ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.20.0/23
network10.78.20.0/23
broadcast10.78.21.255
first host10.78.20.1
last host10.78.21.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.20.0/23
address00001010.01001110.00010100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00010100.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00010101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e1400
decimal172889088
reverse dns0.20.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:1400

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.20.0/3110.78.20.0 – 10.78.20.110.78.20.1
210.78.20.2/3110.78.20.2 – 10.78.20.310.78.20.3
310.78.20.4/3110.78.20.4 – 10.78.20.510.78.20.5
410.78.20.6/3110.78.20.6 – 10.78.20.710.78.20.7
510.78.20.8/3110.78.20.8 – 10.78.20.910.78.20.9
610.78.20.10/3110.78.20.10 – 10.78.20.1110.78.20.11
710.78.20.12/3110.78.20.12 – 10.78.20.1310.78.20.13
810.78.20.14/3110.78.20.14 – 10.78.20.1510.78.20.15
910.78.20.16/3110.78.20.16 – 10.78.20.1710.78.20.17
1010.78.20.18/3110.78.20.18 – 10.78.20.1910.78.20.19
1110.78.20.20/3110.78.20.20 – 10.78.20.2110.78.20.21
1210.78.20.22/3110.78.20.22 – 10.78.20.2310.78.20.23
1310.78.20.24/3110.78.20.24 – 10.78.20.2510.78.20.25
1410.78.20.26/3110.78.20.26 – 10.78.20.2710.78.20.27
1510.78.20.28/3110.78.20.28 – 10.78.20.2910.78.20.29
1610.78.20.30/3110.78.20.30 – 10.78.20.3110.78.20.31
1710.78.20.32/3110.78.20.32 – 10.78.20.3310.78.20.33
1810.78.20.34/3110.78.20.34 – 10.78.20.3510.78.20.35
1910.78.20.36/3110.78.20.36 – 10.78.20.3710.78.20.37
2010.78.20.38/3110.78.20.38 – 10.78.20.3910.78.20.39
2110.78.20.40/3110.78.20.40 – 10.78.20.4110.78.20.41
2210.78.20.42/3110.78.20.42 – 10.78.20.4310.78.20.43
2310.78.20.44/3110.78.20.44 – 10.78.20.4510.78.20.45
2410.78.20.46/3110.78.20.46 – 10.78.20.4710.78.20.47
2510.78.20.48/3110.78.20.48 – 10.78.20.4910.78.20.49
2610.78.20.50/3110.78.20.50 – 10.78.20.5110.78.20.51
2710.78.20.52/3110.78.20.52 – 10.78.20.5310.78.20.53
2810.78.20.54/3110.78.20.54 – 10.78.20.5510.78.20.55
2910.78.20.56/3110.78.20.56 – 10.78.20.5710.78.20.57
3010.78.20.58/3110.78.20.58 – 10.78.20.5910.78.20.59
3110.78.20.60/3110.78.20.60 – 10.78.20.6110.78.20.61
3210.78.20.62/3110.78.20.62 – 10.78.20.6310.78.20.63
3310.78.20.64/3110.78.20.64 – 10.78.20.6510.78.20.65
3410.78.20.66/3110.78.20.66 – 10.78.20.6710.78.20.67
3510.78.20.68/3110.78.20.68 – 10.78.20.6910.78.20.69
3610.78.20.70/3110.78.20.70 – 10.78.20.7110.78.20.71
3710.78.20.72/3110.78.20.72 – 10.78.20.7310.78.20.73
3810.78.20.74/3110.78.20.74 – 10.78.20.7510.78.20.75
3910.78.20.76/3110.78.20.76 – 10.78.20.7710.78.20.77
4010.78.20.78/3110.78.20.78 – 10.78.20.7910.78.20.79
4110.78.20.80/3110.78.20.80 – 10.78.20.8110.78.20.81
4210.78.20.82/3110.78.20.82 – 10.78.20.8310.78.20.83
4310.78.20.84/3110.78.20.84 – 10.78.20.8510.78.20.85
4410.78.20.86/3110.78.20.86 – 10.78.20.8710.78.20.87
4510.78.20.88/3110.78.20.88 – 10.78.20.8910.78.20.89
4610.78.20.90/3110.78.20.90 – 10.78.20.9110.78.20.91
4710.78.20.92/3110.78.20.92 – 10.78.20.9310.78.20.93
4810.78.20.94/3110.78.20.94 – 10.78.20.9510.78.20.95
4910.78.20.96/3110.78.20.96 – 10.78.20.9710.78.20.97
5010.78.20.98/3110.78.20.98 – 10.78.20.9910.78.20.99
5110.78.20.100/3110.78.20.100 – 10.78.20.10110.78.20.101
5210.78.20.102/3110.78.20.102 – 10.78.20.10310.78.20.103
5310.78.20.104/3110.78.20.104 – 10.78.20.10510.78.20.105
5410.78.20.106/3110.78.20.106 – 10.78.20.10710.78.20.107
5510.78.20.108/3110.78.20.108 – 10.78.20.10910.78.20.109
5610.78.20.110/3110.78.20.110 – 10.78.20.11110.78.20.111
5710.78.20.112/3110.78.20.112 – 10.78.20.11310.78.20.113
5810.78.20.114/3110.78.20.114 – 10.78.20.11510.78.20.115
5910.78.20.116/3110.78.20.116 – 10.78.20.11710.78.20.117
6010.78.20.118/3110.78.20.118 – 10.78.20.11910.78.20.119
6110.78.20.120/3110.78.20.120 – 10.78.20.12110.78.20.121
6210.78.20.122/3110.78.20.122 – 10.78.20.12310.78.20.123
6310.78.20.124/3110.78.20.124 – 10.78.20.12510.78.20.125
6410.78.20.126/3110.78.20.126 – 10.78.20.12710.78.20.127
6510.78.20.128/3110.78.20.128 – 10.78.20.12910.78.20.129
6610.78.20.130/3110.78.20.130 – 10.78.20.13110.78.20.131
6710.78.20.132/3110.78.20.132 – 10.78.20.13310.78.20.133
6810.78.20.134/3110.78.20.134 – 10.78.20.13510.78.20.135
6910.78.20.136/3110.78.20.136 – 10.78.20.13710.78.20.137
7010.78.20.138/3110.78.20.138 – 10.78.20.13910.78.20.139
7110.78.20.140/3110.78.20.140 – 10.78.20.14110.78.20.141
7210.78.20.142/3110.78.20.142 – 10.78.20.14310.78.20.143
7310.78.20.144/3110.78.20.144 – 10.78.20.14510.78.20.145
7410.78.20.146/3110.78.20.146 – 10.78.20.14710.78.20.147
7510.78.20.148/3110.78.20.148 – 10.78.20.14910.78.20.149
7610.78.20.150/3110.78.20.150 – 10.78.20.15110.78.20.151
7710.78.20.152/3110.78.20.152 – 10.78.20.15310.78.20.153
7810.78.20.154/3110.78.20.154 – 10.78.20.15510.78.20.155
7910.78.20.156/3110.78.20.156 – 10.78.20.15710.78.20.157
8010.78.20.158/3110.78.20.158 – 10.78.20.15910.78.20.159
8110.78.20.160/3110.78.20.160 – 10.78.20.16110.78.20.161
8210.78.20.162/3110.78.20.162 – 10.78.20.16310.78.20.163
8310.78.20.164/3110.78.20.164 – 10.78.20.16510.78.20.165
8410.78.20.166/3110.78.20.166 – 10.78.20.16710.78.20.167
8510.78.20.168/3110.78.20.168 – 10.78.20.16910.78.20.169
8610.78.20.170/3110.78.20.170 – 10.78.20.17110.78.20.171
8710.78.20.172/3110.78.20.172 – 10.78.20.17310.78.20.173
8810.78.20.174/3110.78.20.174 – 10.78.20.17510.78.20.175
8910.78.20.176/3110.78.20.176 – 10.78.20.17710.78.20.177
9010.78.20.178/3110.78.20.178 – 10.78.20.17910.78.20.179
9110.78.20.180/3110.78.20.180 – 10.78.20.18110.78.20.181
9210.78.20.182/3110.78.20.182 – 10.78.20.18310.78.20.183
9310.78.20.184/3110.78.20.184 – 10.78.20.18510.78.20.185
9410.78.20.186/3110.78.20.186 – 10.78.20.18710.78.20.187
9510.78.20.188/3110.78.20.188 – 10.78.20.18910.78.20.189
9610.78.20.190/3110.78.20.190 – 10.78.20.19110.78.20.191
9710.78.20.192/3110.78.20.192 – 10.78.20.19310.78.20.193
9810.78.20.194/3110.78.20.194 – 10.78.20.19510.78.20.195
9910.78.20.196/3110.78.20.196 – 10.78.20.19710.78.20.197
10010.78.20.198/3110.78.20.198 – 10.78.20.19910.78.20.199
10110.78.20.200/3110.78.20.200 – 10.78.20.20110.78.20.201
10210.78.20.202/3110.78.20.202 – 10.78.20.20310.78.20.203
10310.78.20.204/3110.78.20.204 – 10.78.20.20510.78.20.205
10410.78.20.206/3110.78.20.206 – 10.78.20.20710.78.20.207
10510.78.20.208/3110.78.20.208 – 10.78.20.20910.78.20.209
10610.78.20.210/3110.78.20.210 – 10.78.20.21110.78.20.211
10710.78.20.212/3110.78.20.212 – 10.78.20.21310.78.20.213
10810.78.20.214/3110.78.20.214 – 10.78.20.21510.78.20.215
10910.78.20.216/3110.78.20.216 – 10.78.20.21710.78.20.217
11010.78.20.218/3110.78.20.218 – 10.78.20.21910.78.20.219
11110.78.20.220/3110.78.20.220 – 10.78.20.22110.78.20.221
11210.78.20.222/3110.78.20.222 – 10.78.20.22310.78.20.223
11310.78.20.224/3110.78.20.224 – 10.78.20.22510.78.20.225
11410.78.20.226/3110.78.20.226 – 10.78.20.22710.78.20.227
11510.78.20.228/3110.78.20.228 – 10.78.20.22910.78.20.229
11610.78.20.230/3110.78.20.230 – 10.78.20.23110.78.20.231
11710.78.20.232/3110.78.20.232 – 10.78.20.23310.78.20.233
11810.78.20.234/3110.78.20.234 – 10.78.20.23510.78.20.235
11910.78.20.236/3110.78.20.236 – 10.78.20.23710.78.20.237
12010.78.20.238/3110.78.20.238 – 10.78.20.23910.78.20.239
12110.78.20.240/3110.78.20.240 – 10.78.20.24110.78.20.241
12210.78.20.242/3110.78.20.242 – 10.78.20.24310.78.20.243
12310.78.20.244/3110.78.20.244 – 10.78.20.24510.78.20.245
12410.78.20.246/3110.78.20.246 – 10.78.20.24710.78.20.247
12510.78.20.248/3110.78.20.248 – 10.78.20.24910.78.20.249
12610.78.20.250/3110.78.20.250 – 10.78.20.25110.78.20.251
12710.78.20.252/3110.78.20.252 – 10.78.20.25310.78.20.253
12810.78.20.254/3110.78.20.254 – 10.78.20.25510.78.20.255
12910.78.21.0/3110.78.21.0 – 10.78.21.110.78.21.1
13010.78.21.2/3110.78.21.2 – 10.78.21.310.78.21.3
13110.78.21.4/3110.78.21.4 – 10.78.21.510.78.21.5
13210.78.21.6/3110.78.21.6 – 10.78.21.710.78.21.7
13310.78.21.8/3110.78.21.8 – 10.78.21.910.78.21.9
13410.78.21.10/3110.78.21.10 – 10.78.21.1110.78.21.11
13510.78.21.12/3110.78.21.12 – 10.78.21.1310.78.21.13
13610.78.21.14/3110.78.21.14 – 10.78.21.1510.78.21.15
13710.78.21.16/3110.78.21.16 – 10.78.21.1710.78.21.17
13810.78.21.18/3110.78.21.18 – 10.78.21.1910.78.21.19
13910.78.21.20/3110.78.21.20 – 10.78.21.2110.78.21.21
14010.78.21.22/3110.78.21.22 – 10.78.21.2310.78.21.23
14110.78.21.24/3110.78.21.24 – 10.78.21.2510.78.21.25
14210.78.21.26/3110.78.21.26 – 10.78.21.2710.78.21.27
14310.78.21.28/3110.78.21.28 – 10.78.21.2910.78.21.29
14410.78.21.30/3110.78.21.30 – 10.78.21.3110.78.21.31
14510.78.21.32/3110.78.21.32 – 10.78.21.3310.78.21.33
14610.78.21.34/3110.78.21.34 – 10.78.21.3510.78.21.35
14710.78.21.36/3110.78.21.36 – 10.78.21.3710.78.21.37
14810.78.21.38/3110.78.21.38 – 10.78.21.3910.78.21.39
14910.78.21.40/3110.78.21.40 – 10.78.21.4110.78.21.41
15010.78.21.42/3110.78.21.42 – 10.78.21.4310.78.21.43
15110.78.21.44/3110.78.21.44 – 10.78.21.4510.78.21.45
15210.78.21.46/3110.78.21.46 – 10.78.21.4710.78.21.47
15310.78.21.48/3110.78.21.48 – 10.78.21.4910.78.21.49
15410.78.21.50/3110.78.21.50 – 10.78.21.5110.78.21.51
15510.78.21.52/3110.78.21.52 – 10.78.21.5310.78.21.53
15610.78.21.54/3110.78.21.54 – 10.78.21.5510.78.21.55
15710.78.21.56/3110.78.21.56 – 10.78.21.5710.78.21.57
15810.78.21.58/3110.78.21.58 – 10.78.21.5910.78.21.59
15910.78.21.60/3110.78.21.60 – 10.78.21.6110.78.21.61
16010.78.21.62/3110.78.21.62 – 10.78.21.6310.78.21.63
16110.78.21.64/3110.78.21.64 – 10.78.21.6510.78.21.65
16210.78.21.66/3110.78.21.66 – 10.78.21.6710.78.21.67
16310.78.21.68/3110.78.21.68 – 10.78.21.6910.78.21.69
16410.78.21.70/3110.78.21.70 – 10.78.21.7110.78.21.71
16510.78.21.72/3110.78.21.72 – 10.78.21.7310.78.21.73
16610.78.21.74/3110.78.21.74 – 10.78.21.7510.78.21.75
16710.78.21.76/3110.78.21.76 – 10.78.21.7710.78.21.77
16810.78.21.78/3110.78.21.78 – 10.78.21.7910.78.21.79
16910.78.21.80/3110.78.21.80 – 10.78.21.8110.78.21.81
17010.78.21.82/3110.78.21.82 – 10.78.21.8310.78.21.83
17110.78.21.84/3110.78.21.84 – 10.78.21.8510.78.21.85
17210.78.21.86/3110.78.21.86 – 10.78.21.8710.78.21.87
17310.78.21.88/3110.78.21.88 – 10.78.21.8910.78.21.89
17410.78.21.90/3110.78.21.90 – 10.78.21.9110.78.21.91
17510.78.21.92/3110.78.21.92 – 10.78.21.9310.78.21.93
17610.78.21.94/3110.78.21.94 – 10.78.21.9510.78.21.95
17710.78.21.96/3110.78.21.96 – 10.78.21.9710.78.21.97
17810.78.21.98/3110.78.21.98 – 10.78.21.9910.78.21.99
17910.78.21.100/3110.78.21.100 – 10.78.21.10110.78.21.101
18010.78.21.102/3110.78.21.102 – 10.78.21.10310.78.21.103
18110.78.21.104/3110.78.21.104 – 10.78.21.10510.78.21.105
18210.78.21.106/3110.78.21.106 – 10.78.21.10710.78.21.107
18310.78.21.108/3110.78.21.108 – 10.78.21.10910.78.21.109
18410.78.21.110/3110.78.21.110 – 10.78.21.11110.78.21.111
18510.78.21.112/3110.78.21.112 – 10.78.21.11310.78.21.113
18610.78.21.114/3110.78.21.114 – 10.78.21.11510.78.21.115
18710.78.21.116/3110.78.21.116 – 10.78.21.11710.78.21.117
18810.78.21.118/3110.78.21.118 – 10.78.21.11910.78.21.119
18910.78.21.120/3110.78.21.120 – 10.78.21.12110.78.21.121
19010.78.21.122/3110.78.21.122 – 10.78.21.12310.78.21.123
19110.78.21.124/3110.78.21.124 – 10.78.21.12510.78.21.125
19210.78.21.126/3110.78.21.126 – 10.78.21.12710.78.21.127
19310.78.21.128/3110.78.21.128 – 10.78.21.12910.78.21.129
19410.78.21.130/3110.78.21.130 – 10.78.21.13110.78.21.131
19510.78.21.132/3110.78.21.132 – 10.78.21.13310.78.21.133
19610.78.21.134/3110.78.21.134 – 10.78.21.13510.78.21.135
19710.78.21.136/3110.78.21.136 – 10.78.21.13710.78.21.137
19810.78.21.138/3110.78.21.138 – 10.78.21.13910.78.21.139
19910.78.21.140/3110.78.21.140 – 10.78.21.14110.78.21.141
20010.78.21.142/3110.78.21.142 – 10.78.21.14310.78.21.143
20110.78.21.144/3110.78.21.144 – 10.78.21.14510.78.21.145
20210.78.21.146/3110.78.21.146 – 10.78.21.14710.78.21.147
20310.78.21.148/3110.78.21.148 – 10.78.21.14910.78.21.149
20410.78.21.150/3110.78.21.150 – 10.78.21.15110.78.21.151
20510.78.21.152/3110.78.21.152 – 10.78.21.15310.78.21.153
20610.78.21.154/3110.78.21.154 – 10.78.21.15510.78.21.155
20710.78.21.156/3110.78.21.156 – 10.78.21.15710.78.21.157
20810.78.21.158/3110.78.21.158 – 10.78.21.15910.78.21.159
20910.78.21.160/3110.78.21.160 – 10.78.21.16110.78.21.161
21010.78.21.162/3110.78.21.162 – 10.78.21.16310.78.21.163
21110.78.21.164/3110.78.21.164 – 10.78.21.16510.78.21.165
21210.78.21.166/3110.78.21.166 – 10.78.21.16710.78.21.167
21310.78.21.168/3110.78.21.168 – 10.78.21.16910.78.21.169
21410.78.21.170/3110.78.21.170 – 10.78.21.17110.78.21.171
21510.78.21.172/3110.78.21.172 – 10.78.21.17310.78.21.173
21610.78.21.174/3110.78.21.174 – 10.78.21.17510.78.21.175
21710.78.21.176/3110.78.21.176 – 10.78.21.17710.78.21.177
21810.78.21.178/3110.78.21.178 – 10.78.21.17910.78.21.179
21910.78.21.180/3110.78.21.180 – 10.78.21.18110.78.21.181
22010.78.21.182/3110.78.21.182 – 10.78.21.18310.78.21.183
22110.78.21.184/3110.78.21.184 – 10.78.21.18510.78.21.185
22210.78.21.186/3110.78.21.186 – 10.78.21.18710.78.21.187
22310.78.21.188/3110.78.21.188 – 10.78.21.18910.78.21.189
22410.78.21.190/3110.78.21.190 – 10.78.21.19110.78.21.191
22510.78.21.192/3110.78.21.192 – 10.78.21.19310.78.21.193
22610.78.21.194/3110.78.21.194 – 10.78.21.19510.78.21.195
22710.78.21.196/3110.78.21.196 – 10.78.21.19710.78.21.197
22810.78.21.198/3110.78.21.198 – 10.78.21.19910.78.21.199
22910.78.21.200/3110.78.21.200 – 10.78.21.20110.78.21.201
23010.78.21.202/3110.78.21.202 – 10.78.21.20310.78.21.203
23110.78.21.204/3110.78.21.204 – 10.78.21.20510.78.21.205
23210.78.21.206/3110.78.21.206 – 10.78.21.20710.78.21.207
23310.78.21.208/3110.78.21.208 – 10.78.21.20910.78.21.209
23410.78.21.210/3110.78.21.210 – 10.78.21.21110.78.21.211
23510.78.21.212/3110.78.21.212 – 10.78.21.21310.78.21.213
23610.78.21.214/3110.78.21.214 – 10.78.21.21510.78.21.215
23710.78.21.216/3110.78.21.216 – 10.78.21.21710.78.21.217
23810.78.21.218/3110.78.21.218 – 10.78.21.21910.78.21.219
23910.78.21.220/3110.78.21.220 – 10.78.21.22110.78.21.221
24010.78.21.222/3110.78.21.222 – 10.78.21.22310.78.21.223
24110.78.21.224/3110.78.21.224 – 10.78.21.22510.78.21.225
24210.78.21.226/3110.78.21.226 – 10.78.21.22710.78.21.227
24310.78.21.228/3110.78.21.228 – 10.78.21.22910.78.21.229
24410.78.21.230/3110.78.21.230 – 10.78.21.23110.78.21.231
24510.78.21.232/3110.78.21.232 – 10.78.21.23310.78.21.233
24610.78.21.234/3110.78.21.234 – 10.78.21.23510.78.21.235
24710.78.21.236/3110.78.21.236 – 10.78.21.23710.78.21.237
24810.78.21.238/3110.78.21.238 – 10.78.21.23910.78.21.239
24910.78.21.240/3110.78.21.240 – 10.78.21.24110.78.21.241
25010.78.21.242/3110.78.21.242 – 10.78.21.24310.78.21.243
25110.78.21.244/3110.78.21.244 – 10.78.21.24510.78.21.245
25210.78.21.246/3110.78.21.246 – 10.78.21.24710.78.21.247
25310.78.21.248/3110.78.21.248 – 10.78.21.24910.78.21.249
25410.78.21.250/3110.78.21.250 – 10.78.21.25110.78.21.251
25510.78.21.252/3110.78.21.252 – 10.78.21.25310.78.21.253
25610.78.21.254/3110.78.21.254 – 10.78.21.25510.78.21.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →