ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.180.0/23
network10.78.180.0/23
broadcast10.78.181.255
first host10.78.180.1
last host10.78.181.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.180.0/23
address00001010.01001110.10110100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.10110100.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.10110101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4eb400
decimal172930048
reverse dns0.180.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:b400

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.180.0/3110.78.180.0 – 10.78.180.110.78.180.1
210.78.180.2/3110.78.180.2 – 10.78.180.310.78.180.3
310.78.180.4/3110.78.180.4 – 10.78.180.510.78.180.5
410.78.180.6/3110.78.180.6 – 10.78.180.710.78.180.7
510.78.180.8/3110.78.180.8 – 10.78.180.910.78.180.9
610.78.180.10/3110.78.180.10 – 10.78.180.1110.78.180.11
710.78.180.12/3110.78.180.12 – 10.78.180.1310.78.180.13
810.78.180.14/3110.78.180.14 – 10.78.180.1510.78.180.15
910.78.180.16/3110.78.180.16 – 10.78.180.1710.78.180.17
1010.78.180.18/3110.78.180.18 – 10.78.180.1910.78.180.19
1110.78.180.20/3110.78.180.20 – 10.78.180.2110.78.180.21
1210.78.180.22/3110.78.180.22 – 10.78.180.2310.78.180.23
1310.78.180.24/3110.78.180.24 – 10.78.180.2510.78.180.25
1410.78.180.26/3110.78.180.26 – 10.78.180.2710.78.180.27
1510.78.180.28/3110.78.180.28 – 10.78.180.2910.78.180.29
1610.78.180.30/3110.78.180.30 – 10.78.180.3110.78.180.31
1710.78.180.32/3110.78.180.32 – 10.78.180.3310.78.180.33
1810.78.180.34/3110.78.180.34 – 10.78.180.3510.78.180.35
1910.78.180.36/3110.78.180.36 – 10.78.180.3710.78.180.37
2010.78.180.38/3110.78.180.38 – 10.78.180.3910.78.180.39
2110.78.180.40/3110.78.180.40 – 10.78.180.4110.78.180.41
2210.78.180.42/3110.78.180.42 – 10.78.180.4310.78.180.43
2310.78.180.44/3110.78.180.44 – 10.78.180.4510.78.180.45
2410.78.180.46/3110.78.180.46 – 10.78.180.4710.78.180.47
2510.78.180.48/3110.78.180.48 – 10.78.180.4910.78.180.49
2610.78.180.50/3110.78.180.50 – 10.78.180.5110.78.180.51
2710.78.180.52/3110.78.180.52 – 10.78.180.5310.78.180.53
2810.78.180.54/3110.78.180.54 – 10.78.180.5510.78.180.55
2910.78.180.56/3110.78.180.56 – 10.78.180.5710.78.180.57
3010.78.180.58/3110.78.180.58 – 10.78.180.5910.78.180.59
3110.78.180.60/3110.78.180.60 – 10.78.180.6110.78.180.61
3210.78.180.62/3110.78.180.62 – 10.78.180.6310.78.180.63
3310.78.180.64/3110.78.180.64 – 10.78.180.6510.78.180.65
3410.78.180.66/3110.78.180.66 – 10.78.180.6710.78.180.67
3510.78.180.68/3110.78.180.68 – 10.78.180.6910.78.180.69
3610.78.180.70/3110.78.180.70 – 10.78.180.7110.78.180.71
3710.78.180.72/3110.78.180.72 – 10.78.180.7310.78.180.73
3810.78.180.74/3110.78.180.74 – 10.78.180.7510.78.180.75
3910.78.180.76/3110.78.180.76 – 10.78.180.7710.78.180.77
4010.78.180.78/3110.78.180.78 – 10.78.180.7910.78.180.79
4110.78.180.80/3110.78.180.80 – 10.78.180.8110.78.180.81
4210.78.180.82/3110.78.180.82 – 10.78.180.8310.78.180.83
4310.78.180.84/3110.78.180.84 – 10.78.180.8510.78.180.85
4410.78.180.86/3110.78.180.86 – 10.78.180.8710.78.180.87
4510.78.180.88/3110.78.180.88 – 10.78.180.8910.78.180.89
4610.78.180.90/3110.78.180.90 – 10.78.180.9110.78.180.91
4710.78.180.92/3110.78.180.92 – 10.78.180.9310.78.180.93
4810.78.180.94/3110.78.180.94 – 10.78.180.9510.78.180.95
4910.78.180.96/3110.78.180.96 – 10.78.180.9710.78.180.97
5010.78.180.98/3110.78.180.98 – 10.78.180.9910.78.180.99
5110.78.180.100/3110.78.180.100 – 10.78.180.10110.78.180.101
5210.78.180.102/3110.78.180.102 – 10.78.180.10310.78.180.103
5310.78.180.104/3110.78.180.104 – 10.78.180.10510.78.180.105
5410.78.180.106/3110.78.180.106 – 10.78.180.10710.78.180.107
5510.78.180.108/3110.78.180.108 – 10.78.180.10910.78.180.109
5610.78.180.110/3110.78.180.110 – 10.78.180.11110.78.180.111
5710.78.180.112/3110.78.180.112 – 10.78.180.11310.78.180.113
5810.78.180.114/3110.78.180.114 – 10.78.180.11510.78.180.115
5910.78.180.116/3110.78.180.116 – 10.78.180.11710.78.180.117
6010.78.180.118/3110.78.180.118 – 10.78.180.11910.78.180.119
6110.78.180.120/3110.78.180.120 – 10.78.180.12110.78.180.121
6210.78.180.122/3110.78.180.122 – 10.78.180.12310.78.180.123
6310.78.180.124/3110.78.180.124 – 10.78.180.12510.78.180.125
6410.78.180.126/3110.78.180.126 – 10.78.180.12710.78.180.127
6510.78.180.128/3110.78.180.128 – 10.78.180.12910.78.180.129
6610.78.180.130/3110.78.180.130 – 10.78.180.13110.78.180.131
6710.78.180.132/3110.78.180.132 – 10.78.180.13310.78.180.133
6810.78.180.134/3110.78.180.134 – 10.78.180.13510.78.180.135
6910.78.180.136/3110.78.180.136 – 10.78.180.13710.78.180.137
7010.78.180.138/3110.78.180.138 – 10.78.180.13910.78.180.139
7110.78.180.140/3110.78.180.140 – 10.78.180.14110.78.180.141
7210.78.180.142/3110.78.180.142 – 10.78.180.14310.78.180.143
7310.78.180.144/3110.78.180.144 – 10.78.180.14510.78.180.145
7410.78.180.146/3110.78.180.146 – 10.78.180.14710.78.180.147
7510.78.180.148/3110.78.180.148 – 10.78.180.14910.78.180.149
7610.78.180.150/3110.78.180.150 – 10.78.180.15110.78.180.151
7710.78.180.152/3110.78.180.152 – 10.78.180.15310.78.180.153
7810.78.180.154/3110.78.180.154 – 10.78.180.15510.78.180.155
7910.78.180.156/3110.78.180.156 – 10.78.180.15710.78.180.157
8010.78.180.158/3110.78.180.158 – 10.78.180.15910.78.180.159
8110.78.180.160/3110.78.180.160 – 10.78.180.16110.78.180.161
8210.78.180.162/3110.78.180.162 – 10.78.180.16310.78.180.163
8310.78.180.164/3110.78.180.164 – 10.78.180.16510.78.180.165
8410.78.180.166/3110.78.180.166 – 10.78.180.16710.78.180.167
8510.78.180.168/3110.78.180.168 – 10.78.180.16910.78.180.169
8610.78.180.170/3110.78.180.170 – 10.78.180.17110.78.180.171
8710.78.180.172/3110.78.180.172 – 10.78.180.17310.78.180.173
8810.78.180.174/3110.78.180.174 – 10.78.180.17510.78.180.175
8910.78.180.176/3110.78.180.176 – 10.78.180.17710.78.180.177
9010.78.180.178/3110.78.180.178 – 10.78.180.17910.78.180.179
9110.78.180.180/3110.78.180.180 – 10.78.180.18110.78.180.181
9210.78.180.182/3110.78.180.182 – 10.78.180.18310.78.180.183
9310.78.180.184/3110.78.180.184 – 10.78.180.18510.78.180.185
9410.78.180.186/3110.78.180.186 – 10.78.180.18710.78.180.187
9510.78.180.188/3110.78.180.188 – 10.78.180.18910.78.180.189
9610.78.180.190/3110.78.180.190 – 10.78.180.19110.78.180.191
9710.78.180.192/3110.78.180.192 – 10.78.180.19310.78.180.193
9810.78.180.194/3110.78.180.194 – 10.78.180.19510.78.180.195
9910.78.180.196/3110.78.180.196 – 10.78.180.19710.78.180.197
10010.78.180.198/3110.78.180.198 – 10.78.180.19910.78.180.199
10110.78.180.200/3110.78.180.200 – 10.78.180.20110.78.180.201
10210.78.180.202/3110.78.180.202 – 10.78.180.20310.78.180.203
10310.78.180.204/3110.78.180.204 – 10.78.180.20510.78.180.205
10410.78.180.206/3110.78.180.206 – 10.78.180.20710.78.180.207
10510.78.180.208/3110.78.180.208 – 10.78.180.20910.78.180.209
10610.78.180.210/3110.78.180.210 – 10.78.180.21110.78.180.211
10710.78.180.212/3110.78.180.212 – 10.78.180.21310.78.180.213
10810.78.180.214/3110.78.180.214 – 10.78.180.21510.78.180.215
10910.78.180.216/3110.78.180.216 – 10.78.180.21710.78.180.217
11010.78.180.218/3110.78.180.218 – 10.78.180.21910.78.180.219
11110.78.180.220/3110.78.180.220 – 10.78.180.22110.78.180.221
11210.78.180.222/3110.78.180.222 – 10.78.180.22310.78.180.223
11310.78.180.224/3110.78.180.224 – 10.78.180.22510.78.180.225
11410.78.180.226/3110.78.180.226 – 10.78.180.22710.78.180.227
11510.78.180.228/3110.78.180.228 – 10.78.180.22910.78.180.229
11610.78.180.230/3110.78.180.230 – 10.78.180.23110.78.180.231
11710.78.180.232/3110.78.180.232 – 10.78.180.23310.78.180.233
11810.78.180.234/3110.78.180.234 – 10.78.180.23510.78.180.235
11910.78.180.236/3110.78.180.236 – 10.78.180.23710.78.180.237
12010.78.180.238/3110.78.180.238 – 10.78.180.23910.78.180.239
12110.78.180.240/3110.78.180.240 – 10.78.180.24110.78.180.241
12210.78.180.242/3110.78.180.242 – 10.78.180.24310.78.180.243
12310.78.180.244/3110.78.180.244 – 10.78.180.24510.78.180.245
12410.78.180.246/3110.78.180.246 – 10.78.180.24710.78.180.247
12510.78.180.248/3110.78.180.248 – 10.78.180.24910.78.180.249
12610.78.180.250/3110.78.180.250 – 10.78.180.25110.78.180.251
12710.78.180.252/3110.78.180.252 – 10.78.180.25310.78.180.253
12810.78.180.254/3110.78.180.254 – 10.78.180.25510.78.180.255
12910.78.181.0/3110.78.181.0 – 10.78.181.110.78.181.1
13010.78.181.2/3110.78.181.2 – 10.78.181.310.78.181.3
13110.78.181.4/3110.78.181.4 – 10.78.181.510.78.181.5
13210.78.181.6/3110.78.181.6 – 10.78.181.710.78.181.7
13310.78.181.8/3110.78.181.8 – 10.78.181.910.78.181.9
13410.78.181.10/3110.78.181.10 – 10.78.181.1110.78.181.11
13510.78.181.12/3110.78.181.12 – 10.78.181.1310.78.181.13
13610.78.181.14/3110.78.181.14 – 10.78.181.1510.78.181.15
13710.78.181.16/3110.78.181.16 – 10.78.181.1710.78.181.17
13810.78.181.18/3110.78.181.18 – 10.78.181.1910.78.181.19
13910.78.181.20/3110.78.181.20 – 10.78.181.2110.78.181.21
14010.78.181.22/3110.78.181.22 – 10.78.181.2310.78.181.23
14110.78.181.24/3110.78.181.24 – 10.78.181.2510.78.181.25
14210.78.181.26/3110.78.181.26 – 10.78.181.2710.78.181.27
14310.78.181.28/3110.78.181.28 – 10.78.181.2910.78.181.29
14410.78.181.30/3110.78.181.30 – 10.78.181.3110.78.181.31
14510.78.181.32/3110.78.181.32 – 10.78.181.3310.78.181.33
14610.78.181.34/3110.78.181.34 – 10.78.181.3510.78.181.35
14710.78.181.36/3110.78.181.36 – 10.78.181.3710.78.181.37
14810.78.181.38/3110.78.181.38 – 10.78.181.3910.78.181.39
14910.78.181.40/3110.78.181.40 – 10.78.181.4110.78.181.41
15010.78.181.42/3110.78.181.42 – 10.78.181.4310.78.181.43
15110.78.181.44/3110.78.181.44 – 10.78.181.4510.78.181.45
15210.78.181.46/3110.78.181.46 – 10.78.181.4710.78.181.47
15310.78.181.48/3110.78.181.48 – 10.78.181.4910.78.181.49
15410.78.181.50/3110.78.181.50 – 10.78.181.5110.78.181.51
15510.78.181.52/3110.78.181.52 – 10.78.181.5310.78.181.53
15610.78.181.54/3110.78.181.54 – 10.78.181.5510.78.181.55
15710.78.181.56/3110.78.181.56 – 10.78.181.5710.78.181.57
15810.78.181.58/3110.78.181.58 – 10.78.181.5910.78.181.59
15910.78.181.60/3110.78.181.60 – 10.78.181.6110.78.181.61
16010.78.181.62/3110.78.181.62 – 10.78.181.6310.78.181.63
16110.78.181.64/3110.78.181.64 – 10.78.181.6510.78.181.65
16210.78.181.66/3110.78.181.66 – 10.78.181.6710.78.181.67
16310.78.181.68/3110.78.181.68 – 10.78.181.6910.78.181.69
16410.78.181.70/3110.78.181.70 – 10.78.181.7110.78.181.71
16510.78.181.72/3110.78.181.72 – 10.78.181.7310.78.181.73
16610.78.181.74/3110.78.181.74 – 10.78.181.7510.78.181.75
16710.78.181.76/3110.78.181.76 – 10.78.181.7710.78.181.77
16810.78.181.78/3110.78.181.78 – 10.78.181.7910.78.181.79
16910.78.181.80/3110.78.181.80 – 10.78.181.8110.78.181.81
17010.78.181.82/3110.78.181.82 – 10.78.181.8310.78.181.83
17110.78.181.84/3110.78.181.84 – 10.78.181.8510.78.181.85
17210.78.181.86/3110.78.181.86 – 10.78.181.8710.78.181.87
17310.78.181.88/3110.78.181.88 – 10.78.181.8910.78.181.89
17410.78.181.90/3110.78.181.90 – 10.78.181.9110.78.181.91
17510.78.181.92/3110.78.181.92 – 10.78.181.9310.78.181.93
17610.78.181.94/3110.78.181.94 – 10.78.181.9510.78.181.95
17710.78.181.96/3110.78.181.96 – 10.78.181.9710.78.181.97
17810.78.181.98/3110.78.181.98 – 10.78.181.9910.78.181.99
17910.78.181.100/3110.78.181.100 – 10.78.181.10110.78.181.101
18010.78.181.102/3110.78.181.102 – 10.78.181.10310.78.181.103
18110.78.181.104/3110.78.181.104 – 10.78.181.10510.78.181.105
18210.78.181.106/3110.78.181.106 – 10.78.181.10710.78.181.107
18310.78.181.108/3110.78.181.108 – 10.78.181.10910.78.181.109
18410.78.181.110/3110.78.181.110 – 10.78.181.11110.78.181.111
18510.78.181.112/3110.78.181.112 – 10.78.181.11310.78.181.113
18610.78.181.114/3110.78.181.114 – 10.78.181.11510.78.181.115
18710.78.181.116/3110.78.181.116 – 10.78.181.11710.78.181.117
18810.78.181.118/3110.78.181.118 – 10.78.181.11910.78.181.119
18910.78.181.120/3110.78.181.120 – 10.78.181.12110.78.181.121
19010.78.181.122/3110.78.181.122 – 10.78.181.12310.78.181.123
19110.78.181.124/3110.78.181.124 – 10.78.181.12510.78.181.125
19210.78.181.126/3110.78.181.126 – 10.78.181.12710.78.181.127
19310.78.181.128/3110.78.181.128 – 10.78.181.12910.78.181.129
19410.78.181.130/3110.78.181.130 – 10.78.181.13110.78.181.131
19510.78.181.132/3110.78.181.132 – 10.78.181.13310.78.181.133
19610.78.181.134/3110.78.181.134 – 10.78.181.13510.78.181.135
19710.78.181.136/3110.78.181.136 – 10.78.181.13710.78.181.137
19810.78.181.138/3110.78.181.138 – 10.78.181.13910.78.181.139
19910.78.181.140/3110.78.181.140 – 10.78.181.14110.78.181.141
20010.78.181.142/3110.78.181.142 – 10.78.181.14310.78.181.143
20110.78.181.144/3110.78.181.144 – 10.78.181.14510.78.181.145
20210.78.181.146/3110.78.181.146 – 10.78.181.14710.78.181.147
20310.78.181.148/3110.78.181.148 – 10.78.181.14910.78.181.149
20410.78.181.150/3110.78.181.150 – 10.78.181.15110.78.181.151
20510.78.181.152/3110.78.181.152 – 10.78.181.15310.78.181.153
20610.78.181.154/3110.78.181.154 – 10.78.181.15510.78.181.155
20710.78.181.156/3110.78.181.156 – 10.78.181.15710.78.181.157
20810.78.181.158/3110.78.181.158 – 10.78.181.15910.78.181.159
20910.78.181.160/3110.78.181.160 – 10.78.181.16110.78.181.161
21010.78.181.162/3110.78.181.162 – 10.78.181.16310.78.181.163
21110.78.181.164/3110.78.181.164 – 10.78.181.16510.78.181.165
21210.78.181.166/3110.78.181.166 – 10.78.181.16710.78.181.167
21310.78.181.168/3110.78.181.168 – 10.78.181.16910.78.181.169
21410.78.181.170/3110.78.181.170 – 10.78.181.17110.78.181.171
21510.78.181.172/3110.78.181.172 – 10.78.181.17310.78.181.173
21610.78.181.174/3110.78.181.174 – 10.78.181.17510.78.181.175
21710.78.181.176/3110.78.181.176 – 10.78.181.17710.78.181.177
21810.78.181.178/3110.78.181.178 – 10.78.181.17910.78.181.179
21910.78.181.180/3110.78.181.180 – 10.78.181.18110.78.181.181
22010.78.181.182/3110.78.181.182 – 10.78.181.18310.78.181.183
22110.78.181.184/3110.78.181.184 – 10.78.181.18510.78.181.185
22210.78.181.186/3110.78.181.186 – 10.78.181.18710.78.181.187
22310.78.181.188/3110.78.181.188 – 10.78.181.18910.78.181.189
22410.78.181.190/3110.78.181.190 – 10.78.181.19110.78.181.191
22510.78.181.192/3110.78.181.192 – 10.78.181.19310.78.181.193
22610.78.181.194/3110.78.181.194 – 10.78.181.19510.78.181.195
22710.78.181.196/3110.78.181.196 – 10.78.181.19710.78.181.197
22810.78.181.198/3110.78.181.198 – 10.78.181.19910.78.181.199
22910.78.181.200/3110.78.181.200 – 10.78.181.20110.78.181.201
23010.78.181.202/3110.78.181.202 – 10.78.181.20310.78.181.203
23110.78.181.204/3110.78.181.204 – 10.78.181.20510.78.181.205
23210.78.181.206/3110.78.181.206 – 10.78.181.20710.78.181.207
23310.78.181.208/3110.78.181.208 – 10.78.181.20910.78.181.209
23410.78.181.210/3110.78.181.210 – 10.78.181.21110.78.181.211
23510.78.181.212/3110.78.181.212 – 10.78.181.21310.78.181.213
23610.78.181.214/3110.78.181.214 – 10.78.181.21510.78.181.215
23710.78.181.216/3110.78.181.216 – 10.78.181.21710.78.181.217
23810.78.181.218/3110.78.181.218 – 10.78.181.21910.78.181.219
23910.78.181.220/3110.78.181.220 – 10.78.181.22110.78.181.221
24010.78.181.222/3110.78.181.222 – 10.78.181.22310.78.181.223
24110.78.181.224/3110.78.181.224 – 10.78.181.22510.78.181.225
24210.78.181.226/3110.78.181.226 – 10.78.181.22710.78.181.227
24310.78.181.228/3110.78.181.228 – 10.78.181.22910.78.181.229
24410.78.181.230/3110.78.181.230 – 10.78.181.23110.78.181.231
24510.78.181.232/3110.78.181.232 – 10.78.181.23310.78.181.233
24610.78.181.234/3110.78.181.234 – 10.78.181.23510.78.181.235
24710.78.181.236/3110.78.181.236 – 10.78.181.23710.78.181.237
24810.78.181.238/3110.78.181.238 – 10.78.181.23910.78.181.239
24910.78.181.240/3110.78.181.240 – 10.78.181.24110.78.181.241
25010.78.181.242/3110.78.181.242 – 10.78.181.24310.78.181.243
25110.78.181.244/3110.78.181.244 – 10.78.181.24510.78.181.245
25210.78.181.246/3110.78.181.246 – 10.78.181.24710.78.181.247
25310.78.181.248/3110.78.181.248 – 10.78.181.24910.78.181.249
25410.78.181.250/3110.78.181.250 – 10.78.181.25110.78.181.251
25510.78.181.252/3110.78.181.252 – 10.78.181.25310.78.181.253
25610.78.181.254/3110.78.181.254 – 10.78.181.25510.78.181.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →