ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.246.0/23
network10.78.246.0/23
broadcast10.78.247.255
first host10.78.246.1
last host10.78.247.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.246.0/23
address00001010.01001110.11110110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.11110110.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.11110111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4ef600
decimal172946944
reverse dns0.246.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:f600

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.246.0/3110.78.246.0 – 10.78.246.110.78.246.1
210.78.246.2/3110.78.246.2 – 10.78.246.310.78.246.3
310.78.246.4/3110.78.246.4 – 10.78.246.510.78.246.5
410.78.246.6/3110.78.246.6 – 10.78.246.710.78.246.7
510.78.246.8/3110.78.246.8 – 10.78.246.910.78.246.9
610.78.246.10/3110.78.246.10 – 10.78.246.1110.78.246.11
710.78.246.12/3110.78.246.12 – 10.78.246.1310.78.246.13
810.78.246.14/3110.78.246.14 – 10.78.246.1510.78.246.15
910.78.246.16/3110.78.246.16 – 10.78.246.1710.78.246.17
1010.78.246.18/3110.78.246.18 – 10.78.246.1910.78.246.19
1110.78.246.20/3110.78.246.20 – 10.78.246.2110.78.246.21
1210.78.246.22/3110.78.246.22 – 10.78.246.2310.78.246.23
1310.78.246.24/3110.78.246.24 – 10.78.246.2510.78.246.25
1410.78.246.26/3110.78.246.26 – 10.78.246.2710.78.246.27
1510.78.246.28/3110.78.246.28 – 10.78.246.2910.78.246.29
1610.78.246.30/3110.78.246.30 – 10.78.246.3110.78.246.31
1710.78.246.32/3110.78.246.32 – 10.78.246.3310.78.246.33
1810.78.246.34/3110.78.246.34 – 10.78.246.3510.78.246.35
1910.78.246.36/3110.78.246.36 – 10.78.246.3710.78.246.37
2010.78.246.38/3110.78.246.38 – 10.78.246.3910.78.246.39
2110.78.246.40/3110.78.246.40 – 10.78.246.4110.78.246.41
2210.78.246.42/3110.78.246.42 – 10.78.246.4310.78.246.43
2310.78.246.44/3110.78.246.44 – 10.78.246.4510.78.246.45
2410.78.246.46/3110.78.246.46 – 10.78.246.4710.78.246.47
2510.78.246.48/3110.78.246.48 – 10.78.246.4910.78.246.49
2610.78.246.50/3110.78.246.50 – 10.78.246.5110.78.246.51
2710.78.246.52/3110.78.246.52 – 10.78.246.5310.78.246.53
2810.78.246.54/3110.78.246.54 – 10.78.246.5510.78.246.55
2910.78.246.56/3110.78.246.56 – 10.78.246.5710.78.246.57
3010.78.246.58/3110.78.246.58 – 10.78.246.5910.78.246.59
3110.78.246.60/3110.78.246.60 – 10.78.246.6110.78.246.61
3210.78.246.62/3110.78.246.62 – 10.78.246.6310.78.246.63
3310.78.246.64/3110.78.246.64 – 10.78.246.6510.78.246.65
3410.78.246.66/3110.78.246.66 – 10.78.246.6710.78.246.67
3510.78.246.68/3110.78.246.68 – 10.78.246.6910.78.246.69
3610.78.246.70/3110.78.246.70 – 10.78.246.7110.78.246.71
3710.78.246.72/3110.78.246.72 – 10.78.246.7310.78.246.73
3810.78.246.74/3110.78.246.74 – 10.78.246.7510.78.246.75
3910.78.246.76/3110.78.246.76 – 10.78.246.7710.78.246.77
4010.78.246.78/3110.78.246.78 – 10.78.246.7910.78.246.79
4110.78.246.80/3110.78.246.80 – 10.78.246.8110.78.246.81
4210.78.246.82/3110.78.246.82 – 10.78.246.8310.78.246.83
4310.78.246.84/3110.78.246.84 – 10.78.246.8510.78.246.85
4410.78.246.86/3110.78.246.86 – 10.78.246.8710.78.246.87
4510.78.246.88/3110.78.246.88 – 10.78.246.8910.78.246.89
4610.78.246.90/3110.78.246.90 – 10.78.246.9110.78.246.91
4710.78.246.92/3110.78.246.92 – 10.78.246.9310.78.246.93
4810.78.246.94/3110.78.246.94 – 10.78.246.9510.78.246.95
4910.78.246.96/3110.78.246.96 – 10.78.246.9710.78.246.97
5010.78.246.98/3110.78.246.98 – 10.78.246.9910.78.246.99
5110.78.246.100/3110.78.246.100 – 10.78.246.10110.78.246.101
5210.78.246.102/3110.78.246.102 – 10.78.246.10310.78.246.103
5310.78.246.104/3110.78.246.104 – 10.78.246.10510.78.246.105
5410.78.246.106/3110.78.246.106 – 10.78.246.10710.78.246.107
5510.78.246.108/3110.78.246.108 – 10.78.246.10910.78.246.109
5610.78.246.110/3110.78.246.110 – 10.78.246.11110.78.246.111
5710.78.246.112/3110.78.246.112 – 10.78.246.11310.78.246.113
5810.78.246.114/3110.78.246.114 – 10.78.246.11510.78.246.115
5910.78.246.116/3110.78.246.116 – 10.78.246.11710.78.246.117
6010.78.246.118/3110.78.246.118 – 10.78.246.11910.78.246.119
6110.78.246.120/3110.78.246.120 – 10.78.246.12110.78.246.121
6210.78.246.122/3110.78.246.122 – 10.78.246.12310.78.246.123
6310.78.246.124/3110.78.246.124 – 10.78.246.12510.78.246.125
6410.78.246.126/3110.78.246.126 – 10.78.246.12710.78.246.127
6510.78.246.128/3110.78.246.128 – 10.78.246.12910.78.246.129
6610.78.246.130/3110.78.246.130 – 10.78.246.13110.78.246.131
6710.78.246.132/3110.78.246.132 – 10.78.246.13310.78.246.133
6810.78.246.134/3110.78.246.134 – 10.78.246.13510.78.246.135
6910.78.246.136/3110.78.246.136 – 10.78.246.13710.78.246.137
7010.78.246.138/3110.78.246.138 – 10.78.246.13910.78.246.139
7110.78.246.140/3110.78.246.140 – 10.78.246.14110.78.246.141
7210.78.246.142/3110.78.246.142 – 10.78.246.14310.78.246.143
7310.78.246.144/3110.78.246.144 – 10.78.246.14510.78.246.145
7410.78.246.146/3110.78.246.146 – 10.78.246.14710.78.246.147
7510.78.246.148/3110.78.246.148 – 10.78.246.14910.78.246.149
7610.78.246.150/3110.78.246.150 – 10.78.246.15110.78.246.151
7710.78.246.152/3110.78.246.152 – 10.78.246.15310.78.246.153
7810.78.246.154/3110.78.246.154 – 10.78.246.15510.78.246.155
7910.78.246.156/3110.78.246.156 – 10.78.246.15710.78.246.157
8010.78.246.158/3110.78.246.158 – 10.78.246.15910.78.246.159
8110.78.246.160/3110.78.246.160 – 10.78.246.16110.78.246.161
8210.78.246.162/3110.78.246.162 – 10.78.246.16310.78.246.163
8310.78.246.164/3110.78.246.164 – 10.78.246.16510.78.246.165
8410.78.246.166/3110.78.246.166 – 10.78.246.16710.78.246.167
8510.78.246.168/3110.78.246.168 – 10.78.246.16910.78.246.169
8610.78.246.170/3110.78.246.170 – 10.78.246.17110.78.246.171
8710.78.246.172/3110.78.246.172 – 10.78.246.17310.78.246.173
8810.78.246.174/3110.78.246.174 – 10.78.246.17510.78.246.175
8910.78.246.176/3110.78.246.176 – 10.78.246.17710.78.246.177
9010.78.246.178/3110.78.246.178 – 10.78.246.17910.78.246.179
9110.78.246.180/3110.78.246.180 – 10.78.246.18110.78.246.181
9210.78.246.182/3110.78.246.182 – 10.78.246.18310.78.246.183
9310.78.246.184/3110.78.246.184 – 10.78.246.18510.78.246.185
9410.78.246.186/3110.78.246.186 – 10.78.246.18710.78.246.187
9510.78.246.188/3110.78.246.188 – 10.78.246.18910.78.246.189
9610.78.246.190/3110.78.246.190 – 10.78.246.19110.78.246.191
9710.78.246.192/3110.78.246.192 – 10.78.246.19310.78.246.193
9810.78.246.194/3110.78.246.194 – 10.78.246.19510.78.246.195
9910.78.246.196/3110.78.246.196 – 10.78.246.19710.78.246.197
10010.78.246.198/3110.78.246.198 – 10.78.246.19910.78.246.199
10110.78.246.200/3110.78.246.200 – 10.78.246.20110.78.246.201
10210.78.246.202/3110.78.246.202 – 10.78.246.20310.78.246.203
10310.78.246.204/3110.78.246.204 – 10.78.246.20510.78.246.205
10410.78.246.206/3110.78.246.206 – 10.78.246.20710.78.246.207
10510.78.246.208/3110.78.246.208 – 10.78.246.20910.78.246.209
10610.78.246.210/3110.78.246.210 – 10.78.246.21110.78.246.211
10710.78.246.212/3110.78.246.212 – 10.78.246.21310.78.246.213
10810.78.246.214/3110.78.246.214 – 10.78.246.21510.78.246.215
10910.78.246.216/3110.78.246.216 – 10.78.246.21710.78.246.217
11010.78.246.218/3110.78.246.218 – 10.78.246.21910.78.246.219
11110.78.246.220/3110.78.246.220 – 10.78.246.22110.78.246.221
11210.78.246.222/3110.78.246.222 – 10.78.246.22310.78.246.223
11310.78.246.224/3110.78.246.224 – 10.78.246.22510.78.246.225
11410.78.246.226/3110.78.246.226 – 10.78.246.22710.78.246.227
11510.78.246.228/3110.78.246.228 – 10.78.246.22910.78.246.229
11610.78.246.230/3110.78.246.230 – 10.78.246.23110.78.246.231
11710.78.246.232/3110.78.246.232 – 10.78.246.23310.78.246.233
11810.78.246.234/3110.78.246.234 – 10.78.246.23510.78.246.235
11910.78.246.236/3110.78.246.236 – 10.78.246.23710.78.246.237
12010.78.246.238/3110.78.246.238 – 10.78.246.23910.78.246.239
12110.78.246.240/3110.78.246.240 – 10.78.246.24110.78.246.241
12210.78.246.242/3110.78.246.242 – 10.78.246.24310.78.246.243
12310.78.246.244/3110.78.246.244 – 10.78.246.24510.78.246.245
12410.78.246.246/3110.78.246.246 – 10.78.246.24710.78.246.247
12510.78.246.248/3110.78.246.248 – 10.78.246.24910.78.246.249
12610.78.246.250/3110.78.246.250 – 10.78.246.25110.78.246.251
12710.78.246.252/3110.78.246.252 – 10.78.246.25310.78.246.253
12810.78.246.254/3110.78.246.254 – 10.78.246.25510.78.246.255
12910.78.247.0/3110.78.247.0 – 10.78.247.110.78.247.1
13010.78.247.2/3110.78.247.2 – 10.78.247.310.78.247.3
13110.78.247.4/3110.78.247.4 – 10.78.247.510.78.247.5
13210.78.247.6/3110.78.247.6 – 10.78.247.710.78.247.7
13310.78.247.8/3110.78.247.8 – 10.78.247.910.78.247.9
13410.78.247.10/3110.78.247.10 – 10.78.247.1110.78.247.11
13510.78.247.12/3110.78.247.12 – 10.78.247.1310.78.247.13
13610.78.247.14/3110.78.247.14 – 10.78.247.1510.78.247.15
13710.78.247.16/3110.78.247.16 – 10.78.247.1710.78.247.17
13810.78.247.18/3110.78.247.18 – 10.78.247.1910.78.247.19
13910.78.247.20/3110.78.247.20 – 10.78.247.2110.78.247.21
14010.78.247.22/3110.78.247.22 – 10.78.247.2310.78.247.23
14110.78.247.24/3110.78.247.24 – 10.78.247.2510.78.247.25
14210.78.247.26/3110.78.247.26 – 10.78.247.2710.78.247.27
14310.78.247.28/3110.78.247.28 – 10.78.247.2910.78.247.29
14410.78.247.30/3110.78.247.30 – 10.78.247.3110.78.247.31
14510.78.247.32/3110.78.247.32 – 10.78.247.3310.78.247.33
14610.78.247.34/3110.78.247.34 – 10.78.247.3510.78.247.35
14710.78.247.36/3110.78.247.36 – 10.78.247.3710.78.247.37
14810.78.247.38/3110.78.247.38 – 10.78.247.3910.78.247.39
14910.78.247.40/3110.78.247.40 – 10.78.247.4110.78.247.41
15010.78.247.42/3110.78.247.42 – 10.78.247.4310.78.247.43
15110.78.247.44/3110.78.247.44 – 10.78.247.4510.78.247.45
15210.78.247.46/3110.78.247.46 – 10.78.247.4710.78.247.47
15310.78.247.48/3110.78.247.48 – 10.78.247.4910.78.247.49
15410.78.247.50/3110.78.247.50 – 10.78.247.5110.78.247.51
15510.78.247.52/3110.78.247.52 – 10.78.247.5310.78.247.53
15610.78.247.54/3110.78.247.54 – 10.78.247.5510.78.247.55
15710.78.247.56/3110.78.247.56 – 10.78.247.5710.78.247.57
15810.78.247.58/3110.78.247.58 – 10.78.247.5910.78.247.59
15910.78.247.60/3110.78.247.60 – 10.78.247.6110.78.247.61
16010.78.247.62/3110.78.247.62 – 10.78.247.6310.78.247.63
16110.78.247.64/3110.78.247.64 – 10.78.247.6510.78.247.65
16210.78.247.66/3110.78.247.66 – 10.78.247.6710.78.247.67
16310.78.247.68/3110.78.247.68 – 10.78.247.6910.78.247.69
16410.78.247.70/3110.78.247.70 – 10.78.247.7110.78.247.71
16510.78.247.72/3110.78.247.72 – 10.78.247.7310.78.247.73
16610.78.247.74/3110.78.247.74 – 10.78.247.7510.78.247.75
16710.78.247.76/3110.78.247.76 – 10.78.247.7710.78.247.77
16810.78.247.78/3110.78.247.78 – 10.78.247.7910.78.247.79
16910.78.247.80/3110.78.247.80 – 10.78.247.8110.78.247.81
17010.78.247.82/3110.78.247.82 – 10.78.247.8310.78.247.83
17110.78.247.84/3110.78.247.84 – 10.78.247.8510.78.247.85
17210.78.247.86/3110.78.247.86 – 10.78.247.8710.78.247.87
17310.78.247.88/3110.78.247.88 – 10.78.247.8910.78.247.89
17410.78.247.90/3110.78.247.90 – 10.78.247.9110.78.247.91
17510.78.247.92/3110.78.247.92 – 10.78.247.9310.78.247.93
17610.78.247.94/3110.78.247.94 – 10.78.247.9510.78.247.95
17710.78.247.96/3110.78.247.96 – 10.78.247.9710.78.247.97
17810.78.247.98/3110.78.247.98 – 10.78.247.9910.78.247.99
17910.78.247.100/3110.78.247.100 – 10.78.247.10110.78.247.101
18010.78.247.102/3110.78.247.102 – 10.78.247.10310.78.247.103
18110.78.247.104/3110.78.247.104 – 10.78.247.10510.78.247.105
18210.78.247.106/3110.78.247.106 – 10.78.247.10710.78.247.107
18310.78.247.108/3110.78.247.108 – 10.78.247.10910.78.247.109
18410.78.247.110/3110.78.247.110 – 10.78.247.11110.78.247.111
18510.78.247.112/3110.78.247.112 – 10.78.247.11310.78.247.113
18610.78.247.114/3110.78.247.114 – 10.78.247.11510.78.247.115
18710.78.247.116/3110.78.247.116 – 10.78.247.11710.78.247.117
18810.78.247.118/3110.78.247.118 – 10.78.247.11910.78.247.119
18910.78.247.120/3110.78.247.120 – 10.78.247.12110.78.247.121
19010.78.247.122/3110.78.247.122 – 10.78.247.12310.78.247.123
19110.78.247.124/3110.78.247.124 – 10.78.247.12510.78.247.125
19210.78.247.126/3110.78.247.126 – 10.78.247.12710.78.247.127
19310.78.247.128/3110.78.247.128 – 10.78.247.12910.78.247.129
19410.78.247.130/3110.78.247.130 – 10.78.247.13110.78.247.131
19510.78.247.132/3110.78.247.132 – 10.78.247.13310.78.247.133
19610.78.247.134/3110.78.247.134 – 10.78.247.13510.78.247.135
19710.78.247.136/3110.78.247.136 – 10.78.247.13710.78.247.137
19810.78.247.138/3110.78.247.138 – 10.78.247.13910.78.247.139
19910.78.247.140/3110.78.247.140 – 10.78.247.14110.78.247.141
20010.78.247.142/3110.78.247.142 – 10.78.247.14310.78.247.143
20110.78.247.144/3110.78.247.144 – 10.78.247.14510.78.247.145
20210.78.247.146/3110.78.247.146 – 10.78.247.14710.78.247.147
20310.78.247.148/3110.78.247.148 – 10.78.247.14910.78.247.149
20410.78.247.150/3110.78.247.150 – 10.78.247.15110.78.247.151
20510.78.247.152/3110.78.247.152 – 10.78.247.15310.78.247.153
20610.78.247.154/3110.78.247.154 – 10.78.247.15510.78.247.155
20710.78.247.156/3110.78.247.156 – 10.78.247.15710.78.247.157
20810.78.247.158/3110.78.247.158 – 10.78.247.15910.78.247.159
20910.78.247.160/3110.78.247.160 – 10.78.247.16110.78.247.161
21010.78.247.162/3110.78.247.162 – 10.78.247.16310.78.247.163
21110.78.247.164/3110.78.247.164 – 10.78.247.16510.78.247.165
21210.78.247.166/3110.78.247.166 – 10.78.247.16710.78.247.167
21310.78.247.168/3110.78.247.168 – 10.78.247.16910.78.247.169
21410.78.247.170/3110.78.247.170 – 10.78.247.17110.78.247.171
21510.78.247.172/3110.78.247.172 – 10.78.247.17310.78.247.173
21610.78.247.174/3110.78.247.174 – 10.78.247.17510.78.247.175
21710.78.247.176/3110.78.247.176 – 10.78.247.17710.78.247.177
21810.78.247.178/3110.78.247.178 – 10.78.247.17910.78.247.179
21910.78.247.180/3110.78.247.180 – 10.78.247.18110.78.247.181
22010.78.247.182/3110.78.247.182 – 10.78.247.18310.78.247.183
22110.78.247.184/3110.78.247.184 – 10.78.247.18510.78.247.185
22210.78.247.186/3110.78.247.186 – 10.78.247.18710.78.247.187
22310.78.247.188/3110.78.247.188 – 10.78.247.18910.78.247.189
22410.78.247.190/3110.78.247.190 – 10.78.247.19110.78.247.191
22510.78.247.192/3110.78.247.192 – 10.78.247.19310.78.247.193
22610.78.247.194/3110.78.247.194 – 10.78.247.19510.78.247.195
22710.78.247.196/3110.78.247.196 – 10.78.247.19710.78.247.197
22810.78.247.198/3110.78.247.198 – 10.78.247.19910.78.247.199
22910.78.247.200/3110.78.247.200 – 10.78.247.20110.78.247.201
23010.78.247.202/3110.78.247.202 – 10.78.247.20310.78.247.203
23110.78.247.204/3110.78.247.204 – 10.78.247.20510.78.247.205
23210.78.247.206/3110.78.247.206 – 10.78.247.20710.78.247.207
23310.78.247.208/3110.78.247.208 – 10.78.247.20910.78.247.209
23410.78.247.210/3110.78.247.210 – 10.78.247.21110.78.247.211
23510.78.247.212/3110.78.247.212 – 10.78.247.21310.78.247.213
23610.78.247.214/3110.78.247.214 – 10.78.247.21510.78.247.215
23710.78.247.216/3110.78.247.216 – 10.78.247.21710.78.247.217
23810.78.247.218/3110.78.247.218 – 10.78.247.21910.78.247.219
23910.78.247.220/3110.78.247.220 – 10.78.247.22110.78.247.221
24010.78.247.222/3110.78.247.222 – 10.78.247.22310.78.247.223
24110.78.247.224/3110.78.247.224 – 10.78.247.22510.78.247.225
24210.78.247.226/3110.78.247.226 – 10.78.247.22710.78.247.227
24310.78.247.228/3110.78.247.228 – 10.78.247.22910.78.247.229
24410.78.247.230/3110.78.247.230 – 10.78.247.23110.78.247.231
24510.78.247.232/3110.78.247.232 – 10.78.247.23310.78.247.233
24610.78.247.234/3110.78.247.234 – 10.78.247.23510.78.247.235
24710.78.247.236/3110.78.247.236 – 10.78.247.23710.78.247.237
24810.78.247.238/3110.78.247.238 – 10.78.247.23910.78.247.239
24910.78.247.240/3110.78.247.240 – 10.78.247.24110.78.247.241
25010.78.247.242/3110.78.247.242 – 10.78.247.24310.78.247.243
25110.78.247.244/3110.78.247.244 – 10.78.247.24510.78.247.245
25210.78.247.246/3110.78.247.246 – 10.78.247.24710.78.247.247
25310.78.247.248/3110.78.247.248 – 10.78.247.24910.78.247.249
25410.78.247.250/3110.78.247.250 – 10.78.247.25110.78.247.251
25510.78.247.252/3110.78.247.252 – 10.78.247.25310.78.247.253
25610.78.247.254/3110.78.247.254 – 10.78.247.25510.78.247.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →