ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.2.0/23
network10.78.2.0/23
broadcast10.78.3.255
first host10.78.2.1
last host10.78.3.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.2.0/23
address00001010.01001110.00000010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.00000010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.00000011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e0200
decimal172884480
reverse dns0.2.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.2.0/3110.78.2.0 – 10.78.2.110.78.2.1
210.78.2.2/3110.78.2.2 – 10.78.2.310.78.2.3
310.78.2.4/3110.78.2.4 – 10.78.2.510.78.2.5
410.78.2.6/3110.78.2.6 – 10.78.2.710.78.2.7
510.78.2.8/3110.78.2.8 – 10.78.2.910.78.2.9
610.78.2.10/3110.78.2.10 – 10.78.2.1110.78.2.11
710.78.2.12/3110.78.2.12 – 10.78.2.1310.78.2.13
810.78.2.14/3110.78.2.14 – 10.78.2.1510.78.2.15
910.78.2.16/3110.78.2.16 – 10.78.2.1710.78.2.17
1010.78.2.18/3110.78.2.18 – 10.78.2.1910.78.2.19
1110.78.2.20/3110.78.2.20 – 10.78.2.2110.78.2.21
1210.78.2.22/3110.78.2.22 – 10.78.2.2310.78.2.23
1310.78.2.24/3110.78.2.24 – 10.78.2.2510.78.2.25
1410.78.2.26/3110.78.2.26 – 10.78.2.2710.78.2.27
1510.78.2.28/3110.78.2.28 – 10.78.2.2910.78.2.29
1610.78.2.30/3110.78.2.30 – 10.78.2.3110.78.2.31
1710.78.2.32/3110.78.2.32 – 10.78.2.3310.78.2.33
1810.78.2.34/3110.78.2.34 – 10.78.2.3510.78.2.35
1910.78.2.36/3110.78.2.36 – 10.78.2.3710.78.2.37
2010.78.2.38/3110.78.2.38 – 10.78.2.3910.78.2.39
2110.78.2.40/3110.78.2.40 – 10.78.2.4110.78.2.41
2210.78.2.42/3110.78.2.42 – 10.78.2.4310.78.2.43
2310.78.2.44/3110.78.2.44 – 10.78.2.4510.78.2.45
2410.78.2.46/3110.78.2.46 – 10.78.2.4710.78.2.47
2510.78.2.48/3110.78.2.48 – 10.78.2.4910.78.2.49
2610.78.2.50/3110.78.2.50 – 10.78.2.5110.78.2.51
2710.78.2.52/3110.78.2.52 – 10.78.2.5310.78.2.53
2810.78.2.54/3110.78.2.54 – 10.78.2.5510.78.2.55
2910.78.2.56/3110.78.2.56 – 10.78.2.5710.78.2.57
3010.78.2.58/3110.78.2.58 – 10.78.2.5910.78.2.59
3110.78.2.60/3110.78.2.60 – 10.78.2.6110.78.2.61
3210.78.2.62/3110.78.2.62 – 10.78.2.6310.78.2.63
3310.78.2.64/3110.78.2.64 – 10.78.2.6510.78.2.65
3410.78.2.66/3110.78.2.66 – 10.78.2.6710.78.2.67
3510.78.2.68/3110.78.2.68 – 10.78.2.6910.78.2.69
3610.78.2.70/3110.78.2.70 – 10.78.2.7110.78.2.71
3710.78.2.72/3110.78.2.72 – 10.78.2.7310.78.2.73
3810.78.2.74/3110.78.2.74 – 10.78.2.7510.78.2.75
3910.78.2.76/3110.78.2.76 – 10.78.2.7710.78.2.77
4010.78.2.78/3110.78.2.78 – 10.78.2.7910.78.2.79
4110.78.2.80/3110.78.2.80 – 10.78.2.8110.78.2.81
4210.78.2.82/3110.78.2.82 – 10.78.2.8310.78.2.83
4310.78.2.84/3110.78.2.84 – 10.78.2.8510.78.2.85
4410.78.2.86/3110.78.2.86 – 10.78.2.8710.78.2.87
4510.78.2.88/3110.78.2.88 – 10.78.2.8910.78.2.89
4610.78.2.90/3110.78.2.90 – 10.78.2.9110.78.2.91
4710.78.2.92/3110.78.2.92 – 10.78.2.9310.78.2.93
4810.78.2.94/3110.78.2.94 – 10.78.2.9510.78.2.95
4910.78.2.96/3110.78.2.96 – 10.78.2.9710.78.2.97
5010.78.2.98/3110.78.2.98 – 10.78.2.9910.78.2.99
5110.78.2.100/3110.78.2.100 – 10.78.2.10110.78.2.101
5210.78.2.102/3110.78.2.102 – 10.78.2.10310.78.2.103
5310.78.2.104/3110.78.2.104 – 10.78.2.10510.78.2.105
5410.78.2.106/3110.78.2.106 – 10.78.2.10710.78.2.107
5510.78.2.108/3110.78.2.108 – 10.78.2.10910.78.2.109
5610.78.2.110/3110.78.2.110 – 10.78.2.11110.78.2.111
5710.78.2.112/3110.78.2.112 – 10.78.2.11310.78.2.113
5810.78.2.114/3110.78.2.114 – 10.78.2.11510.78.2.115
5910.78.2.116/3110.78.2.116 – 10.78.2.11710.78.2.117
6010.78.2.118/3110.78.2.118 – 10.78.2.11910.78.2.119
6110.78.2.120/3110.78.2.120 – 10.78.2.12110.78.2.121
6210.78.2.122/3110.78.2.122 – 10.78.2.12310.78.2.123
6310.78.2.124/3110.78.2.124 – 10.78.2.12510.78.2.125
6410.78.2.126/3110.78.2.126 – 10.78.2.12710.78.2.127
6510.78.2.128/3110.78.2.128 – 10.78.2.12910.78.2.129
6610.78.2.130/3110.78.2.130 – 10.78.2.13110.78.2.131
6710.78.2.132/3110.78.2.132 – 10.78.2.13310.78.2.133
6810.78.2.134/3110.78.2.134 – 10.78.2.13510.78.2.135
6910.78.2.136/3110.78.2.136 – 10.78.2.13710.78.2.137
7010.78.2.138/3110.78.2.138 – 10.78.2.13910.78.2.139
7110.78.2.140/3110.78.2.140 – 10.78.2.14110.78.2.141
7210.78.2.142/3110.78.2.142 – 10.78.2.14310.78.2.143
7310.78.2.144/3110.78.2.144 – 10.78.2.14510.78.2.145
7410.78.2.146/3110.78.2.146 – 10.78.2.14710.78.2.147
7510.78.2.148/3110.78.2.148 – 10.78.2.14910.78.2.149
7610.78.2.150/3110.78.2.150 – 10.78.2.15110.78.2.151
7710.78.2.152/3110.78.2.152 – 10.78.2.15310.78.2.153
7810.78.2.154/3110.78.2.154 – 10.78.2.15510.78.2.155
7910.78.2.156/3110.78.2.156 – 10.78.2.15710.78.2.157
8010.78.2.158/3110.78.2.158 – 10.78.2.15910.78.2.159
8110.78.2.160/3110.78.2.160 – 10.78.2.16110.78.2.161
8210.78.2.162/3110.78.2.162 – 10.78.2.16310.78.2.163
8310.78.2.164/3110.78.2.164 – 10.78.2.16510.78.2.165
8410.78.2.166/3110.78.2.166 – 10.78.2.16710.78.2.167
8510.78.2.168/3110.78.2.168 – 10.78.2.16910.78.2.169
8610.78.2.170/3110.78.2.170 – 10.78.2.17110.78.2.171
8710.78.2.172/3110.78.2.172 – 10.78.2.17310.78.2.173
8810.78.2.174/3110.78.2.174 – 10.78.2.17510.78.2.175
8910.78.2.176/3110.78.2.176 – 10.78.2.17710.78.2.177
9010.78.2.178/3110.78.2.178 – 10.78.2.17910.78.2.179
9110.78.2.180/3110.78.2.180 – 10.78.2.18110.78.2.181
9210.78.2.182/3110.78.2.182 – 10.78.2.18310.78.2.183
9310.78.2.184/3110.78.2.184 – 10.78.2.18510.78.2.185
9410.78.2.186/3110.78.2.186 – 10.78.2.18710.78.2.187
9510.78.2.188/3110.78.2.188 – 10.78.2.18910.78.2.189
9610.78.2.190/3110.78.2.190 – 10.78.2.19110.78.2.191
9710.78.2.192/3110.78.2.192 – 10.78.2.19310.78.2.193
9810.78.2.194/3110.78.2.194 – 10.78.2.19510.78.2.195
9910.78.2.196/3110.78.2.196 – 10.78.2.19710.78.2.197
10010.78.2.198/3110.78.2.198 – 10.78.2.19910.78.2.199
10110.78.2.200/3110.78.2.200 – 10.78.2.20110.78.2.201
10210.78.2.202/3110.78.2.202 – 10.78.2.20310.78.2.203
10310.78.2.204/3110.78.2.204 – 10.78.2.20510.78.2.205
10410.78.2.206/3110.78.2.206 – 10.78.2.20710.78.2.207
10510.78.2.208/3110.78.2.208 – 10.78.2.20910.78.2.209
10610.78.2.210/3110.78.2.210 – 10.78.2.21110.78.2.211
10710.78.2.212/3110.78.2.212 – 10.78.2.21310.78.2.213
10810.78.2.214/3110.78.2.214 – 10.78.2.21510.78.2.215
10910.78.2.216/3110.78.2.216 – 10.78.2.21710.78.2.217
11010.78.2.218/3110.78.2.218 – 10.78.2.21910.78.2.219
11110.78.2.220/3110.78.2.220 – 10.78.2.22110.78.2.221
11210.78.2.222/3110.78.2.222 – 10.78.2.22310.78.2.223
11310.78.2.224/3110.78.2.224 – 10.78.2.22510.78.2.225
11410.78.2.226/3110.78.2.226 – 10.78.2.22710.78.2.227
11510.78.2.228/3110.78.2.228 – 10.78.2.22910.78.2.229
11610.78.2.230/3110.78.2.230 – 10.78.2.23110.78.2.231
11710.78.2.232/3110.78.2.232 – 10.78.2.23310.78.2.233
11810.78.2.234/3110.78.2.234 – 10.78.2.23510.78.2.235
11910.78.2.236/3110.78.2.236 – 10.78.2.23710.78.2.237
12010.78.2.238/3110.78.2.238 – 10.78.2.23910.78.2.239
12110.78.2.240/3110.78.2.240 – 10.78.2.24110.78.2.241
12210.78.2.242/3110.78.2.242 – 10.78.2.24310.78.2.243
12310.78.2.244/3110.78.2.244 – 10.78.2.24510.78.2.245
12410.78.2.246/3110.78.2.246 – 10.78.2.24710.78.2.247
12510.78.2.248/3110.78.2.248 – 10.78.2.24910.78.2.249
12610.78.2.250/3110.78.2.250 – 10.78.2.25110.78.2.251
12710.78.2.252/3110.78.2.252 – 10.78.2.25310.78.2.253
12810.78.2.254/3110.78.2.254 – 10.78.2.25510.78.2.255
12910.78.3.0/3110.78.3.0 – 10.78.3.110.78.3.1
13010.78.3.2/3110.78.3.2 – 10.78.3.310.78.3.3
13110.78.3.4/3110.78.3.4 – 10.78.3.510.78.3.5
13210.78.3.6/3110.78.3.6 – 10.78.3.710.78.3.7
13310.78.3.8/3110.78.3.8 – 10.78.3.910.78.3.9
13410.78.3.10/3110.78.3.10 – 10.78.3.1110.78.3.11
13510.78.3.12/3110.78.3.12 – 10.78.3.1310.78.3.13
13610.78.3.14/3110.78.3.14 – 10.78.3.1510.78.3.15
13710.78.3.16/3110.78.3.16 – 10.78.3.1710.78.3.17
13810.78.3.18/3110.78.3.18 – 10.78.3.1910.78.3.19
13910.78.3.20/3110.78.3.20 – 10.78.3.2110.78.3.21
14010.78.3.22/3110.78.3.22 – 10.78.3.2310.78.3.23
14110.78.3.24/3110.78.3.24 – 10.78.3.2510.78.3.25
14210.78.3.26/3110.78.3.26 – 10.78.3.2710.78.3.27
14310.78.3.28/3110.78.3.28 – 10.78.3.2910.78.3.29
14410.78.3.30/3110.78.3.30 – 10.78.3.3110.78.3.31
14510.78.3.32/3110.78.3.32 – 10.78.3.3310.78.3.33
14610.78.3.34/3110.78.3.34 – 10.78.3.3510.78.3.35
14710.78.3.36/3110.78.3.36 – 10.78.3.3710.78.3.37
14810.78.3.38/3110.78.3.38 – 10.78.3.3910.78.3.39
14910.78.3.40/3110.78.3.40 – 10.78.3.4110.78.3.41
15010.78.3.42/3110.78.3.42 – 10.78.3.4310.78.3.43
15110.78.3.44/3110.78.3.44 – 10.78.3.4510.78.3.45
15210.78.3.46/3110.78.3.46 – 10.78.3.4710.78.3.47
15310.78.3.48/3110.78.3.48 – 10.78.3.4910.78.3.49
15410.78.3.50/3110.78.3.50 – 10.78.3.5110.78.3.51
15510.78.3.52/3110.78.3.52 – 10.78.3.5310.78.3.53
15610.78.3.54/3110.78.3.54 – 10.78.3.5510.78.3.55
15710.78.3.56/3110.78.3.56 – 10.78.3.5710.78.3.57
15810.78.3.58/3110.78.3.58 – 10.78.3.5910.78.3.59
15910.78.3.60/3110.78.3.60 – 10.78.3.6110.78.3.61
16010.78.3.62/3110.78.3.62 – 10.78.3.6310.78.3.63
16110.78.3.64/3110.78.3.64 – 10.78.3.6510.78.3.65
16210.78.3.66/3110.78.3.66 – 10.78.3.6710.78.3.67
16310.78.3.68/3110.78.3.68 – 10.78.3.6910.78.3.69
16410.78.3.70/3110.78.3.70 – 10.78.3.7110.78.3.71
16510.78.3.72/3110.78.3.72 – 10.78.3.7310.78.3.73
16610.78.3.74/3110.78.3.74 – 10.78.3.7510.78.3.75
16710.78.3.76/3110.78.3.76 – 10.78.3.7710.78.3.77
16810.78.3.78/3110.78.3.78 – 10.78.3.7910.78.3.79
16910.78.3.80/3110.78.3.80 – 10.78.3.8110.78.3.81
17010.78.3.82/3110.78.3.82 – 10.78.3.8310.78.3.83
17110.78.3.84/3110.78.3.84 – 10.78.3.8510.78.3.85
17210.78.3.86/3110.78.3.86 – 10.78.3.8710.78.3.87
17310.78.3.88/3110.78.3.88 – 10.78.3.8910.78.3.89
17410.78.3.90/3110.78.3.90 – 10.78.3.9110.78.3.91
17510.78.3.92/3110.78.3.92 – 10.78.3.9310.78.3.93
17610.78.3.94/3110.78.3.94 – 10.78.3.9510.78.3.95
17710.78.3.96/3110.78.3.96 – 10.78.3.9710.78.3.97
17810.78.3.98/3110.78.3.98 – 10.78.3.9910.78.3.99
17910.78.3.100/3110.78.3.100 – 10.78.3.10110.78.3.101
18010.78.3.102/3110.78.3.102 – 10.78.3.10310.78.3.103
18110.78.3.104/3110.78.3.104 – 10.78.3.10510.78.3.105
18210.78.3.106/3110.78.3.106 – 10.78.3.10710.78.3.107
18310.78.3.108/3110.78.3.108 – 10.78.3.10910.78.3.109
18410.78.3.110/3110.78.3.110 – 10.78.3.11110.78.3.111
18510.78.3.112/3110.78.3.112 – 10.78.3.11310.78.3.113
18610.78.3.114/3110.78.3.114 – 10.78.3.11510.78.3.115
18710.78.3.116/3110.78.3.116 – 10.78.3.11710.78.3.117
18810.78.3.118/3110.78.3.118 – 10.78.3.11910.78.3.119
18910.78.3.120/3110.78.3.120 – 10.78.3.12110.78.3.121
19010.78.3.122/3110.78.3.122 – 10.78.3.12310.78.3.123
19110.78.3.124/3110.78.3.124 – 10.78.3.12510.78.3.125
19210.78.3.126/3110.78.3.126 – 10.78.3.12710.78.3.127
19310.78.3.128/3110.78.3.128 – 10.78.3.12910.78.3.129
19410.78.3.130/3110.78.3.130 – 10.78.3.13110.78.3.131
19510.78.3.132/3110.78.3.132 – 10.78.3.13310.78.3.133
19610.78.3.134/3110.78.3.134 – 10.78.3.13510.78.3.135
19710.78.3.136/3110.78.3.136 – 10.78.3.13710.78.3.137
19810.78.3.138/3110.78.3.138 – 10.78.3.13910.78.3.139
19910.78.3.140/3110.78.3.140 – 10.78.3.14110.78.3.141
20010.78.3.142/3110.78.3.142 – 10.78.3.14310.78.3.143
20110.78.3.144/3110.78.3.144 – 10.78.3.14510.78.3.145
20210.78.3.146/3110.78.3.146 – 10.78.3.14710.78.3.147
20310.78.3.148/3110.78.3.148 – 10.78.3.14910.78.3.149
20410.78.3.150/3110.78.3.150 – 10.78.3.15110.78.3.151
20510.78.3.152/3110.78.3.152 – 10.78.3.15310.78.3.153
20610.78.3.154/3110.78.3.154 – 10.78.3.15510.78.3.155
20710.78.3.156/3110.78.3.156 – 10.78.3.15710.78.3.157
20810.78.3.158/3110.78.3.158 – 10.78.3.15910.78.3.159
20910.78.3.160/3110.78.3.160 – 10.78.3.16110.78.3.161
21010.78.3.162/3110.78.3.162 – 10.78.3.16310.78.3.163
21110.78.3.164/3110.78.3.164 – 10.78.3.16510.78.3.165
21210.78.3.166/3110.78.3.166 – 10.78.3.16710.78.3.167
21310.78.3.168/3110.78.3.168 – 10.78.3.16910.78.3.169
21410.78.3.170/3110.78.3.170 – 10.78.3.17110.78.3.171
21510.78.3.172/3110.78.3.172 – 10.78.3.17310.78.3.173
21610.78.3.174/3110.78.3.174 – 10.78.3.17510.78.3.175
21710.78.3.176/3110.78.3.176 – 10.78.3.17710.78.3.177
21810.78.3.178/3110.78.3.178 – 10.78.3.17910.78.3.179
21910.78.3.180/3110.78.3.180 – 10.78.3.18110.78.3.181
22010.78.3.182/3110.78.3.182 – 10.78.3.18310.78.3.183
22110.78.3.184/3110.78.3.184 – 10.78.3.18510.78.3.185
22210.78.3.186/3110.78.3.186 – 10.78.3.18710.78.3.187
22310.78.3.188/3110.78.3.188 – 10.78.3.18910.78.3.189
22410.78.3.190/3110.78.3.190 – 10.78.3.19110.78.3.191
22510.78.3.192/3110.78.3.192 – 10.78.3.19310.78.3.193
22610.78.3.194/3110.78.3.194 – 10.78.3.19510.78.3.195
22710.78.3.196/3110.78.3.196 – 10.78.3.19710.78.3.197
22810.78.3.198/3110.78.3.198 – 10.78.3.19910.78.3.199
22910.78.3.200/3110.78.3.200 – 10.78.3.20110.78.3.201
23010.78.3.202/3110.78.3.202 – 10.78.3.20310.78.3.203
23110.78.3.204/3110.78.3.204 – 10.78.3.20510.78.3.205
23210.78.3.206/3110.78.3.206 – 10.78.3.20710.78.3.207
23310.78.3.208/3110.78.3.208 – 10.78.3.20910.78.3.209
23410.78.3.210/3110.78.3.210 – 10.78.3.21110.78.3.211
23510.78.3.212/3110.78.3.212 – 10.78.3.21310.78.3.213
23610.78.3.214/3110.78.3.214 – 10.78.3.21510.78.3.215
23710.78.3.216/3110.78.3.216 – 10.78.3.21710.78.3.217
23810.78.3.218/3110.78.3.218 – 10.78.3.21910.78.3.219
23910.78.3.220/3110.78.3.220 – 10.78.3.22110.78.3.221
24010.78.3.222/3110.78.3.222 – 10.78.3.22310.78.3.223
24110.78.3.224/3110.78.3.224 – 10.78.3.22510.78.3.225
24210.78.3.226/3110.78.3.226 – 10.78.3.22710.78.3.227
24310.78.3.228/3110.78.3.228 – 10.78.3.22910.78.3.229
24410.78.3.230/3110.78.3.230 – 10.78.3.23110.78.3.231
24510.78.3.232/3110.78.3.232 – 10.78.3.23310.78.3.233
24610.78.3.234/3110.78.3.234 – 10.78.3.23510.78.3.235
24710.78.3.236/3110.78.3.236 – 10.78.3.23710.78.3.237
24810.78.3.238/3110.78.3.238 – 10.78.3.23910.78.3.239
24910.78.3.240/3110.78.3.240 – 10.78.3.24110.78.3.241
25010.78.3.242/3110.78.3.242 – 10.78.3.24310.78.3.243
25110.78.3.244/3110.78.3.244 – 10.78.3.24510.78.3.245
25210.78.3.246/3110.78.3.246 – 10.78.3.24710.78.3.247
25310.78.3.248/3110.78.3.248 – 10.78.3.24910.78.3.249
25410.78.3.250/3110.78.3.250 – 10.78.3.25110.78.3.251
25510.78.3.252/3110.78.3.252 – 10.78.3.25310.78.3.253
25610.78.3.254/3110.78.3.254 – 10.78.3.25510.78.3.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →