ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.240.0/23
network10.78.240.0/23
broadcast10.78.241.255
first host10.78.240.1
last host10.78.241.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.240.0/23
address00001010.01001110.11110000.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.11110000.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.11110001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4ef000
decimal172945408
reverse dns0.240.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:f000

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.240.0/3110.78.240.0 – 10.78.240.110.78.240.1
210.78.240.2/3110.78.240.2 – 10.78.240.310.78.240.3
310.78.240.4/3110.78.240.4 – 10.78.240.510.78.240.5
410.78.240.6/3110.78.240.6 – 10.78.240.710.78.240.7
510.78.240.8/3110.78.240.8 – 10.78.240.910.78.240.9
610.78.240.10/3110.78.240.10 – 10.78.240.1110.78.240.11
710.78.240.12/3110.78.240.12 – 10.78.240.1310.78.240.13
810.78.240.14/3110.78.240.14 – 10.78.240.1510.78.240.15
910.78.240.16/3110.78.240.16 – 10.78.240.1710.78.240.17
1010.78.240.18/3110.78.240.18 – 10.78.240.1910.78.240.19
1110.78.240.20/3110.78.240.20 – 10.78.240.2110.78.240.21
1210.78.240.22/3110.78.240.22 – 10.78.240.2310.78.240.23
1310.78.240.24/3110.78.240.24 – 10.78.240.2510.78.240.25
1410.78.240.26/3110.78.240.26 – 10.78.240.2710.78.240.27
1510.78.240.28/3110.78.240.28 – 10.78.240.2910.78.240.29
1610.78.240.30/3110.78.240.30 – 10.78.240.3110.78.240.31
1710.78.240.32/3110.78.240.32 – 10.78.240.3310.78.240.33
1810.78.240.34/3110.78.240.34 – 10.78.240.3510.78.240.35
1910.78.240.36/3110.78.240.36 – 10.78.240.3710.78.240.37
2010.78.240.38/3110.78.240.38 – 10.78.240.3910.78.240.39
2110.78.240.40/3110.78.240.40 – 10.78.240.4110.78.240.41
2210.78.240.42/3110.78.240.42 – 10.78.240.4310.78.240.43
2310.78.240.44/3110.78.240.44 – 10.78.240.4510.78.240.45
2410.78.240.46/3110.78.240.46 – 10.78.240.4710.78.240.47
2510.78.240.48/3110.78.240.48 – 10.78.240.4910.78.240.49
2610.78.240.50/3110.78.240.50 – 10.78.240.5110.78.240.51
2710.78.240.52/3110.78.240.52 – 10.78.240.5310.78.240.53
2810.78.240.54/3110.78.240.54 – 10.78.240.5510.78.240.55
2910.78.240.56/3110.78.240.56 – 10.78.240.5710.78.240.57
3010.78.240.58/3110.78.240.58 – 10.78.240.5910.78.240.59
3110.78.240.60/3110.78.240.60 – 10.78.240.6110.78.240.61
3210.78.240.62/3110.78.240.62 – 10.78.240.6310.78.240.63
3310.78.240.64/3110.78.240.64 – 10.78.240.6510.78.240.65
3410.78.240.66/3110.78.240.66 – 10.78.240.6710.78.240.67
3510.78.240.68/3110.78.240.68 – 10.78.240.6910.78.240.69
3610.78.240.70/3110.78.240.70 – 10.78.240.7110.78.240.71
3710.78.240.72/3110.78.240.72 – 10.78.240.7310.78.240.73
3810.78.240.74/3110.78.240.74 – 10.78.240.7510.78.240.75
3910.78.240.76/3110.78.240.76 – 10.78.240.7710.78.240.77
4010.78.240.78/3110.78.240.78 – 10.78.240.7910.78.240.79
4110.78.240.80/3110.78.240.80 – 10.78.240.8110.78.240.81
4210.78.240.82/3110.78.240.82 – 10.78.240.8310.78.240.83
4310.78.240.84/3110.78.240.84 – 10.78.240.8510.78.240.85
4410.78.240.86/3110.78.240.86 – 10.78.240.8710.78.240.87
4510.78.240.88/3110.78.240.88 – 10.78.240.8910.78.240.89
4610.78.240.90/3110.78.240.90 – 10.78.240.9110.78.240.91
4710.78.240.92/3110.78.240.92 – 10.78.240.9310.78.240.93
4810.78.240.94/3110.78.240.94 – 10.78.240.9510.78.240.95
4910.78.240.96/3110.78.240.96 – 10.78.240.9710.78.240.97
5010.78.240.98/3110.78.240.98 – 10.78.240.9910.78.240.99
5110.78.240.100/3110.78.240.100 – 10.78.240.10110.78.240.101
5210.78.240.102/3110.78.240.102 – 10.78.240.10310.78.240.103
5310.78.240.104/3110.78.240.104 – 10.78.240.10510.78.240.105
5410.78.240.106/3110.78.240.106 – 10.78.240.10710.78.240.107
5510.78.240.108/3110.78.240.108 – 10.78.240.10910.78.240.109
5610.78.240.110/3110.78.240.110 – 10.78.240.11110.78.240.111
5710.78.240.112/3110.78.240.112 – 10.78.240.11310.78.240.113
5810.78.240.114/3110.78.240.114 – 10.78.240.11510.78.240.115
5910.78.240.116/3110.78.240.116 – 10.78.240.11710.78.240.117
6010.78.240.118/3110.78.240.118 – 10.78.240.11910.78.240.119
6110.78.240.120/3110.78.240.120 – 10.78.240.12110.78.240.121
6210.78.240.122/3110.78.240.122 – 10.78.240.12310.78.240.123
6310.78.240.124/3110.78.240.124 – 10.78.240.12510.78.240.125
6410.78.240.126/3110.78.240.126 – 10.78.240.12710.78.240.127
6510.78.240.128/3110.78.240.128 – 10.78.240.12910.78.240.129
6610.78.240.130/3110.78.240.130 – 10.78.240.13110.78.240.131
6710.78.240.132/3110.78.240.132 – 10.78.240.13310.78.240.133
6810.78.240.134/3110.78.240.134 – 10.78.240.13510.78.240.135
6910.78.240.136/3110.78.240.136 – 10.78.240.13710.78.240.137
7010.78.240.138/3110.78.240.138 – 10.78.240.13910.78.240.139
7110.78.240.140/3110.78.240.140 – 10.78.240.14110.78.240.141
7210.78.240.142/3110.78.240.142 – 10.78.240.14310.78.240.143
7310.78.240.144/3110.78.240.144 – 10.78.240.14510.78.240.145
7410.78.240.146/3110.78.240.146 – 10.78.240.14710.78.240.147
7510.78.240.148/3110.78.240.148 – 10.78.240.14910.78.240.149
7610.78.240.150/3110.78.240.150 – 10.78.240.15110.78.240.151
7710.78.240.152/3110.78.240.152 – 10.78.240.15310.78.240.153
7810.78.240.154/3110.78.240.154 – 10.78.240.15510.78.240.155
7910.78.240.156/3110.78.240.156 – 10.78.240.15710.78.240.157
8010.78.240.158/3110.78.240.158 – 10.78.240.15910.78.240.159
8110.78.240.160/3110.78.240.160 – 10.78.240.16110.78.240.161
8210.78.240.162/3110.78.240.162 – 10.78.240.16310.78.240.163
8310.78.240.164/3110.78.240.164 – 10.78.240.16510.78.240.165
8410.78.240.166/3110.78.240.166 – 10.78.240.16710.78.240.167
8510.78.240.168/3110.78.240.168 – 10.78.240.16910.78.240.169
8610.78.240.170/3110.78.240.170 – 10.78.240.17110.78.240.171
8710.78.240.172/3110.78.240.172 – 10.78.240.17310.78.240.173
8810.78.240.174/3110.78.240.174 – 10.78.240.17510.78.240.175
8910.78.240.176/3110.78.240.176 – 10.78.240.17710.78.240.177
9010.78.240.178/3110.78.240.178 – 10.78.240.17910.78.240.179
9110.78.240.180/3110.78.240.180 – 10.78.240.18110.78.240.181
9210.78.240.182/3110.78.240.182 – 10.78.240.18310.78.240.183
9310.78.240.184/3110.78.240.184 – 10.78.240.18510.78.240.185
9410.78.240.186/3110.78.240.186 – 10.78.240.18710.78.240.187
9510.78.240.188/3110.78.240.188 – 10.78.240.18910.78.240.189
9610.78.240.190/3110.78.240.190 – 10.78.240.19110.78.240.191
9710.78.240.192/3110.78.240.192 – 10.78.240.19310.78.240.193
9810.78.240.194/3110.78.240.194 – 10.78.240.19510.78.240.195
9910.78.240.196/3110.78.240.196 – 10.78.240.19710.78.240.197
10010.78.240.198/3110.78.240.198 – 10.78.240.19910.78.240.199
10110.78.240.200/3110.78.240.200 – 10.78.240.20110.78.240.201
10210.78.240.202/3110.78.240.202 – 10.78.240.20310.78.240.203
10310.78.240.204/3110.78.240.204 – 10.78.240.20510.78.240.205
10410.78.240.206/3110.78.240.206 – 10.78.240.20710.78.240.207
10510.78.240.208/3110.78.240.208 – 10.78.240.20910.78.240.209
10610.78.240.210/3110.78.240.210 – 10.78.240.21110.78.240.211
10710.78.240.212/3110.78.240.212 – 10.78.240.21310.78.240.213
10810.78.240.214/3110.78.240.214 – 10.78.240.21510.78.240.215
10910.78.240.216/3110.78.240.216 – 10.78.240.21710.78.240.217
11010.78.240.218/3110.78.240.218 – 10.78.240.21910.78.240.219
11110.78.240.220/3110.78.240.220 – 10.78.240.22110.78.240.221
11210.78.240.222/3110.78.240.222 – 10.78.240.22310.78.240.223
11310.78.240.224/3110.78.240.224 – 10.78.240.22510.78.240.225
11410.78.240.226/3110.78.240.226 – 10.78.240.22710.78.240.227
11510.78.240.228/3110.78.240.228 – 10.78.240.22910.78.240.229
11610.78.240.230/3110.78.240.230 – 10.78.240.23110.78.240.231
11710.78.240.232/3110.78.240.232 – 10.78.240.23310.78.240.233
11810.78.240.234/3110.78.240.234 – 10.78.240.23510.78.240.235
11910.78.240.236/3110.78.240.236 – 10.78.240.23710.78.240.237
12010.78.240.238/3110.78.240.238 – 10.78.240.23910.78.240.239
12110.78.240.240/3110.78.240.240 – 10.78.240.24110.78.240.241
12210.78.240.242/3110.78.240.242 – 10.78.240.24310.78.240.243
12310.78.240.244/3110.78.240.244 – 10.78.240.24510.78.240.245
12410.78.240.246/3110.78.240.246 – 10.78.240.24710.78.240.247
12510.78.240.248/3110.78.240.248 – 10.78.240.24910.78.240.249
12610.78.240.250/3110.78.240.250 – 10.78.240.25110.78.240.251
12710.78.240.252/3110.78.240.252 – 10.78.240.25310.78.240.253
12810.78.240.254/3110.78.240.254 – 10.78.240.25510.78.240.255
12910.78.241.0/3110.78.241.0 – 10.78.241.110.78.241.1
13010.78.241.2/3110.78.241.2 – 10.78.241.310.78.241.3
13110.78.241.4/3110.78.241.4 – 10.78.241.510.78.241.5
13210.78.241.6/3110.78.241.6 – 10.78.241.710.78.241.7
13310.78.241.8/3110.78.241.8 – 10.78.241.910.78.241.9
13410.78.241.10/3110.78.241.10 – 10.78.241.1110.78.241.11
13510.78.241.12/3110.78.241.12 – 10.78.241.1310.78.241.13
13610.78.241.14/3110.78.241.14 – 10.78.241.1510.78.241.15
13710.78.241.16/3110.78.241.16 – 10.78.241.1710.78.241.17
13810.78.241.18/3110.78.241.18 – 10.78.241.1910.78.241.19
13910.78.241.20/3110.78.241.20 – 10.78.241.2110.78.241.21
14010.78.241.22/3110.78.241.22 – 10.78.241.2310.78.241.23
14110.78.241.24/3110.78.241.24 – 10.78.241.2510.78.241.25
14210.78.241.26/3110.78.241.26 – 10.78.241.2710.78.241.27
14310.78.241.28/3110.78.241.28 – 10.78.241.2910.78.241.29
14410.78.241.30/3110.78.241.30 – 10.78.241.3110.78.241.31
14510.78.241.32/3110.78.241.32 – 10.78.241.3310.78.241.33
14610.78.241.34/3110.78.241.34 – 10.78.241.3510.78.241.35
14710.78.241.36/3110.78.241.36 – 10.78.241.3710.78.241.37
14810.78.241.38/3110.78.241.38 – 10.78.241.3910.78.241.39
14910.78.241.40/3110.78.241.40 – 10.78.241.4110.78.241.41
15010.78.241.42/3110.78.241.42 – 10.78.241.4310.78.241.43
15110.78.241.44/3110.78.241.44 – 10.78.241.4510.78.241.45
15210.78.241.46/3110.78.241.46 – 10.78.241.4710.78.241.47
15310.78.241.48/3110.78.241.48 – 10.78.241.4910.78.241.49
15410.78.241.50/3110.78.241.50 – 10.78.241.5110.78.241.51
15510.78.241.52/3110.78.241.52 – 10.78.241.5310.78.241.53
15610.78.241.54/3110.78.241.54 – 10.78.241.5510.78.241.55
15710.78.241.56/3110.78.241.56 – 10.78.241.5710.78.241.57
15810.78.241.58/3110.78.241.58 – 10.78.241.5910.78.241.59
15910.78.241.60/3110.78.241.60 – 10.78.241.6110.78.241.61
16010.78.241.62/3110.78.241.62 – 10.78.241.6310.78.241.63
16110.78.241.64/3110.78.241.64 – 10.78.241.6510.78.241.65
16210.78.241.66/3110.78.241.66 – 10.78.241.6710.78.241.67
16310.78.241.68/3110.78.241.68 – 10.78.241.6910.78.241.69
16410.78.241.70/3110.78.241.70 – 10.78.241.7110.78.241.71
16510.78.241.72/3110.78.241.72 – 10.78.241.7310.78.241.73
16610.78.241.74/3110.78.241.74 – 10.78.241.7510.78.241.75
16710.78.241.76/3110.78.241.76 – 10.78.241.7710.78.241.77
16810.78.241.78/3110.78.241.78 – 10.78.241.7910.78.241.79
16910.78.241.80/3110.78.241.80 – 10.78.241.8110.78.241.81
17010.78.241.82/3110.78.241.82 – 10.78.241.8310.78.241.83
17110.78.241.84/3110.78.241.84 – 10.78.241.8510.78.241.85
17210.78.241.86/3110.78.241.86 – 10.78.241.8710.78.241.87
17310.78.241.88/3110.78.241.88 – 10.78.241.8910.78.241.89
17410.78.241.90/3110.78.241.90 – 10.78.241.9110.78.241.91
17510.78.241.92/3110.78.241.92 – 10.78.241.9310.78.241.93
17610.78.241.94/3110.78.241.94 – 10.78.241.9510.78.241.95
17710.78.241.96/3110.78.241.96 – 10.78.241.9710.78.241.97
17810.78.241.98/3110.78.241.98 – 10.78.241.9910.78.241.99
17910.78.241.100/3110.78.241.100 – 10.78.241.10110.78.241.101
18010.78.241.102/3110.78.241.102 – 10.78.241.10310.78.241.103
18110.78.241.104/3110.78.241.104 – 10.78.241.10510.78.241.105
18210.78.241.106/3110.78.241.106 – 10.78.241.10710.78.241.107
18310.78.241.108/3110.78.241.108 – 10.78.241.10910.78.241.109
18410.78.241.110/3110.78.241.110 – 10.78.241.11110.78.241.111
18510.78.241.112/3110.78.241.112 – 10.78.241.11310.78.241.113
18610.78.241.114/3110.78.241.114 – 10.78.241.11510.78.241.115
18710.78.241.116/3110.78.241.116 – 10.78.241.11710.78.241.117
18810.78.241.118/3110.78.241.118 – 10.78.241.11910.78.241.119
18910.78.241.120/3110.78.241.120 – 10.78.241.12110.78.241.121
19010.78.241.122/3110.78.241.122 – 10.78.241.12310.78.241.123
19110.78.241.124/3110.78.241.124 – 10.78.241.12510.78.241.125
19210.78.241.126/3110.78.241.126 – 10.78.241.12710.78.241.127
19310.78.241.128/3110.78.241.128 – 10.78.241.12910.78.241.129
19410.78.241.130/3110.78.241.130 – 10.78.241.13110.78.241.131
19510.78.241.132/3110.78.241.132 – 10.78.241.13310.78.241.133
19610.78.241.134/3110.78.241.134 – 10.78.241.13510.78.241.135
19710.78.241.136/3110.78.241.136 – 10.78.241.13710.78.241.137
19810.78.241.138/3110.78.241.138 – 10.78.241.13910.78.241.139
19910.78.241.140/3110.78.241.140 – 10.78.241.14110.78.241.141
20010.78.241.142/3110.78.241.142 – 10.78.241.14310.78.241.143
20110.78.241.144/3110.78.241.144 – 10.78.241.14510.78.241.145
20210.78.241.146/3110.78.241.146 – 10.78.241.14710.78.241.147
20310.78.241.148/3110.78.241.148 – 10.78.241.14910.78.241.149
20410.78.241.150/3110.78.241.150 – 10.78.241.15110.78.241.151
20510.78.241.152/3110.78.241.152 – 10.78.241.15310.78.241.153
20610.78.241.154/3110.78.241.154 – 10.78.241.15510.78.241.155
20710.78.241.156/3110.78.241.156 – 10.78.241.15710.78.241.157
20810.78.241.158/3110.78.241.158 – 10.78.241.15910.78.241.159
20910.78.241.160/3110.78.241.160 – 10.78.241.16110.78.241.161
21010.78.241.162/3110.78.241.162 – 10.78.241.16310.78.241.163
21110.78.241.164/3110.78.241.164 – 10.78.241.16510.78.241.165
21210.78.241.166/3110.78.241.166 – 10.78.241.16710.78.241.167
21310.78.241.168/3110.78.241.168 – 10.78.241.16910.78.241.169
21410.78.241.170/3110.78.241.170 – 10.78.241.17110.78.241.171
21510.78.241.172/3110.78.241.172 – 10.78.241.17310.78.241.173
21610.78.241.174/3110.78.241.174 – 10.78.241.17510.78.241.175
21710.78.241.176/3110.78.241.176 – 10.78.241.17710.78.241.177
21810.78.241.178/3110.78.241.178 – 10.78.241.17910.78.241.179
21910.78.241.180/3110.78.241.180 – 10.78.241.18110.78.241.181
22010.78.241.182/3110.78.241.182 – 10.78.241.18310.78.241.183
22110.78.241.184/3110.78.241.184 – 10.78.241.18510.78.241.185
22210.78.241.186/3110.78.241.186 – 10.78.241.18710.78.241.187
22310.78.241.188/3110.78.241.188 – 10.78.241.18910.78.241.189
22410.78.241.190/3110.78.241.190 – 10.78.241.19110.78.241.191
22510.78.241.192/3110.78.241.192 – 10.78.241.19310.78.241.193
22610.78.241.194/3110.78.241.194 – 10.78.241.19510.78.241.195
22710.78.241.196/3110.78.241.196 – 10.78.241.19710.78.241.197
22810.78.241.198/3110.78.241.198 – 10.78.241.19910.78.241.199
22910.78.241.200/3110.78.241.200 – 10.78.241.20110.78.241.201
23010.78.241.202/3110.78.241.202 – 10.78.241.20310.78.241.203
23110.78.241.204/3110.78.241.204 – 10.78.241.20510.78.241.205
23210.78.241.206/3110.78.241.206 – 10.78.241.20710.78.241.207
23310.78.241.208/3110.78.241.208 – 10.78.241.20910.78.241.209
23410.78.241.210/3110.78.241.210 – 10.78.241.21110.78.241.211
23510.78.241.212/3110.78.241.212 – 10.78.241.21310.78.241.213
23610.78.241.214/3110.78.241.214 – 10.78.241.21510.78.241.215
23710.78.241.216/3110.78.241.216 – 10.78.241.21710.78.241.217
23810.78.241.218/3110.78.241.218 – 10.78.241.21910.78.241.219
23910.78.241.220/3110.78.241.220 – 10.78.241.22110.78.241.221
24010.78.241.222/3110.78.241.222 – 10.78.241.22310.78.241.223
24110.78.241.224/3110.78.241.224 – 10.78.241.22510.78.241.225
24210.78.241.226/3110.78.241.226 – 10.78.241.22710.78.241.227
24310.78.241.228/3110.78.241.228 – 10.78.241.22910.78.241.229
24410.78.241.230/3110.78.241.230 – 10.78.241.23110.78.241.231
24510.78.241.232/3110.78.241.232 – 10.78.241.23310.78.241.233
24610.78.241.234/3110.78.241.234 – 10.78.241.23510.78.241.235
24710.78.241.236/3110.78.241.236 – 10.78.241.23710.78.241.237
24810.78.241.238/3110.78.241.238 – 10.78.241.23910.78.241.239
24910.78.241.240/3110.78.241.240 – 10.78.241.24110.78.241.241
25010.78.241.242/3110.78.241.242 – 10.78.241.24310.78.241.243
25110.78.241.244/3110.78.241.244 – 10.78.241.24510.78.241.245
25210.78.241.246/3110.78.241.246 – 10.78.241.24710.78.241.247
25310.78.241.248/3110.78.241.248 – 10.78.241.24910.78.241.249
25410.78.241.250/3110.78.241.250 – 10.78.241.25110.78.241.251
25510.78.241.252/3110.78.241.252 – 10.78.241.25310.78.241.253
25610.78.241.254/3110.78.241.254 – 10.78.241.25510.78.241.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →