ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.170.0/24
network10.78.170.0/24
broadcast10.78.170.255
first host10.78.170.1
last host10.78.170.254
subnet mask255.255.255.0
wildcard0.0.0.255
addresses256
usable hosts254
classA
ipcalc 10.78.170.0/24
address00001010.01001110.10101010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
network00001010.01001110.10101010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.10101010.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4eaa00
decimal172927488
reverse dns0.170.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:aa00

/24 split into /32 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.170.0/3210.78.170.0 – 10.78.170.010.78.170.0
210.78.170.1/3210.78.170.1 – 10.78.170.110.78.170.1
310.78.170.2/3210.78.170.2 – 10.78.170.210.78.170.2
410.78.170.3/3210.78.170.3 – 10.78.170.310.78.170.3
510.78.170.4/3210.78.170.4 – 10.78.170.410.78.170.4
610.78.170.5/3210.78.170.5 – 10.78.170.510.78.170.5
710.78.170.6/3210.78.170.6 – 10.78.170.610.78.170.6
810.78.170.7/3210.78.170.7 – 10.78.170.710.78.170.7
910.78.170.8/3210.78.170.8 – 10.78.170.810.78.170.8
1010.78.170.9/3210.78.170.9 – 10.78.170.910.78.170.9
1110.78.170.10/3210.78.170.10 – 10.78.170.1010.78.170.10
1210.78.170.11/3210.78.170.11 – 10.78.170.1110.78.170.11
1310.78.170.12/3210.78.170.12 – 10.78.170.1210.78.170.12
1410.78.170.13/3210.78.170.13 – 10.78.170.1310.78.170.13
1510.78.170.14/3210.78.170.14 – 10.78.170.1410.78.170.14
1610.78.170.15/3210.78.170.15 – 10.78.170.1510.78.170.15
1710.78.170.16/3210.78.170.16 – 10.78.170.1610.78.170.16
1810.78.170.17/3210.78.170.17 – 10.78.170.1710.78.170.17
1910.78.170.18/3210.78.170.18 – 10.78.170.1810.78.170.18
2010.78.170.19/3210.78.170.19 – 10.78.170.1910.78.170.19
2110.78.170.20/3210.78.170.20 – 10.78.170.2010.78.170.20
2210.78.170.21/3210.78.170.21 – 10.78.170.2110.78.170.21
2310.78.170.22/3210.78.170.22 – 10.78.170.2210.78.170.22
2410.78.170.23/3210.78.170.23 – 10.78.170.2310.78.170.23
2510.78.170.24/3210.78.170.24 – 10.78.170.2410.78.170.24
2610.78.170.25/3210.78.170.25 – 10.78.170.2510.78.170.25
2710.78.170.26/3210.78.170.26 – 10.78.170.2610.78.170.26
2810.78.170.27/3210.78.170.27 – 10.78.170.2710.78.170.27
2910.78.170.28/3210.78.170.28 – 10.78.170.2810.78.170.28
3010.78.170.29/3210.78.170.29 – 10.78.170.2910.78.170.29
3110.78.170.30/3210.78.170.30 – 10.78.170.3010.78.170.30
3210.78.170.31/3210.78.170.31 – 10.78.170.3110.78.170.31
3310.78.170.32/3210.78.170.32 – 10.78.170.3210.78.170.32
3410.78.170.33/3210.78.170.33 – 10.78.170.3310.78.170.33
3510.78.170.34/3210.78.170.34 – 10.78.170.3410.78.170.34
3610.78.170.35/3210.78.170.35 – 10.78.170.3510.78.170.35
3710.78.170.36/3210.78.170.36 – 10.78.170.3610.78.170.36
3810.78.170.37/3210.78.170.37 – 10.78.170.3710.78.170.37
3910.78.170.38/3210.78.170.38 – 10.78.170.3810.78.170.38
4010.78.170.39/3210.78.170.39 – 10.78.170.3910.78.170.39
4110.78.170.40/3210.78.170.40 – 10.78.170.4010.78.170.40
4210.78.170.41/3210.78.170.41 – 10.78.170.4110.78.170.41
4310.78.170.42/3210.78.170.42 – 10.78.170.4210.78.170.42
4410.78.170.43/3210.78.170.43 – 10.78.170.4310.78.170.43
4510.78.170.44/3210.78.170.44 – 10.78.170.4410.78.170.44
4610.78.170.45/3210.78.170.45 – 10.78.170.4510.78.170.45
4710.78.170.46/3210.78.170.46 – 10.78.170.4610.78.170.46
4810.78.170.47/3210.78.170.47 – 10.78.170.4710.78.170.47
4910.78.170.48/3210.78.170.48 – 10.78.170.4810.78.170.48
5010.78.170.49/3210.78.170.49 – 10.78.170.4910.78.170.49
5110.78.170.50/3210.78.170.50 – 10.78.170.5010.78.170.50
5210.78.170.51/3210.78.170.51 – 10.78.170.5110.78.170.51
5310.78.170.52/3210.78.170.52 – 10.78.170.5210.78.170.52
5410.78.170.53/3210.78.170.53 – 10.78.170.5310.78.170.53
5510.78.170.54/3210.78.170.54 – 10.78.170.5410.78.170.54
5610.78.170.55/3210.78.170.55 – 10.78.170.5510.78.170.55
5710.78.170.56/3210.78.170.56 – 10.78.170.5610.78.170.56
5810.78.170.57/3210.78.170.57 – 10.78.170.5710.78.170.57
5910.78.170.58/3210.78.170.58 – 10.78.170.5810.78.170.58
6010.78.170.59/3210.78.170.59 – 10.78.170.5910.78.170.59
6110.78.170.60/3210.78.170.60 – 10.78.170.6010.78.170.60
6210.78.170.61/3210.78.170.61 – 10.78.170.6110.78.170.61
6310.78.170.62/3210.78.170.62 – 10.78.170.6210.78.170.62
6410.78.170.63/3210.78.170.63 – 10.78.170.6310.78.170.63
6510.78.170.64/3210.78.170.64 – 10.78.170.6410.78.170.64
6610.78.170.65/3210.78.170.65 – 10.78.170.6510.78.170.65
6710.78.170.66/3210.78.170.66 – 10.78.170.6610.78.170.66
6810.78.170.67/3210.78.170.67 – 10.78.170.6710.78.170.67
6910.78.170.68/3210.78.170.68 – 10.78.170.6810.78.170.68
7010.78.170.69/3210.78.170.69 – 10.78.170.6910.78.170.69
7110.78.170.70/3210.78.170.70 – 10.78.170.7010.78.170.70
7210.78.170.71/3210.78.170.71 – 10.78.170.7110.78.170.71
7310.78.170.72/3210.78.170.72 – 10.78.170.7210.78.170.72
7410.78.170.73/3210.78.170.73 – 10.78.170.7310.78.170.73
7510.78.170.74/3210.78.170.74 – 10.78.170.7410.78.170.74
7610.78.170.75/3210.78.170.75 – 10.78.170.7510.78.170.75
7710.78.170.76/3210.78.170.76 – 10.78.170.7610.78.170.76
7810.78.170.77/3210.78.170.77 – 10.78.170.7710.78.170.77
7910.78.170.78/3210.78.170.78 – 10.78.170.7810.78.170.78
8010.78.170.79/3210.78.170.79 – 10.78.170.7910.78.170.79
8110.78.170.80/3210.78.170.80 – 10.78.170.8010.78.170.80
8210.78.170.81/3210.78.170.81 – 10.78.170.8110.78.170.81
8310.78.170.82/3210.78.170.82 – 10.78.170.8210.78.170.82
8410.78.170.83/3210.78.170.83 – 10.78.170.8310.78.170.83
8510.78.170.84/3210.78.170.84 – 10.78.170.8410.78.170.84
8610.78.170.85/3210.78.170.85 – 10.78.170.8510.78.170.85
8710.78.170.86/3210.78.170.86 – 10.78.170.8610.78.170.86
8810.78.170.87/3210.78.170.87 – 10.78.170.8710.78.170.87
8910.78.170.88/3210.78.170.88 – 10.78.170.8810.78.170.88
9010.78.170.89/3210.78.170.89 – 10.78.170.8910.78.170.89
9110.78.170.90/3210.78.170.90 – 10.78.170.9010.78.170.90
9210.78.170.91/3210.78.170.91 – 10.78.170.9110.78.170.91
9310.78.170.92/3210.78.170.92 – 10.78.170.9210.78.170.92
9410.78.170.93/3210.78.170.93 – 10.78.170.9310.78.170.93
9510.78.170.94/3210.78.170.94 – 10.78.170.9410.78.170.94
9610.78.170.95/3210.78.170.95 – 10.78.170.9510.78.170.95
9710.78.170.96/3210.78.170.96 – 10.78.170.9610.78.170.96
9810.78.170.97/3210.78.170.97 – 10.78.170.9710.78.170.97
9910.78.170.98/3210.78.170.98 – 10.78.170.9810.78.170.98
10010.78.170.99/3210.78.170.99 – 10.78.170.9910.78.170.99
10110.78.170.100/3210.78.170.100 – 10.78.170.10010.78.170.100
10210.78.170.101/3210.78.170.101 – 10.78.170.10110.78.170.101
10310.78.170.102/3210.78.170.102 – 10.78.170.10210.78.170.102
10410.78.170.103/3210.78.170.103 – 10.78.170.10310.78.170.103
10510.78.170.104/3210.78.170.104 – 10.78.170.10410.78.170.104
10610.78.170.105/3210.78.170.105 – 10.78.170.10510.78.170.105
10710.78.170.106/3210.78.170.106 – 10.78.170.10610.78.170.106
10810.78.170.107/3210.78.170.107 – 10.78.170.10710.78.170.107
10910.78.170.108/3210.78.170.108 – 10.78.170.10810.78.170.108
11010.78.170.109/3210.78.170.109 – 10.78.170.10910.78.170.109
11110.78.170.110/3210.78.170.110 – 10.78.170.11010.78.170.110
11210.78.170.111/3210.78.170.111 – 10.78.170.11110.78.170.111
11310.78.170.112/3210.78.170.112 – 10.78.170.11210.78.170.112
11410.78.170.113/3210.78.170.113 – 10.78.170.11310.78.170.113
11510.78.170.114/3210.78.170.114 – 10.78.170.11410.78.170.114
11610.78.170.115/3210.78.170.115 – 10.78.170.11510.78.170.115
11710.78.170.116/3210.78.170.116 – 10.78.170.11610.78.170.116
11810.78.170.117/3210.78.170.117 – 10.78.170.11710.78.170.117
11910.78.170.118/3210.78.170.118 – 10.78.170.11810.78.170.118
12010.78.170.119/3210.78.170.119 – 10.78.170.11910.78.170.119
12110.78.170.120/3210.78.170.120 – 10.78.170.12010.78.170.120
12210.78.170.121/3210.78.170.121 – 10.78.170.12110.78.170.121
12310.78.170.122/3210.78.170.122 – 10.78.170.12210.78.170.122
12410.78.170.123/3210.78.170.123 – 10.78.170.12310.78.170.123
12510.78.170.124/3210.78.170.124 – 10.78.170.12410.78.170.124
12610.78.170.125/3210.78.170.125 – 10.78.170.12510.78.170.125
12710.78.170.126/3210.78.170.126 – 10.78.170.12610.78.170.126
12810.78.170.127/3210.78.170.127 – 10.78.170.12710.78.170.127
12910.78.170.128/3210.78.170.128 – 10.78.170.12810.78.170.128
13010.78.170.129/3210.78.170.129 – 10.78.170.12910.78.170.129
13110.78.170.130/3210.78.170.130 – 10.78.170.13010.78.170.130
13210.78.170.131/3210.78.170.131 – 10.78.170.13110.78.170.131
13310.78.170.132/3210.78.170.132 – 10.78.170.13210.78.170.132
13410.78.170.133/3210.78.170.133 – 10.78.170.13310.78.170.133
13510.78.170.134/3210.78.170.134 – 10.78.170.13410.78.170.134
13610.78.170.135/3210.78.170.135 – 10.78.170.13510.78.170.135
13710.78.170.136/3210.78.170.136 – 10.78.170.13610.78.170.136
13810.78.170.137/3210.78.170.137 – 10.78.170.13710.78.170.137
13910.78.170.138/3210.78.170.138 – 10.78.170.13810.78.170.138
14010.78.170.139/3210.78.170.139 – 10.78.170.13910.78.170.139
14110.78.170.140/3210.78.170.140 – 10.78.170.14010.78.170.140
14210.78.170.141/3210.78.170.141 – 10.78.170.14110.78.170.141
14310.78.170.142/3210.78.170.142 – 10.78.170.14210.78.170.142
14410.78.170.143/3210.78.170.143 – 10.78.170.14310.78.170.143
14510.78.170.144/3210.78.170.144 – 10.78.170.14410.78.170.144
14610.78.170.145/3210.78.170.145 – 10.78.170.14510.78.170.145
14710.78.170.146/3210.78.170.146 – 10.78.170.14610.78.170.146
14810.78.170.147/3210.78.170.147 – 10.78.170.14710.78.170.147
14910.78.170.148/3210.78.170.148 – 10.78.170.14810.78.170.148
15010.78.170.149/3210.78.170.149 – 10.78.170.14910.78.170.149
15110.78.170.150/3210.78.170.150 – 10.78.170.15010.78.170.150
15210.78.170.151/3210.78.170.151 – 10.78.170.15110.78.170.151
15310.78.170.152/3210.78.170.152 – 10.78.170.15210.78.170.152
15410.78.170.153/3210.78.170.153 – 10.78.170.15310.78.170.153
15510.78.170.154/3210.78.170.154 – 10.78.170.15410.78.170.154
15610.78.170.155/3210.78.170.155 – 10.78.170.15510.78.170.155
15710.78.170.156/3210.78.170.156 – 10.78.170.15610.78.170.156
15810.78.170.157/3210.78.170.157 – 10.78.170.15710.78.170.157
15910.78.170.158/3210.78.170.158 – 10.78.170.15810.78.170.158
16010.78.170.159/3210.78.170.159 – 10.78.170.15910.78.170.159
16110.78.170.160/3210.78.170.160 – 10.78.170.16010.78.170.160
16210.78.170.161/3210.78.170.161 – 10.78.170.16110.78.170.161
16310.78.170.162/3210.78.170.162 – 10.78.170.16210.78.170.162
16410.78.170.163/3210.78.170.163 – 10.78.170.16310.78.170.163
16510.78.170.164/3210.78.170.164 – 10.78.170.16410.78.170.164
16610.78.170.165/3210.78.170.165 – 10.78.170.16510.78.170.165
16710.78.170.166/3210.78.170.166 – 10.78.170.16610.78.170.166
16810.78.170.167/3210.78.170.167 – 10.78.170.16710.78.170.167
16910.78.170.168/3210.78.170.168 – 10.78.170.16810.78.170.168
17010.78.170.169/3210.78.170.169 – 10.78.170.16910.78.170.169
17110.78.170.170/3210.78.170.170 – 10.78.170.17010.78.170.170
17210.78.170.171/3210.78.170.171 – 10.78.170.17110.78.170.171
17310.78.170.172/3210.78.170.172 – 10.78.170.17210.78.170.172
17410.78.170.173/3210.78.170.173 – 10.78.170.17310.78.170.173
17510.78.170.174/3210.78.170.174 – 10.78.170.17410.78.170.174
17610.78.170.175/3210.78.170.175 – 10.78.170.17510.78.170.175
17710.78.170.176/3210.78.170.176 – 10.78.170.17610.78.170.176
17810.78.170.177/3210.78.170.177 – 10.78.170.17710.78.170.177
17910.78.170.178/3210.78.170.178 – 10.78.170.17810.78.170.178
18010.78.170.179/3210.78.170.179 – 10.78.170.17910.78.170.179
18110.78.170.180/3210.78.170.180 – 10.78.170.18010.78.170.180
18210.78.170.181/3210.78.170.181 – 10.78.170.18110.78.170.181
18310.78.170.182/3210.78.170.182 – 10.78.170.18210.78.170.182
18410.78.170.183/3210.78.170.183 – 10.78.170.18310.78.170.183
18510.78.170.184/3210.78.170.184 – 10.78.170.18410.78.170.184
18610.78.170.185/3210.78.170.185 – 10.78.170.18510.78.170.185
18710.78.170.186/3210.78.170.186 – 10.78.170.18610.78.170.186
18810.78.170.187/3210.78.170.187 – 10.78.170.18710.78.170.187
18910.78.170.188/3210.78.170.188 – 10.78.170.18810.78.170.188
19010.78.170.189/3210.78.170.189 – 10.78.170.18910.78.170.189
19110.78.170.190/3210.78.170.190 – 10.78.170.19010.78.170.190
19210.78.170.191/3210.78.170.191 – 10.78.170.19110.78.170.191
19310.78.170.192/3210.78.170.192 – 10.78.170.19210.78.170.192
19410.78.170.193/3210.78.170.193 – 10.78.170.19310.78.170.193
19510.78.170.194/3210.78.170.194 – 10.78.170.19410.78.170.194
19610.78.170.195/3210.78.170.195 – 10.78.170.19510.78.170.195
19710.78.170.196/3210.78.170.196 – 10.78.170.19610.78.170.196
19810.78.170.197/3210.78.170.197 – 10.78.170.19710.78.170.197
19910.78.170.198/3210.78.170.198 – 10.78.170.19810.78.170.198
20010.78.170.199/3210.78.170.199 – 10.78.170.19910.78.170.199
20110.78.170.200/3210.78.170.200 – 10.78.170.20010.78.170.200
20210.78.170.201/3210.78.170.201 – 10.78.170.20110.78.170.201
20310.78.170.202/3210.78.170.202 – 10.78.170.20210.78.170.202
20410.78.170.203/3210.78.170.203 – 10.78.170.20310.78.170.203
20510.78.170.204/3210.78.170.204 – 10.78.170.20410.78.170.204
20610.78.170.205/3210.78.170.205 – 10.78.170.20510.78.170.205
20710.78.170.206/3210.78.170.206 – 10.78.170.20610.78.170.206
20810.78.170.207/3210.78.170.207 – 10.78.170.20710.78.170.207
20910.78.170.208/3210.78.170.208 – 10.78.170.20810.78.170.208
21010.78.170.209/3210.78.170.209 – 10.78.170.20910.78.170.209
21110.78.170.210/3210.78.170.210 – 10.78.170.21010.78.170.210
21210.78.170.211/3210.78.170.211 – 10.78.170.21110.78.170.211
21310.78.170.212/3210.78.170.212 – 10.78.170.21210.78.170.212
21410.78.170.213/3210.78.170.213 – 10.78.170.21310.78.170.213
21510.78.170.214/3210.78.170.214 – 10.78.170.21410.78.170.214
21610.78.170.215/3210.78.170.215 – 10.78.170.21510.78.170.215
21710.78.170.216/3210.78.170.216 – 10.78.170.21610.78.170.216
21810.78.170.217/3210.78.170.217 – 10.78.170.21710.78.170.217
21910.78.170.218/3210.78.170.218 – 10.78.170.21810.78.170.218
22010.78.170.219/3210.78.170.219 – 10.78.170.21910.78.170.219
22110.78.170.220/3210.78.170.220 – 10.78.170.22010.78.170.220
22210.78.170.221/3210.78.170.221 – 10.78.170.22110.78.170.221
22310.78.170.222/3210.78.170.222 – 10.78.170.22210.78.170.222
22410.78.170.223/3210.78.170.223 – 10.78.170.22310.78.170.223
22510.78.170.224/3210.78.170.224 – 10.78.170.22410.78.170.224
22610.78.170.225/3210.78.170.225 – 10.78.170.22510.78.170.225
22710.78.170.226/3210.78.170.226 – 10.78.170.22610.78.170.226
22810.78.170.227/3210.78.170.227 – 10.78.170.22710.78.170.227
22910.78.170.228/3210.78.170.228 – 10.78.170.22810.78.170.228
23010.78.170.229/3210.78.170.229 – 10.78.170.22910.78.170.229
23110.78.170.230/3210.78.170.230 – 10.78.170.23010.78.170.230
23210.78.170.231/3210.78.170.231 – 10.78.170.23110.78.170.231
23310.78.170.232/3210.78.170.232 – 10.78.170.23210.78.170.232
23410.78.170.233/3210.78.170.233 – 10.78.170.23310.78.170.233
23510.78.170.234/3210.78.170.234 – 10.78.170.23410.78.170.234
23610.78.170.235/3210.78.170.235 – 10.78.170.23510.78.170.235
23710.78.170.236/3210.78.170.236 – 10.78.170.23610.78.170.236
23810.78.170.237/3210.78.170.237 – 10.78.170.23710.78.170.237
23910.78.170.238/3210.78.170.238 – 10.78.170.23810.78.170.238
24010.78.170.239/3210.78.170.239 – 10.78.170.23910.78.170.239
24110.78.170.240/3210.78.170.240 – 10.78.170.24010.78.170.240
24210.78.170.241/3210.78.170.241 – 10.78.170.24110.78.170.241
24310.78.170.242/3210.78.170.242 – 10.78.170.24210.78.170.242
24410.78.170.243/3210.78.170.243 – 10.78.170.24310.78.170.243
24510.78.170.244/3210.78.170.244 – 10.78.170.24410.78.170.244
24610.78.170.245/3210.78.170.245 – 10.78.170.24510.78.170.245
24710.78.170.246/3210.78.170.246 – 10.78.170.24610.78.170.246
24810.78.170.247/3210.78.170.247 – 10.78.170.24710.78.170.247
24910.78.170.248/3210.78.170.248 – 10.78.170.24810.78.170.248
25010.78.170.249/3210.78.170.249 – 10.78.170.24910.78.170.249
25110.78.170.250/3210.78.170.250 – 10.78.170.25010.78.170.250
25210.78.170.251/3210.78.170.251 – 10.78.170.25110.78.170.251
25310.78.170.252/3210.78.170.252 – 10.78.170.25210.78.170.252
25410.78.170.253/3210.78.170.253 – 10.78.170.25310.78.170.253
25510.78.170.254/3210.78.170.254 – 10.78.170.25410.78.170.254
25610.78.170.255/3210.78.170.255 – 10.78.170.25510.78.170.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /24
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.0512510-
/24255.255.255.02562541
/25255.255.255.1281281262 split →
/26255.255.255.19264624 split →
/27255.255.255.22432308 split →
/28255.255.255.240161416 split →
/29255.255.255.2488632 split →
/30255.255.255.2524264 split →
/31255.255.255.25422128 split →
/32255.255.255.25511256 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →