ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.178.0/23
network10.78.178.0/23
broadcast10.78.179.255
first host10.78.178.1
last host10.78.179.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.178.0/23
address00001010.01001110.10110010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.10110010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.10110011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4eb200
decimal172929536
reverse dns0.178.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:b200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.178.0/3110.78.178.0 – 10.78.178.110.78.178.1
210.78.178.2/3110.78.178.2 – 10.78.178.310.78.178.3
310.78.178.4/3110.78.178.4 – 10.78.178.510.78.178.5
410.78.178.6/3110.78.178.6 – 10.78.178.710.78.178.7
510.78.178.8/3110.78.178.8 – 10.78.178.910.78.178.9
610.78.178.10/3110.78.178.10 – 10.78.178.1110.78.178.11
710.78.178.12/3110.78.178.12 – 10.78.178.1310.78.178.13
810.78.178.14/3110.78.178.14 – 10.78.178.1510.78.178.15
910.78.178.16/3110.78.178.16 – 10.78.178.1710.78.178.17
1010.78.178.18/3110.78.178.18 – 10.78.178.1910.78.178.19
1110.78.178.20/3110.78.178.20 – 10.78.178.2110.78.178.21
1210.78.178.22/3110.78.178.22 – 10.78.178.2310.78.178.23
1310.78.178.24/3110.78.178.24 – 10.78.178.2510.78.178.25
1410.78.178.26/3110.78.178.26 – 10.78.178.2710.78.178.27
1510.78.178.28/3110.78.178.28 – 10.78.178.2910.78.178.29
1610.78.178.30/3110.78.178.30 – 10.78.178.3110.78.178.31
1710.78.178.32/3110.78.178.32 – 10.78.178.3310.78.178.33
1810.78.178.34/3110.78.178.34 – 10.78.178.3510.78.178.35
1910.78.178.36/3110.78.178.36 – 10.78.178.3710.78.178.37
2010.78.178.38/3110.78.178.38 – 10.78.178.3910.78.178.39
2110.78.178.40/3110.78.178.40 – 10.78.178.4110.78.178.41
2210.78.178.42/3110.78.178.42 – 10.78.178.4310.78.178.43
2310.78.178.44/3110.78.178.44 – 10.78.178.4510.78.178.45
2410.78.178.46/3110.78.178.46 – 10.78.178.4710.78.178.47
2510.78.178.48/3110.78.178.48 – 10.78.178.4910.78.178.49
2610.78.178.50/3110.78.178.50 – 10.78.178.5110.78.178.51
2710.78.178.52/3110.78.178.52 – 10.78.178.5310.78.178.53
2810.78.178.54/3110.78.178.54 – 10.78.178.5510.78.178.55
2910.78.178.56/3110.78.178.56 – 10.78.178.5710.78.178.57
3010.78.178.58/3110.78.178.58 – 10.78.178.5910.78.178.59
3110.78.178.60/3110.78.178.60 – 10.78.178.6110.78.178.61
3210.78.178.62/3110.78.178.62 – 10.78.178.6310.78.178.63
3310.78.178.64/3110.78.178.64 – 10.78.178.6510.78.178.65
3410.78.178.66/3110.78.178.66 – 10.78.178.6710.78.178.67
3510.78.178.68/3110.78.178.68 – 10.78.178.6910.78.178.69
3610.78.178.70/3110.78.178.70 – 10.78.178.7110.78.178.71
3710.78.178.72/3110.78.178.72 – 10.78.178.7310.78.178.73
3810.78.178.74/3110.78.178.74 – 10.78.178.7510.78.178.75
3910.78.178.76/3110.78.178.76 – 10.78.178.7710.78.178.77
4010.78.178.78/3110.78.178.78 – 10.78.178.7910.78.178.79
4110.78.178.80/3110.78.178.80 – 10.78.178.8110.78.178.81
4210.78.178.82/3110.78.178.82 – 10.78.178.8310.78.178.83
4310.78.178.84/3110.78.178.84 – 10.78.178.8510.78.178.85
4410.78.178.86/3110.78.178.86 – 10.78.178.8710.78.178.87
4510.78.178.88/3110.78.178.88 – 10.78.178.8910.78.178.89
4610.78.178.90/3110.78.178.90 – 10.78.178.9110.78.178.91
4710.78.178.92/3110.78.178.92 – 10.78.178.9310.78.178.93
4810.78.178.94/3110.78.178.94 – 10.78.178.9510.78.178.95
4910.78.178.96/3110.78.178.96 – 10.78.178.9710.78.178.97
5010.78.178.98/3110.78.178.98 – 10.78.178.9910.78.178.99
5110.78.178.100/3110.78.178.100 – 10.78.178.10110.78.178.101
5210.78.178.102/3110.78.178.102 – 10.78.178.10310.78.178.103
5310.78.178.104/3110.78.178.104 – 10.78.178.10510.78.178.105
5410.78.178.106/3110.78.178.106 – 10.78.178.10710.78.178.107
5510.78.178.108/3110.78.178.108 – 10.78.178.10910.78.178.109
5610.78.178.110/3110.78.178.110 – 10.78.178.11110.78.178.111
5710.78.178.112/3110.78.178.112 – 10.78.178.11310.78.178.113
5810.78.178.114/3110.78.178.114 – 10.78.178.11510.78.178.115
5910.78.178.116/3110.78.178.116 – 10.78.178.11710.78.178.117
6010.78.178.118/3110.78.178.118 – 10.78.178.11910.78.178.119
6110.78.178.120/3110.78.178.120 – 10.78.178.12110.78.178.121
6210.78.178.122/3110.78.178.122 – 10.78.178.12310.78.178.123
6310.78.178.124/3110.78.178.124 – 10.78.178.12510.78.178.125
6410.78.178.126/3110.78.178.126 – 10.78.178.12710.78.178.127
6510.78.178.128/3110.78.178.128 – 10.78.178.12910.78.178.129
6610.78.178.130/3110.78.178.130 – 10.78.178.13110.78.178.131
6710.78.178.132/3110.78.178.132 – 10.78.178.13310.78.178.133
6810.78.178.134/3110.78.178.134 – 10.78.178.13510.78.178.135
6910.78.178.136/3110.78.178.136 – 10.78.178.13710.78.178.137
7010.78.178.138/3110.78.178.138 – 10.78.178.13910.78.178.139
7110.78.178.140/3110.78.178.140 – 10.78.178.14110.78.178.141
7210.78.178.142/3110.78.178.142 – 10.78.178.14310.78.178.143
7310.78.178.144/3110.78.178.144 – 10.78.178.14510.78.178.145
7410.78.178.146/3110.78.178.146 – 10.78.178.14710.78.178.147
7510.78.178.148/3110.78.178.148 – 10.78.178.14910.78.178.149
7610.78.178.150/3110.78.178.150 – 10.78.178.15110.78.178.151
7710.78.178.152/3110.78.178.152 – 10.78.178.15310.78.178.153
7810.78.178.154/3110.78.178.154 – 10.78.178.15510.78.178.155
7910.78.178.156/3110.78.178.156 – 10.78.178.15710.78.178.157
8010.78.178.158/3110.78.178.158 – 10.78.178.15910.78.178.159
8110.78.178.160/3110.78.178.160 – 10.78.178.16110.78.178.161
8210.78.178.162/3110.78.178.162 – 10.78.178.16310.78.178.163
8310.78.178.164/3110.78.178.164 – 10.78.178.16510.78.178.165
8410.78.178.166/3110.78.178.166 – 10.78.178.16710.78.178.167
8510.78.178.168/3110.78.178.168 – 10.78.178.16910.78.178.169
8610.78.178.170/3110.78.178.170 – 10.78.178.17110.78.178.171
8710.78.178.172/3110.78.178.172 – 10.78.178.17310.78.178.173
8810.78.178.174/3110.78.178.174 – 10.78.178.17510.78.178.175
8910.78.178.176/3110.78.178.176 – 10.78.178.17710.78.178.177
9010.78.178.178/3110.78.178.178 – 10.78.178.17910.78.178.179
9110.78.178.180/3110.78.178.180 – 10.78.178.18110.78.178.181
9210.78.178.182/3110.78.178.182 – 10.78.178.18310.78.178.183
9310.78.178.184/3110.78.178.184 – 10.78.178.18510.78.178.185
9410.78.178.186/3110.78.178.186 – 10.78.178.18710.78.178.187
9510.78.178.188/3110.78.178.188 – 10.78.178.18910.78.178.189
9610.78.178.190/3110.78.178.190 – 10.78.178.19110.78.178.191
9710.78.178.192/3110.78.178.192 – 10.78.178.19310.78.178.193
9810.78.178.194/3110.78.178.194 – 10.78.178.19510.78.178.195
9910.78.178.196/3110.78.178.196 – 10.78.178.19710.78.178.197
10010.78.178.198/3110.78.178.198 – 10.78.178.19910.78.178.199
10110.78.178.200/3110.78.178.200 – 10.78.178.20110.78.178.201
10210.78.178.202/3110.78.178.202 – 10.78.178.20310.78.178.203
10310.78.178.204/3110.78.178.204 – 10.78.178.20510.78.178.205
10410.78.178.206/3110.78.178.206 – 10.78.178.20710.78.178.207
10510.78.178.208/3110.78.178.208 – 10.78.178.20910.78.178.209
10610.78.178.210/3110.78.178.210 – 10.78.178.21110.78.178.211
10710.78.178.212/3110.78.178.212 – 10.78.178.21310.78.178.213
10810.78.178.214/3110.78.178.214 – 10.78.178.21510.78.178.215
10910.78.178.216/3110.78.178.216 – 10.78.178.21710.78.178.217
11010.78.178.218/3110.78.178.218 – 10.78.178.21910.78.178.219
11110.78.178.220/3110.78.178.220 – 10.78.178.22110.78.178.221
11210.78.178.222/3110.78.178.222 – 10.78.178.22310.78.178.223
11310.78.178.224/3110.78.178.224 – 10.78.178.22510.78.178.225
11410.78.178.226/3110.78.178.226 – 10.78.178.22710.78.178.227
11510.78.178.228/3110.78.178.228 – 10.78.178.22910.78.178.229
11610.78.178.230/3110.78.178.230 – 10.78.178.23110.78.178.231
11710.78.178.232/3110.78.178.232 – 10.78.178.23310.78.178.233
11810.78.178.234/3110.78.178.234 – 10.78.178.23510.78.178.235
11910.78.178.236/3110.78.178.236 – 10.78.178.23710.78.178.237
12010.78.178.238/3110.78.178.238 – 10.78.178.23910.78.178.239
12110.78.178.240/3110.78.178.240 – 10.78.178.24110.78.178.241
12210.78.178.242/3110.78.178.242 – 10.78.178.24310.78.178.243
12310.78.178.244/3110.78.178.244 – 10.78.178.24510.78.178.245
12410.78.178.246/3110.78.178.246 – 10.78.178.24710.78.178.247
12510.78.178.248/3110.78.178.248 – 10.78.178.24910.78.178.249
12610.78.178.250/3110.78.178.250 – 10.78.178.25110.78.178.251
12710.78.178.252/3110.78.178.252 – 10.78.178.25310.78.178.253
12810.78.178.254/3110.78.178.254 – 10.78.178.25510.78.178.255
12910.78.179.0/3110.78.179.0 – 10.78.179.110.78.179.1
13010.78.179.2/3110.78.179.2 – 10.78.179.310.78.179.3
13110.78.179.4/3110.78.179.4 – 10.78.179.510.78.179.5
13210.78.179.6/3110.78.179.6 – 10.78.179.710.78.179.7
13310.78.179.8/3110.78.179.8 – 10.78.179.910.78.179.9
13410.78.179.10/3110.78.179.10 – 10.78.179.1110.78.179.11
13510.78.179.12/3110.78.179.12 – 10.78.179.1310.78.179.13
13610.78.179.14/3110.78.179.14 – 10.78.179.1510.78.179.15
13710.78.179.16/3110.78.179.16 – 10.78.179.1710.78.179.17
13810.78.179.18/3110.78.179.18 – 10.78.179.1910.78.179.19
13910.78.179.20/3110.78.179.20 – 10.78.179.2110.78.179.21
14010.78.179.22/3110.78.179.22 – 10.78.179.2310.78.179.23
14110.78.179.24/3110.78.179.24 – 10.78.179.2510.78.179.25
14210.78.179.26/3110.78.179.26 – 10.78.179.2710.78.179.27
14310.78.179.28/3110.78.179.28 – 10.78.179.2910.78.179.29
14410.78.179.30/3110.78.179.30 – 10.78.179.3110.78.179.31
14510.78.179.32/3110.78.179.32 – 10.78.179.3310.78.179.33
14610.78.179.34/3110.78.179.34 – 10.78.179.3510.78.179.35
14710.78.179.36/3110.78.179.36 – 10.78.179.3710.78.179.37
14810.78.179.38/3110.78.179.38 – 10.78.179.3910.78.179.39
14910.78.179.40/3110.78.179.40 – 10.78.179.4110.78.179.41
15010.78.179.42/3110.78.179.42 – 10.78.179.4310.78.179.43
15110.78.179.44/3110.78.179.44 – 10.78.179.4510.78.179.45
15210.78.179.46/3110.78.179.46 – 10.78.179.4710.78.179.47
15310.78.179.48/3110.78.179.48 – 10.78.179.4910.78.179.49
15410.78.179.50/3110.78.179.50 – 10.78.179.5110.78.179.51
15510.78.179.52/3110.78.179.52 – 10.78.179.5310.78.179.53
15610.78.179.54/3110.78.179.54 – 10.78.179.5510.78.179.55
15710.78.179.56/3110.78.179.56 – 10.78.179.5710.78.179.57
15810.78.179.58/3110.78.179.58 – 10.78.179.5910.78.179.59
15910.78.179.60/3110.78.179.60 – 10.78.179.6110.78.179.61
16010.78.179.62/3110.78.179.62 – 10.78.179.6310.78.179.63
16110.78.179.64/3110.78.179.64 – 10.78.179.6510.78.179.65
16210.78.179.66/3110.78.179.66 – 10.78.179.6710.78.179.67
16310.78.179.68/3110.78.179.68 – 10.78.179.6910.78.179.69
16410.78.179.70/3110.78.179.70 – 10.78.179.7110.78.179.71
16510.78.179.72/3110.78.179.72 – 10.78.179.7310.78.179.73
16610.78.179.74/3110.78.179.74 – 10.78.179.7510.78.179.75
16710.78.179.76/3110.78.179.76 – 10.78.179.7710.78.179.77
16810.78.179.78/3110.78.179.78 – 10.78.179.7910.78.179.79
16910.78.179.80/3110.78.179.80 – 10.78.179.8110.78.179.81
17010.78.179.82/3110.78.179.82 – 10.78.179.8310.78.179.83
17110.78.179.84/3110.78.179.84 – 10.78.179.8510.78.179.85
17210.78.179.86/3110.78.179.86 – 10.78.179.8710.78.179.87
17310.78.179.88/3110.78.179.88 – 10.78.179.8910.78.179.89
17410.78.179.90/3110.78.179.90 – 10.78.179.9110.78.179.91
17510.78.179.92/3110.78.179.92 – 10.78.179.9310.78.179.93
17610.78.179.94/3110.78.179.94 – 10.78.179.9510.78.179.95
17710.78.179.96/3110.78.179.96 – 10.78.179.9710.78.179.97
17810.78.179.98/3110.78.179.98 – 10.78.179.9910.78.179.99
17910.78.179.100/3110.78.179.100 – 10.78.179.10110.78.179.101
18010.78.179.102/3110.78.179.102 – 10.78.179.10310.78.179.103
18110.78.179.104/3110.78.179.104 – 10.78.179.10510.78.179.105
18210.78.179.106/3110.78.179.106 – 10.78.179.10710.78.179.107
18310.78.179.108/3110.78.179.108 – 10.78.179.10910.78.179.109
18410.78.179.110/3110.78.179.110 – 10.78.179.11110.78.179.111
18510.78.179.112/3110.78.179.112 – 10.78.179.11310.78.179.113
18610.78.179.114/3110.78.179.114 – 10.78.179.11510.78.179.115
18710.78.179.116/3110.78.179.116 – 10.78.179.11710.78.179.117
18810.78.179.118/3110.78.179.118 – 10.78.179.11910.78.179.119
18910.78.179.120/3110.78.179.120 – 10.78.179.12110.78.179.121
19010.78.179.122/3110.78.179.122 – 10.78.179.12310.78.179.123
19110.78.179.124/3110.78.179.124 – 10.78.179.12510.78.179.125
19210.78.179.126/3110.78.179.126 – 10.78.179.12710.78.179.127
19310.78.179.128/3110.78.179.128 – 10.78.179.12910.78.179.129
19410.78.179.130/3110.78.179.130 – 10.78.179.13110.78.179.131
19510.78.179.132/3110.78.179.132 – 10.78.179.13310.78.179.133
19610.78.179.134/3110.78.179.134 – 10.78.179.13510.78.179.135
19710.78.179.136/3110.78.179.136 – 10.78.179.13710.78.179.137
19810.78.179.138/3110.78.179.138 – 10.78.179.13910.78.179.139
19910.78.179.140/3110.78.179.140 – 10.78.179.14110.78.179.141
20010.78.179.142/3110.78.179.142 – 10.78.179.14310.78.179.143
20110.78.179.144/3110.78.179.144 – 10.78.179.14510.78.179.145
20210.78.179.146/3110.78.179.146 – 10.78.179.14710.78.179.147
20310.78.179.148/3110.78.179.148 – 10.78.179.14910.78.179.149
20410.78.179.150/3110.78.179.150 – 10.78.179.15110.78.179.151
20510.78.179.152/3110.78.179.152 – 10.78.179.15310.78.179.153
20610.78.179.154/3110.78.179.154 – 10.78.179.15510.78.179.155
20710.78.179.156/3110.78.179.156 – 10.78.179.15710.78.179.157
20810.78.179.158/3110.78.179.158 – 10.78.179.15910.78.179.159
20910.78.179.160/3110.78.179.160 – 10.78.179.16110.78.179.161
21010.78.179.162/3110.78.179.162 – 10.78.179.16310.78.179.163
21110.78.179.164/3110.78.179.164 – 10.78.179.16510.78.179.165
21210.78.179.166/3110.78.179.166 – 10.78.179.16710.78.179.167
21310.78.179.168/3110.78.179.168 – 10.78.179.16910.78.179.169
21410.78.179.170/3110.78.179.170 – 10.78.179.17110.78.179.171
21510.78.179.172/3110.78.179.172 – 10.78.179.17310.78.179.173
21610.78.179.174/3110.78.179.174 – 10.78.179.17510.78.179.175
21710.78.179.176/3110.78.179.176 – 10.78.179.17710.78.179.177
21810.78.179.178/3110.78.179.178 – 10.78.179.17910.78.179.179
21910.78.179.180/3110.78.179.180 – 10.78.179.18110.78.179.181
22010.78.179.182/3110.78.179.182 – 10.78.179.18310.78.179.183
22110.78.179.184/3110.78.179.184 – 10.78.179.18510.78.179.185
22210.78.179.186/3110.78.179.186 – 10.78.179.18710.78.179.187
22310.78.179.188/3110.78.179.188 – 10.78.179.18910.78.179.189
22410.78.179.190/3110.78.179.190 – 10.78.179.19110.78.179.191
22510.78.179.192/3110.78.179.192 – 10.78.179.19310.78.179.193
22610.78.179.194/3110.78.179.194 – 10.78.179.19510.78.179.195
22710.78.179.196/3110.78.179.196 – 10.78.179.19710.78.179.197
22810.78.179.198/3110.78.179.198 – 10.78.179.19910.78.179.199
22910.78.179.200/3110.78.179.200 – 10.78.179.20110.78.179.201
23010.78.179.202/3110.78.179.202 – 10.78.179.20310.78.179.203
23110.78.179.204/3110.78.179.204 – 10.78.179.20510.78.179.205
23210.78.179.206/3110.78.179.206 – 10.78.179.20710.78.179.207
23310.78.179.208/3110.78.179.208 – 10.78.179.20910.78.179.209
23410.78.179.210/3110.78.179.210 – 10.78.179.21110.78.179.211
23510.78.179.212/3110.78.179.212 – 10.78.179.21310.78.179.213
23610.78.179.214/3110.78.179.214 – 10.78.179.21510.78.179.215
23710.78.179.216/3110.78.179.216 – 10.78.179.21710.78.179.217
23810.78.179.218/3110.78.179.218 – 10.78.179.21910.78.179.219
23910.78.179.220/3110.78.179.220 – 10.78.179.22110.78.179.221
24010.78.179.222/3110.78.179.222 – 10.78.179.22310.78.179.223
24110.78.179.224/3110.78.179.224 – 10.78.179.22510.78.179.225
24210.78.179.226/3110.78.179.226 – 10.78.179.22710.78.179.227
24310.78.179.228/3110.78.179.228 – 10.78.179.22910.78.179.229
24410.78.179.230/3110.78.179.230 – 10.78.179.23110.78.179.231
24510.78.179.232/3110.78.179.232 – 10.78.179.23310.78.179.233
24610.78.179.234/3110.78.179.234 – 10.78.179.23510.78.179.235
24710.78.179.236/3110.78.179.236 – 10.78.179.23710.78.179.237
24810.78.179.238/3110.78.179.238 – 10.78.179.23910.78.179.239
24910.78.179.240/3110.78.179.240 – 10.78.179.24110.78.179.241
25010.78.179.242/3110.78.179.242 – 10.78.179.24310.78.179.243
25110.78.179.244/3110.78.179.244 – 10.78.179.24510.78.179.245
25210.78.179.246/3110.78.179.246 – 10.78.179.24710.78.179.247
25310.78.179.248/3110.78.179.248 – 10.78.179.24910.78.179.249
25410.78.179.250/3110.78.179.250 – 10.78.179.25110.78.179.251
25510.78.179.252/3110.78.179.252 – 10.78.179.25310.78.179.253
25610.78.179.254/3110.78.179.254 – 10.78.179.25510.78.179.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →