ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.30.0/23
network10.78.30.0/23
broadcast10.78.31.255
first host10.78.30.1
last host10.78.31.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.30.0/23
address00001010.01001110.00011110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00011110.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00011111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e1e00
decimal172891648
reverse dns0.30.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:1e00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.30.0/3110.78.30.0 – 10.78.30.110.78.30.1
210.78.30.2/3110.78.30.2 – 10.78.30.310.78.30.3
310.78.30.4/3110.78.30.4 – 10.78.30.510.78.30.5
410.78.30.6/3110.78.30.6 – 10.78.30.710.78.30.7
510.78.30.8/3110.78.30.8 – 10.78.30.910.78.30.9
610.78.30.10/3110.78.30.10 – 10.78.30.1110.78.30.11
710.78.30.12/3110.78.30.12 – 10.78.30.1310.78.30.13
810.78.30.14/3110.78.30.14 – 10.78.30.1510.78.30.15
910.78.30.16/3110.78.30.16 – 10.78.30.1710.78.30.17
1010.78.30.18/3110.78.30.18 – 10.78.30.1910.78.30.19
1110.78.30.20/3110.78.30.20 – 10.78.30.2110.78.30.21
1210.78.30.22/3110.78.30.22 – 10.78.30.2310.78.30.23
1310.78.30.24/3110.78.30.24 – 10.78.30.2510.78.30.25
1410.78.30.26/3110.78.30.26 – 10.78.30.2710.78.30.27
1510.78.30.28/3110.78.30.28 – 10.78.30.2910.78.30.29
1610.78.30.30/3110.78.30.30 – 10.78.30.3110.78.30.31
1710.78.30.32/3110.78.30.32 – 10.78.30.3310.78.30.33
1810.78.30.34/3110.78.30.34 – 10.78.30.3510.78.30.35
1910.78.30.36/3110.78.30.36 – 10.78.30.3710.78.30.37
2010.78.30.38/3110.78.30.38 – 10.78.30.3910.78.30.39
2110.78.30.40/3110.78.30.40 – 10.78.30.4110.78.30.41
2210.78.30.42/3110.78.30.42 – 10.78.30.4310.78.30.43
2310.78.30.44/3110.78.30.44 – 10.78.30.4510.78.30.45
2410.78.30.46/3110.78.30.46 – 10.78.30.4710.78.30.47
2510.78.30.48/3110.78.30.48 – 10.78.30.4910.78.30.49
2610.78.30.50/3110.78.30.50 – 10.78.30.5110.78.30.51
2710.78.30.52/3110.78.30.52 – 10.78.30.5310.78.30.53
2810.78.30.54/3110.78.30.54 – 10.78.30.5510.78.30.55
2910.78.30.56/3110.78.30.56 – 10.78.30.5710.78.30.57
3010.78.30.58/3110.78.30.58 – 10.78.30.5910.78.30.59
3110.78.30.60/3110.78.30.60 – 10.78.30.6110.78.30.61
3210.78.30.62/3110.78.30.62 – 10.78.30.6310.78.30.63
3310.78.30.64/3110.78.30.64 – 10.78.30.6510.78.30.65
3410.78.30.66/3110.78.30.66 – 10.78.30.6710.78.30.67
3510.78.30.68/3110.78.30.68 – 10.78.30.6910.78.30.69
3610.78.30.70/3110.78.30.70 – 10.78.30.7110.78.30.71
3710.78.30.72/3110.78.30.72 – 10.78.30.7310.78.30.73
3810.78.30.74/3110.78.30.74 – 10.78.30.7510.78.30.75
3910.78.30.76/3110.78.30.76 – 10.78.30.7710.78.30.77
4010.78.30.78/3110.78.30.78 – 10.78.30.7910.78.30.79
4110.78.30.80/3110.78.30.80 – 10.78.30.8110.78.30.81
4210.78.30.82/3110.78.30.82 – 10.78.30.8310.78.30.83
4310.78.30.84/3110.78.30.84 – 10.78.30.8510.78.30.85
4410.78.30.86/3110.78.30.86 – 10.78.30.8710.78.30.87
4510.78.30.88/3110.78.30.88 – 10.78.30.8910.78.30.89
4610.78.30.90/3110.78.30.90 – 10.78.30.9110.78.30.91
4710.78.30.92/3110.78.30.92 – 10.78.30.9310.78.30.93
4810.78.30.94/3110.78.30.94 – 10.78.30.9510.78.30.95
4910.78.30.96/3110.78.30.96 – 10.78.30.9710.78.30.97
5010.78.30.98/3110.78.30.98 – 10.78.30.9910.78.30.99
5110.78.30.100/3110.78.30.100 – 10.78.30.10110.78.30.101
5210.78.30.102/3110.78.30.102 – 10.78.30.10310.78.30.103
5310.78.30.104/3110.78.30.104 – 10.78.30.10510.78.30.105
5410.78.30.106/3110.78.30.106 – 10.78.30.10710.78.30.107
5510.78.30.108/3110.78.30.108 – 10.78.30.10910.78.30.109
5610.78.30.110/3110.78.30.110 – 10.78.30.11110.78.30.111
5710.78.30.112/3110.78.30.112 – 10.78.30.11310.78.30.113
5810.78.30.114/3110.78.30.114 – 10.78.30.11510.78.30.115
5910.78.30.116/3110.78.30.116 – 10.78.30.11710.78.30.117
6010.78.30.118/3110.78.30.118 – 10.78.30.11910.78.30.119
6110.78.30.120/3110.78.30.120 – 10.78.30.12110.78.30.121
6210.78.30.122/3110.78.30.122 – 10.78.30.12310.78.30.123
6310.78.30.124/3110.78.30.124 – 10.78.30.12510.78.30.125
6410.78.30.126/3110.78.30.126 – 10.78.30.12710.78.30.127
6510.78.30.128/3110.78.30.128 – 10.78.30.12910.78.30.129
6610.78.30.130/3110.78.30.130 – 10.78.30.13110.78.30.131
6710.78.30.132/3110.78.30.132 – 10.78.30.13310.78.30.133
6810.78.30.134/3110.78.30.134 – 10.78.30.13510.78.30.135
6910.78.30.136/3110.78.30.136 – 10.78.30.13710.78.30.137
7010.78.30.138/3110.78.30.138 – 10.78.30.13910.78.30.139
7110.78.30.140/3110.78.30.140 – 10.78.30.14110.78.30.141
7210.78.30.142/3110.78.30.142 – 10.78.30.14310.78.30.143
7310.78.30.144/3110.78.30.144 – 10.78.30.14510.78.30.145
7410.78.30.146/3110.78.30.146 – 10.78.30.14710.78.30.147
7510.78.30.148/3110.78.30.148 – 10.78.30.14910.78.30.149
7610.78.30.150/3110.78.30.150 – 10.78.30.15110.78.30.151
7710.78.30.152/3110.78.30.152 – 10.78.30.15310.78.30.153
7810.78.30.154/3110.78.30.154 – 10.78.30.15510.78.30.155
7910.78.30.156/3110.78.30.156 – 10.78.30.15710.78.30.157
8010.78.30.158/3110.78.30.158 – 10.78.30.15910.78.30.159
8110.78.30.160/3110.78.30.160 – 10.78.30.16110.78.30.161
8210.78.30.162/3110.78.30.162 – 10.78.30.16310.78.30.163
8310.78.30.164/3110.78.30.164 – 10.78.30.16510.78.30.165
8410.78.30.166/3110.78.30.166 – 10.78.30.16710.78.30.167
8510.78.30.168/3110.78.30.168 – 10.78.30.16910.78.30.169
8610.78.30.170/3110.78.30.170 – 10.78.30.17110.78.30.171
8710.78.30.172/3110.78.30.172 – 10.78.30.17310.78.30.173
8810.78.30.174/3110.78.30.174 – 10.78.30.17510.78.30.175
8910.78.30.176/3110.78.30.176 – 10.78.30.17710.78.30.177
9010.78.30.178/3110.78.30.178 – 10.78.30.17910.78.30.179
9110.78.30.180/3110.78.30.180 – 10.78.30.18110.78.30.181
9210.78.30.182/3110.78.30.182 – 10.78.30.18310.78.30.183
9310.78.30.184/3110.78.30.184 – 10.78.30.18510.78.30.185
9410.78.30.186/3110.78.30.186 – 10.78.30.18710.78.30.187
9510.78.30.188/3110.78.30.188 – 10.78.30.18910.78.30.189
9610.78.30.190/3110.78.30.190 – 10.78.30.19110.78.30.191
9710.78.30.192/3110.78.30.192 – 10.78.30.19310.78.30.193
9810.78.30.194/3110.78.30.194 – 10.78.30.19510.78.30.195
9910.78.30.196/3110.78.30.196 – 10.78.30.19710.78.30.197
10010.78.30.198/3110.78.30.198 – 10.78.30.19910.78.30.199
10110.78.30.200/3110.78.30.200 – 10.78.30.20110.78.30.201
10210.78.30.202/3110.78.30.202 – 10.78.30.20310.78.30.203
10310.78.30.204/3110.78.30.204 – 10.78.30.20510.78.30.205
10410.78.30.206/3110.78.30.206 – 10.78.30.20710.78.30.207
10510.78.30.208/3110.78.30.208 – 10.78.30.20910.78.30.209
10610.78.30.210/3110.78.30.210 – 10.78.30.21110.78.30.211
10710.78.30.212/3110.78.30.212 – 10.78.30.21310.78.30.213
10810.78.30.214/3110.78.30.214 – 10.78.30.21510.78.30.215
10910.78.30.216/3110.78.30.216 – 10.78.30.21710.78.30.217
11010.78.30.218/3110.78.30.218 – 10.78.30.21910.78.30.219
11110.78.30.220/3110.78.30.220 – 10.78.30.22110.78.30.221
11210.78.30.222/3110.78.30.222 – 10.78.30.22310.78.30.223
11310.78.30.224/3110.78.30.224 – 10.78.30.22510.78.30.225
11410.78.30.226/3110.78.30.226 – 10.78.30.22710.78.30.227
11510.78.30.228/3110.78.30.228 – 10.78.30.22910.78.30.229
11610.78.30.230/3110.78.30.230 – 10.78.30.23110.78.30.231
11710.78.30.232/3110.78.30.232 – 10.78.30.23310.78.30.233
11810.78.30.234/3110.78.30.234 – 10.78.30.23510.78.30.235
11910.78.30.236/3110.78.30.236 – 10.78.30.23710.78.30.237
12010.78.30.238/3110.78.30.238 – 10.78.30.23910.78.30.239
12110.78.30.240/3110.78.30.240 – 10.78.30.24110.78.30.241
12210.78.30.242/3110.78.30.242 – 10.78.30.24310.78.30.243
12310.78.30.244/3110.78.30.244 – 10.78.30.24510.78.30.245
12410.78.30.246/3110.78.30.246 – 10.78.30.24710.78.30.247
12510.78.30.248/3110.78.30.248 – 10.78.30.24910.78.30.249
12610.78.30.250/3110.78.30.250 – 10.78.30.25110.78.30.251
12710.78.30.252/3110.78.30.252 – 10.78.30.25310.78.30.253
12810.78.30.254/3110.78.30.254 – 10.78.30.25510.78.30.255
12910.78.31.0/3110.78.31.0 – 10.78.31.110.78.31.1
13010.78.31.2/3110.78.31.2 – 10.78.31.310.78.31.3
13110.78.31.4/3110.78.31.4 – 10.78.31.510.78.31.5
13210.78.31.6/3110.78.31.6 – 10.78.31.710.78.31.7
13310.78.31.8/3110.78.31.8 – 10.78.31.910.78.31.9
13410.78.31.10/3110.78.31.10 – 10.78.31.1110.78.31.11
13510.78.31.12/3110.78.31.12 – 10.78.31.1310.78.31.13
13610.78.31.14/3110.78.31.14 – 10.78.31.1510.78.31.15
13710.78.31.16/3110.78.31.16 – 10.78.31.1710.78.31.17
13810.78.31.18/3110.78.31.18 – 10.78.31.1910.78.31.19
13910.78.31.20/3110.78.31.20 – 10.78.31.2110.78.31.21
14010.78.31.22/3110.78.31.22 – 10.78.31.2310.78.31.23
14110.78.31.24/3110.78.31.24 – 10.78.31.2510.78.31.25
14210.78.31.26/3110.78.31.26 – 10.78.31.2710.78.31.27
14310.78.31.28/3110.78.31.28 – 10.78.31.2910.78.31.29
14410.78.31.30/3110.78.31.30 – 10.78.31.3110.78.31.31
14510.78.31.32/3110.78.31.32 – 10.78.31.3310.78.31.33
14610.78.31.34/3110.78.31.34 – 10.78.31.3510.78.31.35
14710.78.31.36/3110.78.31.36 – 10.78.31.3710.78.31.37
14810.78.31.38/3110.78.31.38 – 10.78.31.3910.78.31.39
14910.78.31.40/3110.78.31.40 – 10.78.31.4110.78.31.41
15010.78.31.42/3110.78.31.42 – 10.78.31.4310.78.31.43
15110.78.31.44/3110.78.31.44 – 10.78.31.4510.78.31.45
15210.78.31.46/3110.78.31.46 – 10.78.31.4710.78.31.47
15310.78.31.48/3110.78.31.48 – 10.78.31.4910.78.31.49
15410.78.31.50/3110.78.31.50 – 10.78.31.5110.78.31.51
15510.78.31.52/3110.78.31.52 – 10.78.31.5310.78.31.53
15610.78.31.54/3110.78.31.54 – 10.78.31.5510.78.31.55
15710.78.31.56/3110.78.31.56 – 10.78.31.5710.78.31.57
15810.78.31.58/3110.78.31.58 – 10.78.31.5910.78.31.59
15910.78.31.60/3110.78.31.60 – 10.78.31.6110.78.31.61
16010.78.31.62/3110.78.31.62 – 10.78.31.6310.78.31.63
16110.78.31.64/3110.78.31.64 – 10.78.31.6510.78.31.65
16210.78.31.66/3110.78.31.66 – 10.78.31.6710.78.31.67
16310.78.31.68/3110.78.31.68 – 10.78.31.6910.78.31.69
16410.78.31.70/3110.78.31.70 – 10.78.31.7110.78.31.71
16510.78.31.72/3110.78.31.72 – 10.78.31.7310.78.31.73
16610.78.31.74/3110.78.31.74 – 10.78.31.7510.78.31.75
16710.78.31.76/3110.78.31.76 – 10.78.31.7710.78.31.77
16810.78.31.78/3110.78.31.78 – 10.78.31.7910.78.31.79
16910.78.31.80/3110.78.31.80 – 10.78.31.8110.78.31.81
17010.78.31.82/3110.78.31.82 – 10.78.31.8310.78.31.83
17110.78.31.84/3110.78.31.84 – 10.78.31.8510.78.31.85
17210.78.31.86/3110.78.31.86 – 10.78.31.8710.78.31.87
17310.78.31.88/3110.78.31.88 – 10.78.31.8910.78.31.89
17410.78.31.90/3110.78.31.90 – 10.78.31.9110.78.31.91
17510.78.31.92/3110.78.31.92 – 10.78.31.9310.78.31.93
17610.78.31.94/3110.78.31.94 – 10.78.31.9510.78.31.95
17710.78.31.96/3110.78.31.96 – 10.78.31.9710.78.31.97
17810.78.31.98/3110.78.31.98 – 10.78.31.9910.78.31.99
17910.78.31.100/3110.78.31.100 – 10.78.31.10110.78.31.101
18010.78.31.102/3110.78.31.102 – 10.78.31.10310.78.31.103
18110.78.31.104/3110.78.31.104 – 10.78.31.10510.78.31.105
18210.78.31.106/3110.78.31.106 – 10.78.31.10710.78.31.107
18310.78.31.108/3110.78.31.108 – 10.78.31.10910.78.31.109
18410.78.31.110/3110.78.31.110 – 10.78.31.11110.78.31.111
18510.78.31.112/3110.78.31.112 – 10.78.31.11310.78.31.113
18610.78.31.114/3110.78.31.114 – 10.78.31.11510.78.31.115
18710.78.31.116/3110.78.31.116 – 10.78.31.11710.78.31.117
18810.78.31.118/3110.78.31.118 – 10.78.31.11910.78.31.119
18910.78.31.120/3110.78.31.120 – 10.78.31.12110.78.31.121
19010.78.31.122/3110.78.31.122 – 10.78.31.12310.78.31.123
19110.78.31.124/3110.78.31.124 – 10.78.31.12510.78.31.125
19210.78.31.126/3110.78.31.126 – 10.78.31.12710.78.31.127
19310.78.31.128/3110.78.31.128 – 10.78.31.12910.78.31.129
19410.78.31.130/3110.78.31.130 – 10.78.31.13110.78.31.131
19510.78.31.132/3110.78.31.132 – 10.78.31.13310.78.31.133
19610.78.31.134/3110.78.31.134 – 10.78.31.13510.78.31.135
19710.78.31.136/3110.78.31.136 – 10.78.31.13710.78.31.137
19810.78.31.138/3110.78.31.138 – 10.78.31.13910.78.31.139
19910.78.31.140/3110.78.31.140 – 10.78.31.14110.78.31.141
20010.78.31.142/3110.78.31.142 – 10.78.31.14310.78.31.143
20110.78.31.144/3110.78.31.144 – 10.78.31.14510.78.31.145
20210.78.31.146/3110.78.31.146 – 10.78.31.14710.78.31.147
20310.78.31.148/3110.78.31.148 – 10.78.31.14910.78.31.149
20410.78.31.150/3110.78.31.150 – 10.78.31.15110.78.31.151
20510.78.31.152/3110.78.31.152 – 10.78.31.15310.78.31.153
20610.78.31.154/3110.78.31.154 – 10.78.31.15510.78.31.155
20710.78.31.156/3110.78.31.156 – 10.78.31.15710.78.31.157
20810.78.31.158/3110.78.31.158 – 10.78.31.15910.78.31.159
20910.78.31.160/3110.78.31.160 – 10.78.31.16110.78.31.161
21010.78.31.162/3110.78.31.162 – 10.78.31.16310.78.31.163
21110.78.31.164/3110.78.31.164 – 10.78.31.16510.78.31.165
21210.78.31.166/3110.78.31.166 – 10.78.31.16710.78.31.167
21310.78.31.168/3110.78.31.168 – 10.78.31.16910.78.31.169
21410.78.31.170/3110.78.31.170 – 10.78.31.17110.78.31.171
21510.78.31.172/3110.78.31.172 – 10.78.31.17310.78.31.173
21610.78.31.174/3110.78.31.174 – 10.78.31.17510.78.31.175
21710.78.31.176/3110.78.31.176 – 10.78.31.17710.78.31.177
21810.78.31.178/3110.78.31.178 – 10.78.31.17910.78.31.179
21910.78.31.180/3110.78.31.180 – 10.78.31.18110.78.31.181
22010.78.31.182/3110.78.31.182 – 10.78.31.18310.78.31.183
22110.78.31.184/3110.78.31.184 – 10.78.31.18510.78.31.185
22210.78.31.186/3110.78.31.186 – 10.78.31.18710.78.31.187
22310.78.31.188/3110.78.31.188 – 10.78.31.18910.78.31.189
22410.78.31.190/3110.78.31.190 – 10.78.31.19110.78.31.191
22510.78.31.192/3110.78.31.192 – 10.78.31.19310.78.31.193
22610.78.31.194/3110.78.31.194 – 10.78.31.19510.78.31.195
22710.78.31.196/3110.78.31.196 – 10.78.31.19710.78.31.197
22810.78.31.198/3110.78.31.198 – 10.78.31.19910.78.31.199
22910.78.31.200/3110.78.31.200 – 10.78.31.20110.78.31.201
23010.78.31.202/3110.78.31.202 – 10.78.31.20310.78.31.203
23110.78.31.204/3110.78.31.204 – 10.78.31.20510.78.31.205
23210.78.31.206/3110.78.31.206 – 10.78.31.20710.78.31.207
23310.78.31.208/3110.78.31.208 – 10.78.31.20910.78.31.209
23410.78.31.210/3110.78.31.210 – 10.78.31.21110.78.31.211
23510.78.31.212/3110.78.31.212 – 10.78.31.21310.78.31.213
23610.78.31.214/3110.78.31.214 – 10.78.31.21510.78.31.215
23710.78.31.216/3110.78.31.216 – 10.78.31.21710.78.31.217
23810.78.31.218/3110.78.31.218 – 10.78.31.21910.78.31.219
23910.78.31.220/3110.78.31.220 – 10.78.31.22110.78.31.221
24010.78.31.222/3110.78.31.222 – 10.78.31.22310.78.31.223
24110.78.31.224/3110.78.31.224 – 10.78.31.22510.78.31.225
24210.78.31.226/3110.78.31.226 – 10.78.31.22710.78.31.227
24310.78.31.228/3110.78.31.228 – 10.78.31.22910.78.31.229
24410.78.31.230/3110.78.31.230 – 10.78.31.23110.78.31.231
24510.78.31.232/3110.78.31.232 – 10.78.31.23310.78.31.233
24610.78.31.234/3110.78.31.234 – 10.78.31.23510.78.31.235
24710.78.31.236/3110.78.31.236 – 10.78.31.23710.78.31.237
24810.78.31.238/3110.78.31.238 – 10.78.31.23910.78.31.239
24910.78.31.240/3110.78.31.240 – 10.78.31.24110.78.31.241
25010.78.31.242/3110.78.31.242 – 10.78.31.24310.78.31.243
25110.78.31.244/3110.78.31.244 – 10.78.31.24510.78.31.245
25210.78.31.246/3110.78.31.246 – 10.78.31.24710.78.31.247
25310.78.31.248/3110.78.31.248 – 10.78.31.24910.78.31.249
25410.78.31.250/3110.78.31.250 – 10.78.31.25110.78.31.251
25510.78.31.252/3110.78.31.252 – 10.78.31.25310.78.31.253
25610.78.31.254/3110.78.31.254 – 10.78.31.25510.78.31.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →