ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.162.0/23
network10.78.162.0/23
broadcast10.78.163.255
first host10.78.162.1
last host10.78.163.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.162.0/23
address00001010.01001110.10100010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.10100010.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.10100011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4ea200
decimal172925440
reverse dns0.162.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:a200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.162.0/3110.78.162.0 – 10.78.162.110.78.162.1
210.78.162.2/3110.78.162.2 – 10.78.162.310.78.162.3
310.78.162.4/3110.78.162.4 – 10.78.162.510.78.162.5
410.78.162.6/3110.78.162.6 – 10.78.162.710.78.162.7
510.78.162.8/3110.78.162.8 – 10.78.162.910.78.162.9
610.78.162.10/3110.78.162.10 – 10.78.162.1110.78.162.11
710.78.162.12/3110.78.162.12 – 10.78.162.1310.78.162.13
810.78.162.14/3110.78.162.14 – 10.78.162.1510.78.162.15
910.78.162.16/3110.78.162.16 – 10.78.162.1710.78.162.17
1010.78.162.18/3110.78.162.18 – 10.78.162.1910.78.162.19
1110.78.162.20/3110.78.162.20 – 10.78.162.2110.78.162.21
1210.78.162.22/3110.78.162.22 – 10.78.162.2310.78.162.23
1310.78.162.24/3110.78.162.24 – 10.78.162.2510.78.162.25
1410.78.162.26/3110.78.162.26 – 10.78.162.2710.78.162.27
1510.78.162.28/3110.78.162.28 – 10.78.162.2910.78.162.29
1610.78.162.30/3110.78.162.30 – 10.78.162.3110.78.162.31
1710.78.162.32/3110.78.162.32 – 10.78.162.3310.78.162.33
1810.78.162.34/3110.78.162.34 – 10.78.162.3510.78.162.35
1910.78.162.36/3110.78.162.36 – 10.78.162.3710.78.162.37
2010.78.162.38/3110.78.162.38 – 10.78.162.3910.78.162.39
2110.78.162.40/3110.78.162.40 – 10.78.162.4110.78.162.41
2210.78.162.42/3110.78.162.42 – 10.78.162.4310.78.162.43
2310.78.162.44/3110.78.162.44 – 10.78.162.4510.78.162.45
2410.78.162.46/3110.78.162.46 – 10.78.162.4710.78.162.47
2510.78.162.48/3110.78.162.48 – 10.78.162.4910.78.162.49
2610.78.162.50/3110.78.162.50 – 10.78.162.5110.78.162.51
2710.78.162.52/3110.78.162.52 – 10.78.162.5310.78.162.53
2810.78.162.54/3110.78.162.54 – 10.78.162.5510.78.162.55
2910.78.162.56/3110.78.162.56 – 10.78.162.5710.78.162.57
3010.78.162.58/3110.78.162.58 – 10.78.162.5910.78.162.59
3110.78.162.60/3110.78.162.60 – 10.78.162.6110.78.162.61
3210.78.162.62/3110.78.162.62 – 10.78.162.6310.78.162.63
3310.78.162.64/3110.78.162.64 – 10.78.162.6510.78.162.65
3410.78.162.66/3110.78.162.66 – 10.78.162.6710.78.162.67
3510.78.162.68/3110.78.162.68 – 10.78.162.6910.78.162.69
3610.78.162.70/3110.78.162.70 – 10.78.162.7110.78.162.71
3710.78.162.72/3110.78.162.72 – 10.78.162.7310.78.162.73
3810.78.162.74/3110.78.162.74 – 10.78.162.7510.78.162.75
3910.78.162.76/3110.78.162.76 – 10.78.162.7710.78.162.77
4010.78.162.78/3110.78.162.78 – 10.78.162.7910.78.162.79
4110.78.162.80/3110.78.162.80 – 10.78.162.8110.78.162.81
4210.78.162.82/3110.78.162.82 – 10.78.162.8310.78.162.83
4310.78.162.84/3110.78.162.84 – 10.78.162.8510.78.162.85
4410.78.162.86/3110.78.162.86 – 10.78.162.8710.78.162.87
4510.78.162.88/3110.78.162.88 – 10.78.162.8910.78.162.89
4610.78.162.90/3110.78.162.90 – 10.78.162.9110.78.162.91
4710.78.162.92/3110.78.162.92 – 10.78.162.9310.78.162.93
4810.78.162.94/3110.78.162.94 – 10.78.162.9510.78.162.95
4910.78.162.96/3110.78.162.96 – 10.78.162.9710.78.162.97
5010.78.162.98/3110.78.162.98 – 10.78.162.9910.78.162.99
5110.78.162.100/3110.78.162.100 – 10.78.162.10110.78.162.101
5210.78.162.102/3110.78.162.102 – 10.78.162.10310.78.162.103
5310.78.162.104/3110.78.162.104 – 10.78.162.10510.78.162.105
5410.78.162.106/3110.78.162.106 – 10.78.162.10710.78.162.107
5510.78.162.108/3110.78.162.108 – 10.78.162.10910.78.162.109
5610.78.162.110/3110.78.162.110 – 10.78.162.11110.78.162.111
5710.78.162.112/3110.78.162.112 – 10.78.162.11310.78.162.113
5810.78.162.114/3110.78.162.114 – 10.78.162.11510.78.162.115
5910.78.162.116/3110.78.162.116 – 10.78.162.11710.78.162.117
6010.78.162.118/3110.78.162.118 – 10.78.162.11910.78.162.119
6110.78.162.120/3110.78.162.120 – 10.78.162.12110.78.162.121
6210.78.162.122/3110.78.162.122 – 10.78.162.12310.78.162.123
6310.78.162.124/3110.78.162.124 – 10.78.162.12510.78.162.125
6410.78.162.126/3110.78.162.126 – 10.78.162.12710.78.162.127
6510.78.162.128/3110.78.162.128 – 10.78.162.12910.78.162.129
6610.78.162.130/3110.78.162.130 – 10.78.162.13110.78.162.131
6710.78.162.132/3110.78.162.132 – 10.78.162.13310.78.162.133
6810.78.162.134/3110.78.162.134 – 10.78.162.13510.78.162.135
6910.78.162.136/3110.78.162.136 – 10.78.162.13710.78.162.137
7010.78.162.138/3110.78.162.138 – 10.78.162.13910.78.162.139
7110.78.162.140/3110.78.162.140 – 10.78.162.14110.78.162.141
7210.78.162.142/3110.78.162.142 – 10.78.162.14310.78.162.143
7310.78.162.144/3110.78.162.144 – 10.78.162.14510.78.162.145
7410.78.162.146/3110.78.162.146 – 10.78.162.14710.78.162.147
7510.78.162.148/3110.78.162.148 – 10.78.162.14910.78.162.149
7610.78.162.150/3110.78.162.150 – 10.78.162.15110.78.162.151
7710.78.162.152/3110.78.162.152 – 10.78.162.15310.78.162.153
7810.78.162.154/3110.78.162.154 – 10.78.162.15510.78.162.155
7910.78.162.156/3110.78.162.156 – 10.78.162.15710.78.162.157
8010.78.162.158/3110.78.162.158 – 10.78.162.15910.78.162.159
8110.78.162.160/3110.78.162.160 – 10.78.162.16110.78.162.161
8210.78.162.162/3110.78.162.162 – 10.78.162.16310.78.162.163
8310.78.162.164/3110.78.162.164 – 10.78.162.16510.78.162.165
8410.78.162.166/3110.78.162.166 – 10.78.162.16710.78.162.167
8510.78.162.168/3110.78.162.168 – 10.78.162.16910.78.162.169
8610.78.162.170/3110.78.162.170 – 10.78.162.17110.78.162.171
8710.78.162.172/3110.78.162.172 – 10.78.162.17310.78.162.173
8810.78.162.174/3110.78.162.174 – 10.78.162.17510.78.162.175
8910.78.162.176/3110.78.162.176 – 10.78.162.17710.78.162.177
9010.78.162.178/3110.78.162.178 – 10.78.162.17910.78.162.179
9110.78.162.180/3110.78.162.180 – 10.78.162.18110.78.162.181
9210.78.162.182/3110.78.162.182 – 10.78.162.18310.78.162.183
9310.78.162.184/3110.78.162.184 – 10.78.162.18510.78.162.185
9410.78.162.186/3110.78.162.186 – 10.78.162.18710.78.162.187
9510.78.162.188/3110.78.162.188 – 10.78.162.18910.78.162.189
9610.78.162.190/3110.78.162.190 – 10.78.162.19110.78.162.191
9710.78.162.192/3110.78.162.192 – 10.78.162.19310.78.162.193
9810.78.162.194/3110.78.162.194 – 10.78.162.19510.78.162.195
9910.78.162.196/3110.78.162.196 – 10.78.162.19710.78.162.197
10010.78.162.198/3110.78.162.198 – 10.78.162.19910.78.162.199
10110.78.162.200/3110.78.162.200 – 10.78.162.20110.78.162.201
10210.78.162.202/3110.78.162.202 – 10.78.162.20310.78.162.203
10310.78.162.204/3110.78.162.204 – 10.78.162.20510.78.162.205
10410.78.162.206/3110.78.162.206 – 10.78.162.20710.78.162.207
10510.78.162.208/3110.78.162.208 – 10.78.162.20910.78.162.209
10610.78.162.210/3110.78.162.210 – 10.78.162.21110.78.162.211
10710.78.162.212/3110.78.162.212 – 10.78.162.21310.78.162.213
10810.78.162.214/3110.78.162.214 – 10.78.162.21510.78.162.215
10910.78.162.216/3110.78.162.216 – 10.78.162.21710.78.162.217
11010.78.162.218/3110.78.162.218 – 10.78.162.21910.78.162.219
11110.78.162.220/3110.78.162.220 – 10.78.162.22110.78.162.221
11210.78.162.222/3110.78.162.222 – 10.78.162.22310.78.162.223
11310.78.162.224/3110.78.162.224 – 10.78.162.22510.78.162.225
11410.78.162.226/3110.78.162.226 – 10.78.162.22710.78.162.227
11510.78.162.228/3110.78.162.228 – 10.78.162.22910.78.162.229
11610.78.162.230/3110.78.162.230 – 10.78.162.23110.78.162.231
11710.78.162.232/3110.78.162.232 – 10.78.162.23310.78.162.233
11810.78.162.234/3110.78.162.234 – 10.78.162.23510.78.162.235
11910.78.162.236/3110.78.162.236 – 10.78.162.23710.78.162.237
12010.78.162.238/3110.78.162.238 – 10.78.162.23910.78.162.239
12110.78.162.240/3110.78.162.240 – 10.78.162.24110.78.162.241
12210.78.162.242/3110.78.162.242 – 10.78.162.24310.78.162.243
12310.78.162.244/3110.78.162.244 – 10.78.162.24510.78.162.245
12410.78.162.246/3110.78.162.246 – 10.78.162.24710.78.162.247
12510.78.162.248/3110.78.162.248 – 10.78.162.24910.78.162.249
12610.78.162.250/3110.78.162.250 – 10.78.162.25110.78.162.251
12710.78.162.252/3110.78.162.252 – 10.78.162.25310.78.162.253
12810.78.162.254/3110.78.162.254 – 10.78.162.25510.78.162.255
12910.78.163.0/3110.78.163.0 – 10.78.163.110.78.163.1
13010.78.163.2/3110.78.163.2 – 10.78.163.310.78.163.3
13110.78.163.4/3110.78.163.4 – 10.78.163.510.78.163.5
13210.78.163.6/3110.78.163.6 – 10.78.163.710.78.163.7
13310.78.163.8/3110.78.163.8 – 10.78.163.910.78.163.9
13410.78.163.10/3110.78.163.10 – 10.78.163.1110.78.163.11
13510.78.163.12/3110.78.163.12 – 10.78.163.1310.78.163.13
13610.78.163.14/3110.78.163.14 – 10.78.163.1510.78.163.15
13710.78.163.16/3110.78.163.16 – 10.78.163.1710.78.163.17
13810.78.163.18/3110.78.163.18 – 10.78.163.1910.78.163.19
13910.78.163.20/3110.78.163.20 – 10.78.163.2110.78.163.21
14010.78.163.22/3110.78.163.22 – 10.78.163.2310.78.163.23
14110.78.163.24/3110.78.163.24 – 10.78.163.2510.78.163.25
14210.78.163.26/3110.78.163.26 – 10.78.163.2710.78.163.27
14310.78.163.28/3110.78.163.28 – 10.78.163.2910.78.163.29
14410.78.163.30/3110.78.163.30 – 10.78.163.3110.78.163.31
14510.78.163.32/3110.78.163.32 – 10.78.163.3310.78.163.33
14610.78.163.34/3110.78.163.34 – 10.78.163.3510.78.163.35
14710.78.163.36/3110.78.163.36 – 10.78.163.3710.78.163.37
14810.78.163.38/3110.78.163.38 – 10.78.163.3910.78.163.39
14910.78.163.40/3110.78.163.40 – 10.78.163.4110.78.163.41
15010.78.163.42/3110.78.163.42 – 10.78.163.4310.78.163.43
15110.78.163.44/3110.78.163.44 – 10.78.163.4510.78.163.45
15210.78.163.46/3110.78.163.46 – 10.78.163.4710.78.163.47
15310.78.163.48/3110.78.163.48 – 10.78.163.4910.78.163.49
15410.78.163.50/3110.78.163.50 – 10.78.163.5110.78.163.51
15510.78.163.52/3110.78.163.52 – 10.78.163.5310.78.163.53
15610.78.163.54/3110.78.163.54 – 10.78.163.5510.78.163.55
15710.78.163.56/3110.78.163.56 – 10.78.163.5710.78.163.57
15810.78.163.58/3110.78.163.58 – 10.78.163.5910.78.163.59
15910.78.163.60/3110.78.163.60 – 10.78.163.6110.78.163.61
16010.78.163.62/3110.78.163.62 – 10.78.163.6310.78.163.63
16110.78.163.64/3110.78.163.64 – 10.78.163.6510.78.163.65
16210.78.163.66/3110.78.163.66 – 10.78.163.6710.78.163.67
16310.78.163.68/3110.78.163.68 – 10.78.163.6910.78.163.69
16410.78.163.70/3110.78.163.70 – 10.78.163.7110.78.163.71
16510.78.163.72/3110.78.163.72 – 10.78.163.7310.78.163.73
16610.78.163.74/3110.78.163.74 – 10.78.163.7510.78.163.75
16710.78.163.76/3110.78.163.76 – 10.78.163.7710.78.163.77
16810.78.163.78/3110.78.163.78 – 10.78.163.7910.78.163.79
16910.78.163.80/3110.78.163.80 – 10.78.163.8110.78.163.81
17010.78.163.82/3110.78.163.82 – 10.78.163.8310.78.163.83
17110.78.163.84/3110.78.163.84 – 10.78.163.8510.78.163.85
17210.78.163.86/3110.78.163.86 – 10.78.163.8710.78.163.87
17310.78.163.88/3110.78.163.88 – 10.78.163.8910.78.163.89
17410.78.163.90/3110.78.163.90 – 10.78.163.9110.78.163.91
17510.78.163.92/3110.78.163.92 – 10.78.163.9310.78.163.93
17610.78.163.94/3110.78.163.94 – 10.78.163.9510.78.163.95
17710.78.163.96/3110.78.163.96 – 10.78.163.9710.78.163.97
17810.78.163.98/3110.78.163.98 – 10.78.163.9910.78.163.99
17910.78.163.100/3110.78.163.100 – 10.78.163.10110.78.163.101
18010.78.163.102/3110.78.163.102 – 10.78.163.10310.78.163.103
18110.78.163.104/3110.78.163.104 – 10.78.163.10510.78.163.105
18210.78.163.106/3110.78.163.106 – 10.78.163.10710.78.163.107
18310.78.163.108/3110.78.163.108 – 10.78.163.10910.78.163.109
18410.78.163.110/3110.78.163.110 – 10.78.163.11110.78.163.111
18510.78.163.112/3110.78.163.112 – 10.78.163.11310.78.163.113
18610.78.163.114/3110.78.163.114 – 10.78.163.11510.78.163.115
18710.78.163.116/3110.78.163.116 – 10.78.163.11710.78.163.117
18810.78.163.118/3110.78.163.118 – 10.78.163.11910.78.163.119
18910.78.163.120/3110.78.163.120 – 10.78.163.12110.78.163.121
19010.78.163.122/3110.78.163.122 – 10.78.163.12310.78.163.123
19110.78.163.124/3110.78.163.124 – 10.78.163.12510.78.163.125
19210.78.163.126/3110.78.163.126 – 10.78.163.12710.78.163.127
19310.78.163.128/3110.78.163.128 – 10.78.163.12910.78.163.129
19410.78.163.130/3110.78.163.130 – 10.78.163.13110.78.163.131
19510.78.163.132/3110.78.163.132 – 10.78.163.13310.78.163.133
19610.78.163.134/3110.78.163.134 – 10.78.163.13510.78.163.135
19710.78.163.136/3110.78.163.136 – 10.78.163.13710.78.163.137
19810.78.163.138/3110.78.163.138 – 10.78.163.13910.78.163.139
19910.78.163.140/3110.78.163.140 – 10.78.163.14110.78.163.141
20010.78.163.142/3110.78.163.142 – 10.78.163.14310.78.163.143
20110.78.163.144/3110.78.163.144 – 10.78.163.14510.78.163.145
20210.78.163.146/3110.78.163.146 – 10.78.163.14710.78.163.147
20310.78.163.148/3110.78.163.148 – 10.78.163.14910.78.163.149
20410.78.163.150/3110.78.163.150 – 10.78.163.15110.78.163.151
20510.78.163.152/3110.78.163.152 – 10.78.163.15310.78.163.153
20610.78.163.154/3110.78.163.154 – 10.78.163.15510.78.163.155
20710.78.163.156/3110.78.163.156 – 10.78.163.15710.78.163.157
20810.78.163.158/3110.78.163.158 – 10.78.163.15910.78.163.159
20910.78.163.160/3110.78.163.160 – 10.78.163.16110.78.163.161
21010.78.163.162/3110.78.163.162 – 10.78.163.16310.78.163.163
21110.78.163.164/3110.78.163.164 – 10.78.163.16510.78.163.165
21210.78.163.166/3110.78.163.166 – 10.78.163.16710.78.163.167
21310.78.163.168/3110.78.163.168 – 10.78.163.16910.78.163.169
21410.78.163.170/3110.78.163.170 – 10.78.163.17110.78.163.171
21510.78.163.172/3110.78.163.172 – 10.78.163.17310.78.163.173
21610.78.163.174/3110.78.163.174 – 10.78.163.17510.78.163.175
21710.78.163.176/3110.78.163.176 – 10.78.163.17710.78.163.177
21810.78.163.178/3110.78.163.178 – 10.78.163.17910.78.163.179
21910.78.163.180/3110.78.163.180 – 10.78.163.18110.78.163.181
22010.78.163.182/3110.78.163.182 – 10.78.163.18310.78.163.183
22110.78.163.184/3110.78.163.184 – 10.78.163.18510.78.163.185
22210.78.163.186/3110.78.163.186 – 10.78.163.18710.78.163.187
22310.78.163.188/3110.78.163.188 – 10.78.163.18910.78.163.189
22410.78.163.190/3110.78.163.190 – 10.78.163.19110.78.163.191
22510.78.163.192/3110.78.163.192 – 10.78.163.19310.78.163.193
22610.78.163.194/3110.78.163.194 – 10.78.163.19510.78.163.195
22710.78.163.196/3110.78.163.196 – 10.78.163.19710.78.163.197
22810.78.163.198/3110.78.163.198 – 10.78.163.19910.78.163.199
22910.78.163.200/3110.78.163.200 – 10.78.163.20110.78.163.201
23010.78.163.202/3110.78.163.202 – 10.78.163.20310.78.163.203
23110.78.163.204/3110.78.163.204 – 10.78.163.20510.78.163.205
23210.78.163.206/3110.78.163.206 – 10.78.163.20710.78.163.207
23310.78.163.208/3110.78.163.208 – 10.78.163.20910.78.163.209
23410.78.163.210/3110.78.163.210 – 10.78.163.21110.78.163.211
23510.78.163.212/3110.78.163.212 – 10.78.163.21310.78.163.213
23610.78.163.214/3110.78.163.214 – 10.78.163.21510.78.163.215
23710.78.163.216/3110.78.163.216 – 10.78.163.21710.78.163.217
23810.78.163.218/3110.78.163.218 – 10.78.163.21910.78.163.219
23910.78.163.220/3110.78.163.220 – 10.78.163.22110.78.163.221
24010.78.163.222/3110.78.163.222 – 10.78.163.22310.78.163.223
24110.78.163.224/3110.78.163.224 – 10.78.163.22510.78.163.225
24210.78.163.226/3110.78.163.226 – 10.78.163.22710.78.163.227
24310.78.163.228/3110.78.163.228 – 10.78.163.22910.78.163.229
24410.78.163.230/3110.78.163.230 – 10.78.163.23110.78.163.231
24510.78.163.232/3110.78.163.232 – 10.78.163.23310.78.163.233
24610.78.163.234/3110.78.163.234 – 10.78.163.23510.78.163.235
24710.78.163.236/3110.78.163.236 – 10.78.163.23710.78.163.237
24810.78.163.238/3110.78.163.238 – 10.78.163.23910.78.163.239
24910.78.163.240/3110.78.163.240 – 10.78.163.24110.78.163.241
25010.78.163.242/3110.78.163.242 – 10.78.163.24310.78.163.243
25110.78.163.244/3110.78.163.244 – 10.78.163.24510.78.163.245
25210.78.163.246/3110.78.163.246 – 10.78.163.24710.78.163.247
25310.78.163.248/3110.78.163.248 – 10.78.163.24910.78.163.249
25410.78.163.250/3110.78.163.250 – 10.78.163.25110.78.163.251
25510.78.163.252/3110.78.163.252 – 10.78.163.25310.78.163.253
25610.78.163.254/3110.78.163.254 – 10.78.163.25510.78.163.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →