10.78.43.24610.78.43.246
24810.78.43.247/3210.78.43.247 – 10.78.43.24710.78.43.247
24910.78.43.248/3210.78.43.248 – 10.78.43.24810.78.43.248
25010.78.43.249/3210.78.43.249 – 10.78.43.24910.78.43.249
25110.78.43.250/3210.78.43.250 – 10.78.43.25010.78.43.250
25210.78.43.251/3210.78.43.251 – 10.78.43.25110.78.43.251
25310.78.43.252/3210.78.43.252 – 10.78.43.25210.78.43.252
25410.78.43.253/3210.78.43.253 – 10.78.43.25310.78.43.253
25510.78.43.254/3210.78.43.254 – 10.78.43.25410.78.43.254
25610.78.43.255/3210.78.43.255 – 10.78.43.25510.78.43.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /24
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.0512510-
/24255.255.255.02562541
/25255.255.255.1281281262 split →
/26255.255.255.19264624 split →
/27255.255.255.22432308 split →
/28255.255.255.240161416 split →
/29255.255.255.2488632 split →
/30255.255.255.2524264 split →
/31255.255.255.25422128 split →
/32255.255.255.25511256 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →