ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.232.0/23
network10.78.232.0/23
broadcast10.78.233.255
first host10.78.232.1
last host10.78.233.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.232.0/23
address00001010.01001110.11101000.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.11101000.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.11101001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4ee800
decimal172943360
reverse dns0.232.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:e800

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.232.0/3110.78.232.0 – 10.78.232.110.78.232.1
210.78.232.2/3110.78.232.2 – 10.78.232.310.78.232.3
310.78.232.4/3110.78.232.4 – 10.78.232.510.78.232.5
410.78.232.6/3110.78.232.6 – 10.78.232.710.78.232.7
510.78.232.8/3110.78.232.8 – 10.78.232.910.78.232.9
610.78.232.10/3110.78.232.10 – 10.78.232.1110.78.232.11
710.78.232.12/3110.78.232.12 – 10.78.232.1310.78.232.13
810.78.232.14/3110.78.232.14 – 10.78.232.1510.78.232.15
910.78.232.16/3110.78.232.16 – 10.78.232.1710.78.232.17
1010.78.232.18/3110.78.232.18 – 10.78.232.1910.78.232.19
1110.78.232.20/3110.78.232.20 – 10.78.232.2110.78.232.21
1210.78.232.22/3110.78.232.22 – 10.78.232.2310.78.232.23
1310.78.232.24/3110.78.232.24 – 10.78.232.2510.78.232.25
1410.78.232.26/3110.78.232.26 – 10.78.232.2710.78.232.27
1510.78.232.28/3110.78.232.28 – 10.78.232.2910.78.232.29
1610.78.232.30/3110.78.232.30 – 10.78.232.3110.78.232.31
1710.78.232.32/3110.78.232.32 – 10.78.232.3310.78.232.33
1810.78.232.34/3110.78.232.34 – 10.78.232.3510.78.232.35
1910.78.232.36/3110.78.232.36 – 10.78.232.3710.78.232.37
2010.78.232.38/3110.78.232.38 – 10.78.232.3910.78.232.39
2110.78.232.40/3110.78.232.40 – 10.78.232.4110.78.232.41
2210.78.232.42/3110.78.232.42 – 10.78.232.4310.78.232.43
2310.78.232.44/3110.78.232.44 – 10.78.232.4510.78.232.45
2410.78.232.46/3110.78.232.46 – 10.78.232.4710.78.232.47
2510.78.232.48/3110.78.232.48 – 10.78.232.4910.78.232.49
2610.78.232.50/3110.78.232.50 – 10.78.232.5110.78.232.51
2710.78.232.52/3110.78.232.52 – 10.78.232.5310.78.232.53
2810.78.232.54/3110.78.232.54 – 10.78.232.5510.78.232.55
2910.78.232.56/3110.78.232.56 – 10.78.232.5710.78.232.57
3010.78.232.58/3110.78.232.58 – 10.78.232.5910.78.232.59
3110.78.232.60/3110.78.232.60 – 10.78.232.6110.78.232.61
3210.78.232.62/3110.78.232.62 – 10.78.232.6310.78.232.63
3310.78.232.64/3110.78.232.64 – 10.78.232.6510.78.232.65
3410.78.232.66/3110.78.232.66 – 10.78.232.6710.78.232.67
3510.78.232.68/3110.78.232.68 – 10.78.232.6910.78.232.69
3610.78.232.70/3110.78.232.70 – 10.78.232.7110.78.232.71
3710.78.232.72/3110.78.232.72 – 10.78.232.7310.78.232.73
3810.78.232.74/3110.78.232.74 – 10.78.232.7510.78.232.75
3910.78.232.76/3110.78.232.76 – 10.78.232.7710.78.232.77
4010.78.232.78/3110.78.232.78 – 10.78.232.7910.78.232.79
4110.78.232.80/3110.78.232.80 – 10.78.232.8110.78.232.81
4210.78.232.82/3110.78.232.82 – 10.78.232.8310.78.232.83
4310.78.232.84/3110.78.232.84 – 10.78.232.8510.78.232.85
4410.78.232.86/3110.78.232.86 – 10.78.232.8710.78.232.87
4510.78.232.88/3110.78.232.88 – 10.78.232.8910.78.232.89
4610.78.232.90/3110.78.232.90 – 10.78.232.9110.78.232.91
4710.78.232.92/3110.78.232.92 – 10.78.232.9310.78.232.93
4810.78.232.94/3110.78.232.94 – 10.78.232.9510.78.232.95
4910.78.232.96/3110.78.232.96 – 10.78.232.9710.78.232.97
5010.78.232.98/3110.78.232.98 – 10.78.232.9910.78.232.99
5110.78.232.100/3110.78.232.100 – 10.78.232.10110.78.232.101
5210.78.232.102/3110.78.232.102 – 10.78.232.10310.78.232.103
5310.78.232.104/3110.78.232.104 – 10.78.232.10510.78.232.105
5410.78.232.106/3110.78.232.106 – 10.78.232.10710.78.232.107
5510.78.232.108/3110.78.232.108 – 10.78.232.10910.78.232.109
5610.78.232.110/3110.78.232.110 – 10.78.232.11110.78.232.111
5710.78.232.112/3110.78.232.112 – 10.78.232.11310.78.232.113
5810.78.232.114/3110.78.232.114 – 10.78.232.11510.78.232.115
5910.78.232.116/3110.78.232.116 – 10.78.232.11710.78.232.117
6010.78.232.118/3110.78.232.118 – 10.78.232.11910.78.232.119
6110.78.232.120/3110.78.232.120 – 10.78.232.12110.78.232.121
6210.78.232.122/3110.78.232.122 – 10.78.232.12310.78.232.123
6310.78.232.124/3110.78.232.124 – 10.78.232.12510.78.232.125
6410.78.232.126/3110.78.232.126 – 10.78.232.12710.78.232.127
6510.78.232.128/3110.78.232.128 – 10.78.232.12910.78.232.129
6610.78.232.130/3110.78.232.130 – 10.78.232.13110.78.232.131
6710.78.232.132/3110.78.232.132 – 10.78.232.13310.78.232.133
6810.78.232.134/3110.78.232.134 – 10.78.232.13510.78.232.135
6910.78.232.136/3110.78.232.136 – 10.78.232.13710.78.232.137
7010.78.232.138/3110.78.232.138 – 10.78.232.13910.78.232.139
7110.78.232.140/3110.78.232.140 – 10.78.232.14110.78.232.141
7210.78.232.142/3110.78.232.142 – 10.78.232.14310.78.232.143
7310.78.232.144/3110.78.232.144 – 10.78.232.14510.78.232.145
7410.78.232.146/3110.78.232.146 – 10.78.232.14710.78.232.147
7510.78.232.148/3110.78.232.148 – 10.78.232.14910.78.232.149
7610.78.232.150/3110.78.232.150 – 10.78.232.15110.78.232.151
7710.78.232.152/3110.78.232.152 – 10.78.232.15310.78.232.153
7810.78.232.154/3110.78.232.154 – 10.78.232.15510.78.232.155
7910.78.232.156/3110.78.232.156 – 10.78.232.15710.78.232.157
8010.78.232.158/3110.78.232.158 – 10.78.232.15910.78.232.159
8110.78.232.160/3110.78.232.160 – 10.78.232.16110.78.232.161
8210.78.232.162/3110.78.232.162 – 10.78.232.16310.78.232.163
8310.78.232.164/3110.78.232.164 – 10.78.232.16510.78.232.165
8410.78.232.166/3110.78.232.166 – 10.78.232.16710.78.232.167
8510.78.232.168/3110.78.232.168 – 10.78.232.16910.78.232.169
8610.78.232.170/3110.78.232.170 – 10.78.232.17110.78.232.171
8710.78.232.172/3110.78.232.172 – 10.78.232.17310.78.232.173
8810.78.232.174/3110.78.232.174 – 10.78.232.17510.78.232.175
8910.78.232.176/3110.78.232.176 – 10.78.232.17710.78.232.177
9010.78.232.178/3110.78.232.178 – 10.78.232.17910.78.232.179
9110.78.232.180/3110.78.232.180 – 10.78.232.18110.78.232.181
9210.78.232.182/3110.78.232.182 – 10.78.232.18310.78.232.183
9310.78.232.184/3110.78.232.184 – 10.78.232.18510.78.232.185
9410.78.232.186/3110.78.232.186 – 10.78.232.18710.78.232.187
9510.78.232.188/3110.78.232.188 – 10.78.232.18910.78.232.189
9610.78.232.190/3110.78.232.190 – 10.78.232.19110.78.232.191
9710.78.232.192/3110.78.232.192 – 10.78.232.19310.78.232.193
9810.78.232.194/3110.78.232.194 – 10.78.232.19510.78.232.195
9910.78.232.196/3110.78.232.196 – 10.78.232.19710.78.232.197
10010.78.232.198/3110.78.232.198 – 10.78.232.19910.78.232.199
10110.78.232.200/3110.78.232.200 – 10.78.232.20110.78.232.201
10210.78.232.202/3110.78.232.202 – 10.78.232.20310.78.232.203
10310.78.232.204/3110.78.232.204 – 10.78.232.20510.78.232.205
10410.78.232.206/3110.78.232.206 – 10.78.232.20710.78.232.207
10510.78.232.208/3110.78.232.208 – 10.78.232.20910.78.232.209
10610.78.232.210/3110.78.232.210 – 10.78.232.21110.78.232.211
10710.78.232.212/3110.78.232.212 – 10.78.232.21310.78.232.213
10810.78.232.214/3110.78.232.214 – 10.78.232.21510.78.232.215
10910.78.232.216/3110.78.232.216 – 10.78.232.21710.78.232.217
11010.78.232.218/3110.78.232.218 – 10.78.232.21910.78.232.219
11110.78.232.220/3110.78.232.220 – 10.78.232.22110.78.232.221
11210.78.232.222/3110.78.232.222 – 10.78.232.22310.78.232.223
11310.78.232.224/3110.78.232.224 – 10.78.232.22510.78.232.225
11410.78.232.226/3110.78.232.226 – 10.78.232.22710.78.232.227
11510.78.232.228/3110.78.232.228 – 10.78.232.22910.78.232.229
11610.78.232.230/3110.78.232.230 – 10.78.232.23110.78.232.231
11710.78.232.232/3110.78.232.232 – 10.78.232.23310.78.232.233
11810.78.232.234/3110.78.232.234 – 10.78.232.23510.78.232.235
11910.78.232.236/3110.78.232.236 – 10.78.232.23710.78.232.237
12010.78.232.238/3110.78.232.238 – 10.78.232.23910.78.232.239
12110.78.232.240/3110.78.232.240 – 10.78.232.24110.78.232.241
12210.78.232.242/3110.78.232.242 – 10.78.232.24310.78.232.243
12310.78.232.244/3110.78.232.244 – 10.78.232.24510.78.232.245
12410.78.232.246/3110.78.232.246 – 10.78.232.24710.78.232.247
12510.78.232.248/3110.78.232.248 – 10.78.232.24910.78.232.249
12610.78.232.250/3110.78.232.250 – 10.78.232.25110.78.232.251
12710.78.232.252/3110.78.232.252 – 10.78.232.25310.78.232.253
12810.78.232.254/3110.78.232.254 – 10.78.232.25510.78.232.255
12910.78.233.0/3110.78.233.0 – 10.78.233.110.78.233.1
13010.78.233.2/3110.78.233.2 – 10.78.233.310.78.233.3
13110.78.233.4/3110.78.233.4 – 10.78.233.510.78.233.5
13210.78.233.6/3110.78.233.6 – 10.78.233.710.78.233.7
13310.78.233.8/3110.78.233.8 – 10.78.233.910.78.233.9
13410.78.233.10/3110.78.233.10 – 10.78.233.1110.78.233.11
13510.78.233.12/3110.78.233.12 – 10.78.233.1310.78.233.13
13610.78.233.14/3110.78.233.14 – 10.78.233.1510.78.233.15
13710.78.233.16/3110.78.233.16 – 10.78.233.1710.78.233.17
13810.78.233.18/3110.78.233.18 – 10.78.233.1910.78.233.19
13910.78.233.20/3110.78.233.20 – 10.78.233.2110.78.233.21
14010.78.233.22/3110.78.233.22 – 10.78.233.2310.78.233.23
14110.78.233.24/3110.78.233.24 – 10.78.233.2510.78.233.25
14210.78.233.26/3110.78.233.26 – 10.78.233.2710.78.233.27
14310.78.233.28/3110.78.233.28 – 10.78.233.2910.78.233.29
14410.78.233.30/3110.78.233.30 – 10.78.233.3110.78.233.31
14510.78.233.32/3110.78.233.32 – 10.78.233.3310.78.233.33
14610.78.233.34/3110.78.233.34 – 10.78.233.3510.78.233.35
14710.78.233.36/3110.78.233.36 – 10.78.233.3710.78.233.37
14810.78.233.38/3110.78.233.38 – 10.78.233.3910.78.233.39
14910.78.233.40/3110.78.233.40 – 10.78.233.4110.78.233.41
15010.78.233.42/3110.78.233.42 – 10.78.233.4310.78.233.43
15110.78.233.44/3110.78.233.44 – 10.78.233.4510.78.233.45
15210.78.233.46/3110.78.233.46 – 10.78.233.4710.78.233.47
15310.78.233.48/3110.78.233.48 – 10.78.233.4910.78.233.49
15410.78.233.50/3110.78.233.50 – 10.78.233.5110.78.233.51
15510.78.233.52/3110.78.233.52 – 10.78.233.5310.78.233.53
15610.78.233.54/3110.78.233.54 – 10.78.233.5510.78.233.55
15710.78.233.56/3110.78.233.56 – 10.78.233.5710.78.233.57
15810.78.233.58/3110.78.233.58 – 10.78.233.5910.78.233.59
15910.78.233.60/3110.78.233.60 – 10.78.233.6110.78.233.61
16010.78.233.62/3110.78.233.62 – 10.78.233.6310.78.233.63
16110.78.233.64/3110.78.233.64 – 10.78.233.6510.78.233.65
16210.78.233.66/3110.78.233.66 – 10.78.233.6710.78.233.67
16310.78.233.68/3110.78.233.68 – 10.78.233.6910.78.233.69
16410.78.233.70/3110.78.233.70 – 10.78.233.7110.78.233.71
16510.78.233.72/3110.78.233.72 – 10.78.233.7310.78.233.73
16610.78.233.74/3110.78.233.74 – 10.78.233.7510.78.233.75
16710.78.233.76/3110.78.233.76 – 10.78.233.7710.78.233.77
16810.78.233.78/3110.78.233.78 – 10.78.233.7910.78.233.79
16910.78.233.80/3110.78.233.80 – 10.78.233.8110.78.233.81
17010.78.233.82/3110.78.233.82 – 10.78.233.8310.78.233.83
17110.78.233.84/3110.78.233.84 – 10.78.233.8510.78.233.85
17210.78.233.86/3110.78.233.86 – 10.78.233.8710.78.233.87
17310.78.233.88/3110.78.233.88 – 10.78.233.8910.78.233.89
17410.78.233.90/3110.78.233.90 – 10.78.233.9110.78.233.91
17510.78.233.92/3110.78.233.92 – 10.78.233.9310.78.233.93
17610.78.233.94/3110.78.233.94 – 10.78.233.9510.78.233.95
17710.78.233.96/3110.78.233.96 – 10.78.233.9710.78.233.97
17810.78.233.98/3110.78.233.98 – 10.78.233.9910.78.233.99
17910.78.233.100/3110.78.233.100 – 10.78.233.10110.78.233.101
18010.78.233.102/3110.78.233.102 – 10.78.233.10310.78.233.103
18110.78.233.104/3110.78.233.104 – 10.78.233.10510.78.233.105
18210.78.233.106/3110.78.233.106 – 10.78.233.10710.78.233.107
18310.78.233.108/3110.78.233.108 – 10.78.233.10910.78.233.109
18410.78.233.110/3110.78.233.110 – 10.78.233.11110.78.233.111
18510.78.233.112/3110.78.233.112 – 10.78.233.11310.78.233.113
18610.78.233.114/3110.78.233.114 – 10.78.233.11510.78.233.115
18710.78.233.116/3110.78.233.116 – 10.78.233.11710.78.233.117
18810.78.233.118/3110.78.233.118 – 10.78.233.11910.78.233.119
18910.78.233.120/3110.78.233.120 – 10.78.233.12110.78.233.121
19010.78.233.122/3110.78.233.122 – 10.78.233.12310.78.233.123
19110.78.233.124/3110.78.233.124 – 10.78.233.12510.78.233.125
19210.78.233.126/3110.78.233.126 – 10.78.233.12710.78.233.127
19310.78.233.128/3110.78.233.128 – 10.78.233.12910.78.233.129
19410.78.233.130/3110.78.233.130 – 10.78.233.13110.78.233.131
19510.78.233.132/3110.78.233.132 – 10.78.233.13310.78.233.133
19610.78.233.134/3110.78.233.134 – 10.78.233.13510.78.233.135
19710.78.233.136/3110.78.233.136 – 10.78.233.13710.78.233.137
19810.78.233.138/3110.78.233.138 – 10.78.233.13910.78.233.139
19910.78.233.140/3110.78.233.140 – 10.78.233.14110.78.233.141
20010.78.233.142/3110.78.233.142 – 10.78.233.14310.78.233.143
20110.78.233.144/3110.78.233.144 – 10.78.233.14510.78.233.145
20210.78.233.146/3110.78.233.146 – 10.78.233.14710.78.233.147
20310.78.233.148/3110.78.233.148 – 10.78.233.14910.78.233.149
20410.78.233.150/3110.78.233.150 – 10.78.233.15110.78.233.151
20510.78.233.152/3110.78.233.152 – 10.78.233.15310.78.233.153
20610.78.233.154/3110.78.233.154 – 10.78.233.15510.78.233.155
20710.78.233.156/3110.78.233.156 – 10.78.233.15710.78.233.157
20810.78.233.158/3110.78.233.158 – 10.78.233.15910.78.233.159
20910.78.233.160/3110.78.233.160 – 10.78.233.16110.78.233.161
21010.78.233.162/3110.78.233.162 – 10.78.233.16310.78.233.163
21110.78.233.164/3110.78.233.164 – 10.78.233.16510.78.233.165
21210.78.233.166/3110.78.233.166 – 10.78.233.16710.78.233.167
21310.78.233.168/3110.78.233.168 – 10.78.233.16910.78.233.169
21410.78.233.170/3110.78.233.170 – 10.78.233.17110.78.233.171
21510.78.233.172/3110.78.233.172 – 10.78.233.17310.78.233.173
21610.78.233.174/3110.78.233.174 – 10.78.233.17510.78.233.175
21710.78.233.176/3110.78.233.176 – 10.78.233.17710.78.233.177
21810.78.233.178/3110.78.233.178 – 10.78.233.17910.78.233.179
21910.78.233.180/3110.78.233.180 – 10.78.233.18110.78.233.181
22010.78.233.182/3110.78.233.182 – 10.78.233.18310.78.233.183
22110.78.233.184/3110.78.233.184 – 10.78.233.18510.78.233.185
22210.78.233.186/3110.78.233.186 – 10.78.233.18710.78.233.187
22310.78.233.188/3110.78.233.188 – 10.78.233.18910.78.233.189
22410.78.233.190/3110.78.233.190 – 10.78.233.19110.78.233.191
22510.78.233.192/3110.78.233.192 – 10.78.233.19310.78.233.193
22610.78.233.194/3110.78.233.194 – 10.78.233.19510.78.233.195
22710.78.233.196/3110.78.233.196 – 10.78.233.19710.78.233.197
22810.78.233.198/3110.78.233.198 – 10.78.233.19910.78.233.199
22910.78.233.200/3110.78.233.200 – 10.78.233.20110.78.233.201
23010.78.233.202/3110.78.233.202 – 10.78.233.20310.78.233.203
23110.78.233.204/3110.78.233.204 – 10.78.233.20510.78.233.205
23210.78.233.206/3110.78.233.206 – 10.78.233.20710.78.233.207
23310.78.233.208/3110.78.233.208 – 10.78.233.20910.78.233.209
23410.78.233.210/3110.78.233.210 – 10.78.233.21110.78.233.211
23510.78.233.212/3110.78.233.212 – 10.78.233.21310.78.233.213
23610.78.233.214/3110.78.233.214 – 10.78.233.21510.78.233.215
23710.78.233.216/3110.78.233.216 – 10.78.233.21710.78.233.217
23810.78.233.218/3110.78.233.218 – 10.78.233.21910.78.233.219
23910.78.233.220/3110.78.233.220 – 10.78.233.22110.78.233.221
24010.78.233.222/3110.78.233.222 – 10.78.233.22310.78.233.223
24110.78.233.224/3110.78.233.224 – 10.78.233.22510.78.233.225
24210.78.233.226/3110.78.233.226 – 10.78.233.22710.78.233.227
24310.78.233.228/3110.78.233.228 – 10.78.233.22910.78.233.229
24410.78.233.230/3110.78.233.230 – 10.78.233.23110.78.233.231
24510.78.233.232/3110.78.233.232 – 10.78.233.23310.78.233.233
24610.78.233.234/3110.78.233.234 – 10.78.233.23510.78.233.235
24710.78.233.236/3110.78.233.236 – 10.78.233.23710.78.233.237
24810.78.233.238/3110.78.233.238 – 10.78.233.23910.78.233.239
24910.78.233.240/3110.78.233.240 – 10.78.233.24110.78.233.241
25010.78.233.242/3110.78.233.242 – 10.78.233.24310.78.233.243
25110.78.233.244/3110.78.233.244 – 10.78.233.24510.78.233.245
25210.78.233.246/3110.78.233.246 – 10.78.233.24710.78.233.247
25310.78.233.248/3110.78.233.248 – 10.78.233.24910.78.233.249
25410.78.233.250/3110.78.233.250 – 10.78.233.25110.78.233.251
25510.78.233.252/3110.78.233.252 – 10.78.233.25310.78.233.253
25610.78.233.254/3110.78.233.254 – 10.78.233.25510.78.233.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →