ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.34.0/23
network10.78.34.0/23
broadcast10.78.35.255
first host10.78.34.1
last host10.78.35.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.34.0/23
address00001010.01001110.00100010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00100010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00100011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e2200
decimal172892672
reverse dns0.34.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:2200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.34.0/3110.78.34.0 – 10.78.34.110.78.34.1
210.78.34.2/3110.78.34.2 – 10.78.34.310.78.34.3
310.78.34.4/3110.78.34.4 – 10.78.34.510.78.34.5
410.78.34.6/3110.78.34.6 – 10.78.34.710.78.34.7
510.78.34.8/3110.78.34.8 – 10.78.34.910.78.34.9
610.78.34.10/3110.78.34.10 – 10.78.34.1110.78.34.11
710.78.34.12/3110.78.34.12 – 10.78.34.1310.78.34.13
810.78.34.14/3110.78.34.14 – 10.78.34.1510.78.34.15
910.78.34.16/3110.78.34.16 – 10.78.34.1710.78.34.17
1010.78.34.18/3110.78.34.18 – 10.78.34.1910.78.34.19
1110.78.34.20/3110.78.34.20 – 10.78.34.2110.78.34.21
1210.78.34.22/3110.78.34.22 – 10.78.34.2310.78.34.23
1310.78.34.24/3110.78.34.24 – 10.78.34.2510.78.34.25
1410.78.34.26/3110.78.34.26 – 10.78.34.2710.78.34.27
1510.78.34.28/3110.78.34.28 – 10.78.34.2910.78.34.29
1610.78.34.30/3110.78.34.30 – 10.78.34.3110.78.34.31
1710.78.34.32/3110.78.34.32 – 10.78.34.3310.78.34.33
1810.78.34.34/3110.78.34.34 – 10.78.34.3510.78.34.35
1910.78.34.36/3110.78.34.36 – 10.78.34.3710.78.34.37
2010.78.34.38/3110.78.34.38 – 10.78.34.3910.78.34.39
2110.78.34.40/3110.78.34.40 – 10.78.34.4110.78.34.41
2210.78.34.42/3110.78.34.42 – 10.78.34.4310.78.34.43
2310.78.34.44/3110.78.34.44 – 10.78.34.4510.78.34.45
2410.78.34.46/3110.78.34.46 – 10.78.34.4710.78.34.47
2510.78.34.48/3110.78.34.48 – 10.78.34.4910.78.34.49
2610.78.34.50/3110.78.34.50 – 10.78.34.5110.78.34.51
2710.78.34.52/3110.78.34.52 – 10.78.34.5310.78.34.53
2810.78.34.54/3110.78.34.54 – 10.78.34.5510.78.34.55
2910.78.34.56/3110.78.34.56 – 10.78.34.5710.78.34.57
3010.78.34.58/3110.78.34.58 – 10.78.34.5910.78.34.59
3110.78.34.60/3110.78.34.60 – 10.78.34.6110.78.34.61
3210.78.34.62/3110.78.34.62 – 10.78.34.6310.78.34.63
3310.78.34.64/3110.78.34.64 – 10.78.34.6510.78.34.65
3410.78.34.66/3110.78.34.66 – 10.78.34.6710.78.34.67
3510.78.34.68/3110.78.34.68 – 10.78.34.6910.78.34.69
3610.78.34.70/3110.78.34.70 – 10.78.34.7110.78.34.71
3710.78.34.72/3110.78.34.72 – 10.78.34.7310.78.34.73
3810.78.34.74/3110.78.34.74 – 10.78.34.7510.78.34.75
3910.78.34.76/3110.78.34.76 – 10.78.34.7710.78.34.77
4010.78.34.78/3110.78.34.78 – 10.78.34.7910.78.34.79
4110.78.34.80/3110.78.34.80 – 10.78.34.8110.78.34.81
4210.78.34.82/3110.78.34.82 – 10.78.34.8310.78.34.83
4310.78.34.84/3110.78.34.84 – 10.78.34.8510.78.34.85
4410.78.34.86/3110.78.34.86 – 10.78.34.8710.78.34.87
4510.78.34.88/3110.78.34.88 – 10.78.34.8910.78.34.89
4610.78.34.90/3110.78.34.90 – 10.78.34.9110.78.34.91
4710.78.34.92/3110.78.34.92 – 10.78.34.9310.78.34.93
4810.78.34.94/3110.78.34.94 – 10.78.34.9510.78.34.95
4910.78.34.96/3110.78.34.96 – 10.78.34.9710.78.34.97
5010.78.34.98/3110.78.34.98 – 10.78.34.9910.78.34.99
5110.78.34.100/3110.78.34.100 – 10.78.34.10110.78.34.101
5210.78.34.102/3110.78.34.102 – 10.78.34.10310.78.34.103
5310.78.34.104/3110.78.34.104 – 10.78.34.10510.78.34.105
5410.78.34.106/3110.78.34.106 – 10.78.34.10710.78.34.107
5510.78.34.108/3110.78.34.108 – 10.78.34.10910.78.34.109
5610.78.34.110/3110.78.34.110 – 10.78.34.11110.78.34.111
5710.78.34.112/3110.78.34.112 – 10.78.34.11310.78.34.113
5810.78.34.114/3110.78.34.114 – 10.78.34.11510.78.34.115
5910.78.34.116/3110.78.34.116 – 10.78.34.11710.78.34.117
6010.78.34.118/3110.78.34.118 – 10.78.34.11910.78.34.119
6110.78.34.120/3110.78.34.120 – 10.78.34.12110.78.34.121
6210.78.34.122/3110.78.34.122 – 10.78.34.12310.78.34.123
6310.78.34.124/3110.78.34.124 – 10.78.34.12510.78.34.125
6410.78.34.126/3110.78.34.126 – 10.78.34.12710.78.34.127
6510.78.34.128/3110.78.34.128 – 10.78.34.12910.78.34.129
6610.78.34.130/3110.78.34.130 – 10.78.34.13110.78.34.131
6710.78.34.132/3110.78.34.132 – 10.78.34.13310.78.34.133
6810.78.34.134/3110.78.34.134 – 10.78.34.13510.78.34.135
6910.78.34.136/3110.78.34.136 – 10.78.34.13710.78.34.137
7010.78.34.138/3110.78.34.138 – 10.78.34.13910.78.34.139
7110.78.34.140/3110.78.34.140 – 10.78.34.14110.78.34.141
7210.78.34.142/3110.78.34.142 – 10.78.34.14310.78.34.143
7310.78.34.144/3110.78.34.144 – 10.78.34.14510.78.34.145
7410.78.34.146/3110.78.34.146 – 10.78.34.14710.78.34.147
7510.78.34.148/3110.78.34.148 – 10.78.34.14910.78.34.149
7610.78.34.150/3110.78.34.150 – 10.78.34.15110.78.34.151
7710.78.34.152/3110.78.34.152 – 10.78.34.15310.78.34.153
7810.78.34.154/3110.78.34.154 – 10.78.34.15510.78.34.155
7910.78.34.156/3110.78.34.156 – 10.78.34.15710.78.34.157
8010.78.34.158/3110.78.34.158 – 10.78.34.15910.78.34.159
8110.78.34.160/3110.78.34.160 – 10.78.34.16110.78.34.161
8210.78.34.162/3110.78.34.162 – 10.78.34.16310.78.34.163
8310.78.34.164/3110.78.34.164 – 10.78.34.16510.78.34.165
8410.78.34.166/3110.78.34.166 – 10.78.34.16710.78.34.167
8510.78.34.168/3110.78.34.168 – 10.78.34.16910.78.34.169
8610.78.34.170/3110.78.34.170 – 10.78.34.17110.78.34.171
8710.78.34.172/3110.78.34.172 – 10.78.34.17310.78.34.173
8810.78.34.174/3110.78.34.174 – 10.78.34.17510.78.34.175
8910.78.34.176/3110.78.34.176 – 10.78.34.17710.78.34.177
9010.78.34.178/3110.78.34.178 – 10.78.34.17910.78.34.179
9110.78.34.180/3110.78.34.180 – 10.78.34.18110.78.34.181
9210.78.34.182/3110.78.34.182 – 10.78.34.18310.78.34.183
9310.78.34.184/3110.78.34.184 – 10.78.34.18510.78.34.185
9410.78.34.186/3110.78.34.186 – 10.78.34.18710.78.34.187
9510.78.34.188/3110.78.34.188 – 10.78.34.18910.78.34.189
9610.78.34.190/3110.78.34.190 – 10.78.34.19110.78.34.191
9710.78.34.192/3110.78.34.192 – 10.78.34.19310.78.34.193
9810.78.34.194/3110.78.34.194 – 10.78.34.19510.78.34.195
9910.78.34.196/3110.78.34.196 – 10.78.34.19710.78.34.197
10010.78.34.198/3110.78.34.198 – 10.78.34.19910.78.34.199
10110.78.34.200/3110.78.34.200 – 10.78.34.20110.78.34.201
10210.78.34.202/3110.78.34.202 – 10.78.34.20310.78.34.203
10310.78.34.204/3110.78.34.204 – 10.78.34.20510.78.34.205
10410.78.34.206/3110.78.34.206 – 10.78.34.20710.78.34.207
10510.78.34.208/3110.78.34.208 – 10.78.34.20910.78.34.209
10610.78.34.210/3110.78.34.210 – 10.78.34.21110.78.34.211
10710.78.34.212/3110.78.34.212 – 10.78.34.21310.78.34.213
10810.78.34.214/3110.78.34.214 – 10.78.34.21510.78.34.215
10910.78.34.216/3110.78.34.216 – 10.78.34.21710.78.34.217
11010.78.34.218/3110.78.34.218 – 10.78.34.21910.78.34.219
11110.78.34.220/3110.78.34.220 – 10.78.34.22110.78.34.221
11210.78.34.222/3110.78.34.222 – 10.78.34.22310.78.34.223
11310.78.34.224/3110.78.34.224 – 10.78.34.22510.78.34.225
11410.78.34.226/3110.78.34.226 – 10.78.34.22710.78.34.227
11510.78.34.228/3110.78.34.228 – 10.78.34.22910.78.34.229
11610.78.34.230/3110.78.34.230 – 10.78.34.23110.78.34.231
11710.78.34.232/3110.78.34.232 – 10.78.34.23310.78.34.233
11810.78.34.234/3110.78.34.234 – 10.78.34.23510.78.34.235
11910.78.34.236/3110.78.34.236 – 10.78.34.23710.78.34.237
12010.78.34.238/3110.78.34.238 – 10.78.34.23910.78.34.239
12110.78.34.240/3110.78.34.240 – 10.78.34.24110.78.34.241
12210.78.34.242/3110.78.34.242 – 10.78.34.24310.78.34.243
12310.78.34.244/3110.78.34.244 – 10.78.34.24510.78.34.245
12410.78.34.246/3110.78.34.246 – 10.78.34.24710.78.34.247
12510.78.34.248/3110.78.34.248 – 10.78.34.24910.78.34.249
12610.78.34.250/3110.78.34.250 – 10.78.34.25110.78.34.251
12710.78.34.252/3110.78.34.252 – 10.78.34.25310.78.34.253
12810.78.34.254/3110.78.34.254 – 10.78.34.25510.78.34.255
12910.78.35.0/3110.78.35.0 – 10.78.35.110.78.35.1
13010.78.35.2/3110.78.35.2 – 10.78.35.310.78.35.3
13110.78.35.4/3110.78.35.4 – 10.78.35.510.78.35.5
13210.78.35.6/3110.78.35.6 – 10.78.35.710.78.35.7
13310.78.35.8/3110.78.35.8 – 10.78.35.910.78.35.9
13410.78.35.10/3110.78.35.10 – 10.78.35.1110.78.35.11
13510.78.35.12/3110.78.35.12 – 10.78.35.1310.78.35.13
13610.78.35.14/3110.78.35.14 – 10.78.35.1510.78.35.15
13710.78.35.16/3110.78.35.16 – 10.78.35.1710.78.35.17
13810.78.35.18/3110.78.35.18 – 10.78.35.1910.78.35.19
13910.78.35.20/3110.78.35.20 – 10.78.35.2110.78.35.21
14010.78.35.22/3110.78.35.22 – 10.78.35.2310.78.35.23
14110.78.35.24/3110.78.35.24 – 10.78.35.2510.78.35.25
14210.78.35.26/3110.78.35.26 – 10.78.35.2710.78.35.27
14310.78.35.28/3110.78.35.28 – 10.78.35.2910.78.35.29
14410.78.35.30/3110.78.35.30 – 10.78.35.3110.78.35.31
14510.78.35.32/3110.78.35.32 – 10.78.35.3310.78.35.33
14610.78.35.34/3110.78.35.34 – 10.78.35.3510.78.35.35
14710.78.35.36/3110.78.35.36 – 10.78.35.3710.78.35.37
14810.78.35.38/3110.78.35.38 – 10.78.35.3910.78.35.39
14910.78.35.40/3110.78.35.40 – 10.78.35.4110.78.35.41
15010.78.35.42/3110.78.35.42 – 10.78.35.4310.78.35.43
15110.78.35.44/3110.78.35.44 – 10.78.35.4510.78.35.45
15210.78.35.46/3110.78.35.46 – 10.78.35.4710.78.35.47
15310.78.35.48/3110.78.35.48 – 10.78.35.4910.78.35.49
15410.78.35.50/3110.78.35.50 – 10.78.35.5110.78.35.51
15510.78.35.52/3110.78.35.52 – 10.78.35.5310.78.35.53
15610.78.35.54/3110.78.35.54 – 10.78.35.5510.78.35.55
15710.78.35.56/3110.78.35.56 – 10.78.35.5710.78.35.57
15810.78.35.58/3110.78.35.58 – 10.78.35.5910.78.35.59
15910.78.35.60/3110.78.35.60 – 10.78.35.6110.78.35.61
16010.78.35.62/3110.78.35.62 – 10.78.35.6310.78.35.63
16110.78.35.64/3110.78.35.64 – 10.78.35.6510.78.35.65
16210.78.35.66/3110.78.35.66 – 10.78.35.6710.78.35.67
16310.78.35.68/3110.78.35.68 – 10.78.35.6910.78.35.69
16410.78.35.70/3110.78.35.70 – 10.78.35.7110.78.35.71
16510.78.35.72/3110.78.35.72 – 10.78.35.7310.78.35.73
16610.78.35.74/3110.78.35.74 – 10.78.35.7510.78.35.75
16710.78.35.76/3110.78.35.76 – 10.78.35.7710.78.35.77
16810.78.35.78/3110.78.35.78 – 10.78.35.7910.78.35.79
16910.78.35.80/3110.78.35.80 – 10.78.35.8110.78.35.81
17010.78.35.82/3110.78.35.82 – 10.78.35.8310.78.35.83
17110.78.35.84/3110.78.35.84 – 10.78.35.8510.78.35.85
17210.78.35.86/3110.78.35.86 – 10.78.35.8710.78.35.87
17310.78.35.88/3110.78.35.88 – 10.78.35.8910.78.35.89
17410.78.35.90/3110.78.35.90 – 10.78.35.9110.78.35.91
17510.78.35.92/3110.78.35.92 – 10.78.35.9310.78.35.93
17610.78.35.94/3110.78.35.94 – 10.78.35.9510.78.35.95
17710.78.35.96/3110.78.35.96 – 10.78.35.9710.78.35.97
17810.78.35.98/3110.78.35.98 – 10.78.35.9910.78.35.99
17910.78.35.100/3110.78.35.100 – 10.78.35.10110.78.35.101
18010.78.35.102/3110.78.35.102 – 10.78.35.10310.78.35.103
18110.78.35.104/3110.78.35.104 – 10.78.35.10510.78.35.105
18210.78.35.106/3110.78.35.106 – 10.78.35.10710.78.35.107
18310.78.35.108/3110.78.35.108 – 10.78.35.10910.78.35.109
18410.78.35.110/3110.78.35.110 – 10.78.35.11110.78.35.111
18510.78.35.112/3110.78.35.112 – 10.78.35.11310.78.35.113
18610.78.35.114/3110.78.35.114 – 10.78.35.11510.78.35.115
18710.78.35.116/3110.78.35.116 – 10.78.35.11710.78.35.117
18810.78.35.118/3110.78.35.118 – 10.78.35.11910.78.35.119
18910.78.35.120/3110.78.35.120 – 10.78.35.12110.78.35.121
19010.78.35.122/3110.78.35.122 – 10.78.35.12310.78.35.123
19110.78.35.124/3110.78.35.124 – 10.78.35.12510.78.35.125
19210.78.35.126/3110.78.35.126 – 10.78.35.12710.78.35.127
19310.78.35.128/3110.78.35.128 – 10.78.35.12910.78.35.129
19410.78.35.130/3110.78.35.130 – 10.78.35.13110.78.35.131
19510.78.35.132/3110.78.35.132 – 10.78.35.13310.78.35.133
19610.78.35.134/3110.78.35.134 – 10.78.35.13510.78.35.135
19710.78.35.136/3110.78.35.136 – 10.78.35.13710.78.35.137
19810.78.35.138/3110.78.35.138 – 10.78.35.13910.78.35.139
19910.78.35.140/3110.78.35.140 – 10.78.35.14110.78.35.141
20010.78.35.142/3110.78.35.142 – 10.78.35.14310.78.35.143
20110.78.35.144/3110.78.35.144 – 10.78.35.14510.78.35.145
20210.78.35.146/3110.78.35.146 – 10.78.35.14710.78.35.147
20310.78.35.148/3110.78.35.148 – 10.78.35.14910.78.35.149
20410.78.35.150/3110.78.35.150 – 10.78.35.15110.78.35.151
20510.78.35.152/3110.78.35.152 – 10.78.35.15310.78.35.153
20610.78.35.154/3110.78.35.154 – 10.78.35.15510.78.35.155
20710.78.35.156/3110.78.35.156 – 10.78.35.15710.78.35.157
20810.78.35.158/3110.78.35.158 – 10.78.35.15910.78.35.159
20910.78.35.160/3110.78.35.160 – 10.78.35.16110.78.35.161
21010.78.35.162/3110.78.35.162 – 10.78.35.16310.78.35.163
21110.78.35.164/3110.78.35.164 – 10.78.35.16510.78.35.165
21210.78.35.166/3110.78.35.166 – 10.78.35.16710.78.35.167
21310.78.35.168/3110.78.35.168 – 10.78.35.16910.78.35.169
21410.78.35.170/3110.78.35.170 – 10.78.35.17110.78.35.171
21510.78.35.172/3110.78.35.172 – 10.78.35.17310.78.35.173
21610.78.35.174/3110.78.35.174 – 10.78.35.17510.78.35.175
21710.78.35.176/3110.78.35.176 – 10.78.35.17710.78.35.177
21810.78.35.178/3110.78.35.178 – 10.78.35.17910.78.35.179
21910.78.35.180/3110.78.35.180 – 10.78.35.18110.78.35.181
22010.78.35.182/3110.78.35.182 – 10.78.35.18310.78.35.183
22110.78.35.184/3110.78.35.184 – 10.78.35.18510.78.35.185
22210.78.35.186/3110.78.35.186 – 10.78.35.18710.78.35.187
22310.78.35.188/3110.78.35.188 – 10.78.35.18910.78.35.189
22410.78.35.190/3110.78.35.190 – 10.78.35.19110.78.35.191
22510.78.35.192/3110.78.35.192 – 10.78.35.19310.78.35.193
22610.78.35.194/3110.78.35.194 – 10.78.35.19510.78.35.195
22710.78.35.196/3110.78.35.196 – 10.78.35.19710.78.35.197
22810.78.35.198/3110.78.35.198 – 10.78.35.19910.78.35.199
22910.78.35.200/3110.78.35.200 – 10.78.35.20110.78.35.201
23010.78.35.202/3110.78.35.202 – 10.78.35.20310.78.35.203
23110.78.35.204/3110.78.35.204 – 10.78.35.20510.78.35.205
23210.78.35.206/3110.78.35.206 – 10.78.35.20710.78.35.207
23310.78.35.208/3110.78.35.208 – 10.78.35.20910.78.35.209
23410.78.35.210/3110.78.35.210 – 10.78.35.21110.78.35.211
23510.78.35.212/3110.78.35.212 – 10.78.35.21310.78.35.213
23610.78.35.214/3110.78.35.214 – 10.78.35.21510.78.35.215
23710.78.35.216/3110.78.35.216 – 10.78.35.21710.78.35.217
23810.78.35.218/3110.78.35.218 – 10.78.35.21910.78.35.219
23910.78.35.220/3110.78.35.220 – 10.78.35.22110.78.35.221
24010.78.35.222/3110.78.35.222 – 10.78.35.22310.78.35.223
24110.78.35.224/3110.78.35.224 – 10.78.35.22510.78.35.225
24210.78.35.226/3110.78.35.226 – 10.78.35.22710.78.35.227
24310.78.35.228/3110.78.35.228 – 10.78.35.22910.78.35.229
24410.78.35.230/3110.78.35.230 – 10.78.35.23110.78.35.231
24510.78.35.232/3110.78.35.232 – 10.78.35.23310.78.35.233
24610.78.35.234/3110.78.35.234 – 10.78.35.23510.78.35.235
24710.78.35.236/3110.78.35.236 – 10.78.35.23710.78.35.237
24810.78.35.238/3110.78.35.238 – 10.78.35.23910.78.35.239
24910.78.35.240/3110.78.35.240 – 10.78.35.24110.78.35.241
25010.78.35.242/3110.78.35.242 – 10.78.35.24310.78.35.243
25110.78.35.244/3110.78.35.244 – 10.78.35.24510.78.35.245
25210.78.35.246/3110.78.35.246 – 10.78.35.24710.78.35.247
25310.78.35.248/3110.78.35.248 – 10.78.35.24910.78.35.249
25410.78.35.250/3110.78.35.250 – 10.78.35.25110.78.35.251
25510.78.35.252/3110.78.35.252 – 10.78.35.25310.78.35.253
25610.78.35.254/3110.78.35.254 – 10.78.35.25510.78.35.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →