ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.136.0/23
network10.78.136.0/23
broadcast10.78.137.255
first host10.78.136.1
last host10.78.137.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.136.0/23
address00001010.01001110.10001000.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.10001000.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.10001001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e8800
decimal172918784
reverse dns0.136.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:8800

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.136.0/3110.78.136.0 – 10.78.136.110.78.136.1
210.78.136.2/3110.78.136.2 – 10.78.136.310.78.136.3
310.78.136.4/3110.78.136.4 – 10.78.136.510.78.136.5
410.78.136.6/3110.78.136.6 – 10.78.136.710.78.136.7
510.78.136.8/3110.78.136.8 – 10.78.136.910.78.136.9
610.78.136.10/3110.78.136.10 – 10.78.136.1110.78.136.11
710.78.136.12/3110.78.136.12 – 10.78.136.1310.78.136.13
810.78.136.14/3110.78.136.14 – 10.78.136.1510.78.136.15
910.78.136.16/3110.78.136.16 – 10.78.136.1710.78.136.17
1010.78.136.18/3110.78.136.18 – 10.78.136.1910.78.136.19
1110.78.136.20/3110.78.136.20 – 10.78.136.2110.78.136.21
1210.78.136.22/3110.78.136.22 – 10.78.136.2310.78.136.23
1310.78.136.24/3110.78.136.24 – 10.78.136.2510.78.136.25
1410.78.136.26/3110.78.136.26 – 10.78.136.2710.78.136.27
1510.78.136.28/3110.78.136.28 – 10.78.136.2910.78.136.29
1610.78.136.30/3110.78.136.30 – 10.78.136.3110.78.136.31
1710.78.136.32/3110.78.136.32 – 10.78.136.3310.78.136.33
1810.78.136.34/3110.78.136.34 – 10.78.136.3510.78.136.35
1910.78.136.36/3110.78.136.36 – 10.78.136.3710.78.136.37
2010.78.136.38/3110.78.136.38 – 10.78.136.3910.78.136.39
2110.78.136.40/3110.78.136.40 – 10.78.136.4110.78.136.41
2210.78.136.42/3110.78.136.42 – 10.78.136.4310.78.136.43
2310.78.136.44/3110.78.136.44 – 10.78.136.4510.78.136.45
2410.78.136.46/3110.78.136.46 – 10.78.136.4710.78.136.47
2510.78.136.48/3110.78.136.48 – 10.78.136.4910.78.136.49
2610.78.136.50/3110.78.136.50 – 10.78.136.5110.78.136.51
2710.78.136.52/3110.78.136.52 – 10.78.136.5310.78.136.53
2810.78.136.54/3110.78.136.54 – 10.78.136.5510.78.136.55
2910.78.136.56/3110.78.136.56 – 10.78.136.5710.78.136.57
3010.78.136.58/3110.78.136.58 – 10.78.136.5910.78.136.59
3110.78.136.60/3110.78.136.60 – 10.78.136.6110.78.136.61
3210.78.136.62/3110.78.136.62 – 10.78.136.6310.78.136.63
3310.78.136.64/3110.78.136.64 – 10.78.136.6510.78.136.65
3410.78.136.66/3110.78.136.66 – 10.78.136.6710.78.136.67
3510.78.136.68/3110.78.136.68 – 10.78.136.6910.78.136.69
3610.78.136.70/3110.78.136.70 – 10.78.136.7110.78.136.71
3710.78.136.72/3110.78.136.72 – 10.78.136.7310.78.136.73
3810.78.136.74/3110.78.136.74 – 10.78.136.7510.78.136.75
3910.78.136.76/3110.78.136.76 – 10.78.136.7710.78.136.77
4010.78.136.78/3110.78.136.78 – 10.78.136.7910.78.136.79
4110.78.136.80/3110.78.136.80 – 10.78.136.8110.78.136.81
4210.78.136.82/3110.78.136.82 – 10.78.136.8310.78.136.83
4310.78.136.84/3110.78.136.84 – 10.78.136.8510.78.136.85
4410.78.136.86/3110.78.136.86 – 10.78.136.8710.78.136.87
4510.78.136.88/3110.78.136.88 – 10.78.136.8910.78.136.89
4610.78.136.90/3110.78.136.90 – 10.78.136.9110.78.136.91
4710.78.136.92/3110.78.136.92 – 10.78.136.9310.78.136.93
4810.78.136.94/3110.78.136.94 – 10.78.136.9510.78.136.95
4910.78.136.96/3110.78.136.96 – 10.78.136.9710.78.136.97
5010.78.136.98/3110.78.136.98 – 10.78.136.9910.78.136.99
5110.78.136.100/3110.78.136.100 – 10.78.136.10110.78.136.101
5210.78.136.102/3110.78.136.102 – 10.78.136.10310.78.136.103
5310.78.136.104/3110.78.136.104 – 10.78.136.10510.78.136.105
5410.78.136.106/3110.78.136.106 – 10.78.136.10710.78.136.107
5510.78.136.108/3110.78.136.108 – 10.78.136.10910.78.136.109
5610.78.136.110/3110.78.136.110 – 10.78.136.11110.78.136.111
5710.78.136.112/3110.78.136.112 – 10.78.136.11310.78.136.113
5810.78.136.114/3110.78.136.114 – 10.78.136.11510.78.136.115
5910.78.136.116/3110.78.136.116 – 10.78.136.11710.78.136.117
6010.78.136.118/3110.78.136.118 – 10.78.136.11910.78.136.119
6110.78.136.120/3110.78.136.120 – 10.78.136.12110.78.136.121
6210.78.136.122/3110.78.136.122 – 10.78.136.12310.78.136.123
6310.78.136.124/3110.78.136.124 – 10.78.136.12510.78.136.125
6410.78.136.126/3110.78.136.126 – 10.78.136.12710.78.136.127
6510.78.136.128/3110.78.136.128 – 10.78.136.12910.78.136.129
6610.78.136.130/3110.78.136.130 – 10.78.136.13110.78.136.131
6710.78.136.132/3110.78.136.132 – 10.78.136.13310.78.136.133
6810.78.136.134/3110.78.136.134 – 10.78.136.13510.78.136.135
6910.78.136.136/3110.78.136.136 – 10.78.136.13710.78.136.137
7010.78.136.138/3110.78.136.138 – 10.78.136.13910.78.136.139
7110.78.136.140/3110.78.136.140 – 10.78.136.14110.78.136.141
7210.78.136.142/3110.78.136.142 – 10.78.136.14310.78.136.143
7310.78.136.144/3110.78.136.144 – 10.78.136.14510.78.136.145
7410.78.136.146/3110.78.136.146 – 10.78.136.14710.78.136.147
7510.78.136.148/3110.78.136.148 – 10.78.136.14910.78.136.149
7610.78.136.150/3110.78.136.150 – 10.78.136.15110.78.136.151
7710.78.136.152/3110.78.136.152 – 10.78.136.15310.78.136.153
7810.78.136.154/3110.78.136.154 – 10.78.136.15510.78.136.155
7910.78.136.156/3110.78.136.156 – 10.78.136.15710.78.136.157
8010.78.136.158/3110.78.136.158 – 10.78.136.15910.78.136.159
8110.78.136.160/3110.78.136.160 – 10.78.136.16110.78.136.161
8210.78.136.162/3110.78.136.162 – 10.78.136.16310.78.136.163
8310.78.136.164/3110.78.136.164 – 10.78.136.16510.78.136.165
8410.78.136.166/3110.78.136.166 – 10.78.136.16710.78.136.167
8510.78.136.168/3110.78.136.168 – 10.78.136.16910.78.136.169
8610.78.136.170/3110.78.136.170 – 10.78.136.17110.78.136.171
8710.78.136.172/3110.78.136.172 – 10.78.136.17310.78.136.173
8810.78.136.174/3110.78.136.174 – 10.78.136.17510.78.136.175
8910.78.136.176/3110.78.136.176 – 10.78.136.17710.78.136.177
9010.78.136.178/3110.78.136.178 – 10.78.136.17910.78.136.179
9110.78.136.180/3110.78.136.180 – 10.78.136.18110.78.136.181
9210.78.136.182/3110.78.136.182 – 10.78.136.18310.78.136.183
9310.78.136.184/3110.78.136.184 – 10.78.136.18510.78.136.185
9410.78.136.186/3110.78.136.186 – 10.78.136.18710.78.136.187
9510.78.136.188/3110.78.136.188 – 10.78.136.18910.78.136.189
9610.78.136.190/3110.78.136.190 – 10.78.136.19110.78.136.191
9710.78.136.192/3110.78.136.192 – 10.78.136.19310.78.136.193
9810.78.136.194/3110.78.136.194 – 10.78.136.19510.78.136.195
9910.78.136.196/3110.78.136.196 – 10.78.136.19710.78.136.197
10010.78.136.198/3110.78.136.198 – 10.78.136.19910.78.136.199
10110.78.136.200/3110.78.136.200 – 10.78.136.20110.78.136.201
10210.78.136.202/3110.78.136.202 – 10.78.136.20310.78.136.203
10310.78.136.204/3110.78.136.204 – 10.78.136.20510.78.136.205
10410.78.136.206/3110.78.136.206 – 10.78.136.20710.78.136.207
10510.78.136.208/3110.78.136.208 – 10.78.136.20910.78.136.209
10610.78.136.210/3110.78.136.210 – 10.78.136.21110.78.136.211
10710.78.136.212/3110.78.136.212 – 10.78.136.21310.78.136.213
10810.78.136.214/3110.78.136.214 – 10.78.136.21510.78.136.215
10910.78.136.216/3110.78.136.216 – 10.78.136.21710.78.136.217
11010.78.136.218/3110.78.136.218 – 10.78.136.21910.78.136.219
11110.78.136.220/3110.78.136.220 – 10.78.136.22110.78.136.221
11210.78.136.222/3110.78.136.222 – 10.78.136.22310.78.136.223
11310.78.136.224/3110.78.136.224 – 10.78.136.22510.78.136.225
11410.78.136.226/3110.78.136.226 – 10.78.136.22710.78.136.227
11510.78.136.228/3110.78.136.228 – 10.78.136.22910.78.136.229
11610.78.136.230/3110.78.136.230 – 10.78.136.23110.78.136.231
11710.78.136.232/3110.78.136.232 – 10.78.136.23310.78.136.233
11810.78.136.234/3110.78.136.234 – 10.78.136.23510.78.136.235
11910.78.136.236/3110.78.136.236 – 10.78.136.23710.78.136.237
12010.78.136.238/3110.78.136.238 – 10.78.136.23910.78.136.239
12110.78.136.240/3110.78.136.240 – 10.78.136.24110.78.136.241
12210.78.136.242/3110.78.136.242 – 10.78.136.24310.78.136.243
12310.78.136.244/3110.78.136.244 – 10.78.136.24510.78.136.245
12410.78.136.246/3110.78.136.246 – 10.78.136.24710.78.136.247
12510.78.136.248/3110.78.136.248 – 10.78.136.24910.78.136.249
12610.78.136.250/3110.78.136.250 – 10.78.136.25110.78.136.251
12710.78.136.252/3110.78.136.252 – 10.78.136.25310.78.136.253
12810.78.136.254/3110.78.136.254 – 10.78.136.25510.78.136.255
12910.78.137.0/3110.78.137.0 – 10.78.137.110.78.137.1
13010.78.137.2/3110.78.137.2 – 10.78.137.310.78.137.3
13110.78.137.4/3110.78.137.4 – 10.78.137.510.78.137.5
13210.78.137.6/3110.78.137.6 – 10.78.137.710.78.137.7
13310.78.137.8/3110.78.137.8 – 10.78.137.910.78.137.9
13410.78.137.10/3110.78.137.10 – 10.78.137.1110.78.137.11
13510.78.137.12/3110.78.137.12 – 10.78.137.1310.78.137.13
13610.78.137.14/3110.78.137.14 – 10.78.137.1510.78.137.15
13710.78.137.16/3110.78.137.16 – 10.78.137.1710.78.137.17
13810.78.137.18/3110.78.137.18 – 10.78.137.1910.78.137.19
13910.78.137.20/3110.78.137.20 – 10.78.137.2110.78.137.21
14010.78.137.22/3110.78.137.22 – 10.78.137.2310.78.137.23
14110.78.137.24/3110.78.137.24 – 10.78.137.2510.78.137.25
14210.78.137.26/3110.78.137.26 – 10.78.137.2710.78.137.27
14310.78.137.28/3110.78.137.28 – 10.78.137.2910.78.137.29
14410.78.137.30/3110.78.137.30 – 10.78.137.3110.78.137.31
14510.78.137.32/3110.78.137.32 – 10.78.137.3310.78.137.33
14610.78.137.34/3110.78.137.34 – 10.78.137.3510.78.137.35
14710.78.137.36/3110.78.137.36 – 10.78.137.3710.78.137.37
14810.78.137.38/3110.78.137.38 – 10.78.137.3910.78.137.39
14910.78.137.40/3110.78.137.40 – 10.78.137.4110.78.137.41
15010.78.137.42/3110.78.137.42 – 10.78.137.4310.78.137.43
15110.78.137.44/3110.78.137.44 – 10.78.137.4510.78.137.45
15210.78.137.46/3110.78.137.46 – 10.78.137.4710.78.137.47
15310.78.137.48/3110.78.137.48 – 10.78.137.4910.78.137.49
15410.78.137.50/3110.78.137.50 – 10.78.137.5110.78.137.51
15510.78.137.52/3110.78.137.52 – 10.78.137.5310.78.137.53
15610.78.137.54/3110.78.137.54 – 10.78.137.5510.78.137.55
15710.78.137.56/3110.78.137.56 – 10.78.137.5710.78.137.57
15810.78.137.58/3110.78.137.58 – 10.78.137.5910.78.137.59
15910.78.137.60/3110.78.137.60 – 10.78.137.6110.78.137.61
16010.78.137.62/3110.78.137.62 – 10.78.137.6310.78.137.63
16110.78.137.64/3110.78.137.64 – 10.78.137.6510.78.137.65
16210.78.137.66/3110.78.137.66 – 10.78.137.6710.78.137.67
16310.78.137.68/3110.78.137.68 – 10.78.137.6910.78.137.69
16410.78.137.70/3110.78.137.70 – 10.78.137.7110.78.137.71
16510.78.137.72/3110.78.137.72 – 10.78.137.7310.78.137.73
16610.78.137.74/3110.78.137.74 – 10.78.137.7510.78.137.75
16710.78.137.76/3110.78.137.76 – 10.78.137.7710.78.137.77
16810.78.137.78/3110.78.137.78 – 10.78.137.7910.78.137.79
16910.78.137.80/3110.78.137.80 – 10.78.137.8110.78.137.81
17010.78.137.82/3110.78.137.82 – 10.78.137.8310.78.137.83
17110.78.137.84/3110.78.137.84 – 10.78.137.8510.78.137.85
17210.78.137.86/3110.78.137.86 – 10.78.137.8710.78.137.87
17310.78.137.88/3110.78.137.88 – 10.78.137.8910.78.137.89
17410.78.137.90/3110.78.137.90 – 10.78.137.9110.78.137.91
17510.78.137.92/3110.78.137.92 – 10.78.137.9310.78.137.93
17610.78.137.94/3110.78.137.94 – 10.78.137.9510.78.137.95
17710.78.137.96/3110.78.137.96 – 10.78.137.9710.78.137.97
17810.78.137.98/3110.78.137.98 – 10.78.137.9910.78.137.99
17910.78.137.100/3110.78.137.100 – 10.78.137.10110.78.137.101
18010.78.137.102/3110.78.137.102 – 10.78.137.10310.78.137.103
18110.78.137.104/3110.78.137.104 – 10.78.137.10510.78.137.105
18210.78.137.106/3110.78.137.106 – 10.78.137.10710.78.137.107
18310.78.137.108/3110.78.137.108 – 10.78.137.10910.78.137.109
18410.78.137.110/3110.78.137.110 – 10.78.137.11110.78.137.111
18510.78.137.112/3110.78.137.112 – 10.78.137.11310.78.137.113
18610.78.137.114/3110.78.137.114 – 10.78.137.11510.78.137.115
18710.78.137.116/3110.78.137.116 – 10.78.137.11710.78.137.117
18810.78.137.118/3110.78.137.118 – 10.78.137.11910.78.137.119
18910.78.137.120/3110.78.137.120 – 10.78.137.12110.78.137.121
19010.78.137.122/3110.78.137.122 – 10.78.137.12310.78.137.123
19110.78.137.124/3110.78.137.124 – 10.78.137.12510.78.137.125
19210.78.137.126/3110.78.137.126 – 10.78.137.12710.78.137.127
19310.78.137.128/3110.78.137.128 – 10.78.137.12910.78.137.129
19410.78.137.130/3110.78.137.130 – 10.78.137.13110.78.137.131
19510.78.137.132/3110.78.137.132 – 10.78.137.13310.78.137.133
19610.78.137.134/3110.78.137.134 – 10.78.137.13510.78.137.135
19710.78.137.136/3110.78.137.136 – 10.78.137.13710.78.137.137
19810.78.137.138/3110.78.137.138 – 10.78.137.13910.78.137.139
19910.78.137.140/3110.78.137.140 – 10.78.137.14110.78.137.141
20010.78.137.142/3110.78.137.142 – 10.78.137.14310.78.137.143
20110.78.137.144/3110.78.137.144 – 10.78.137.14510.78.137.145
20210.78.137.146/3110.78.137.146 – 10.78.137.14710.78.137.147
20310.78.137.148/3110.78.137.148 – 10.78.137.14910.78.137.149
20410.78.137.150/3110.78.137.150 – 10.78.137.15110.78.137.151
20510.78.137.152/3110.78.137.152 – 10.78.137.15310.78.137.153
20610.78.137.154/3110.78.137.154 – 10.78.137.15510.78.137.155
20710.78.137.156/3110.78.137.156 – 10.78.137.15710.78.137.157
20810.78.137.158/3110.78.137.158 – 10.78.137.15910.78.137.159
20910.78.137.160/3110.78.137.160 – 10.78.137.16110.78.137.161
21010.78.137.162/3110.78.137.162 – 10.78.137.16310.78.137.163
21110.78.137.164/3110.78.137.164 – 10.78.137.16510.78.137.165
21210.78.137.166/3110.78.137.166 – 10.78.137.16710.78.137.167
21310.78.137.168/3110.78.137.168 – 10.78.137.16910.78.137.169
21410.78.137.170/3110.78.137.170 – 10.78.137.17110.78.137.171
21510.78.137.172/3110.78.137.172 – 10.78.137.17310.78.137.173
21610.78.137.174/3110.78.137.174 – 10.78.137.17510.78.137.175
21710.78.137.176/3110.78.137.176 – 10.78.137.17710.78.137.177
21810.78.137.178/3110.78.137.178 – 10.78.137.17910.78.137.179
21910.78.137.180/3110.78.137.180 – 10.78.137.18110.78.137.181
22010.78.137.182/3110.78.137.182 – 10.78.137.18310.78.137.183
22110.78.137.184/3110.78.137.184 – 10.78.137.18510.78.137.185
22210.78.137.186/3110.78.137.186 – 10.78.137.18710.78.137.187
22310.78.137.188/3110.78.137.188 – 10.78.137.18910.78.137.189
22410.78.137.190/3110.78.137.190 – 10.78.137.19110.78.137.191
22510.78.137.192/3110.78.137.192 – 10.78.137.19310.78.137.193
22610.78.137.194/3110.78.137.194 – 10.78.137.19510.78.137.195
22710.78.137.196/3110.78.137.196 – 10.78.137.19710.78.137.197
22810.78.137.198/3110.78.137.198 – 10.78.137.19910.78.137.199
22910.78.137.200/3110.78.137.200 – 10.78.137.20110.78.137.201
23010.78.137.202/3110.78.137.202 – 10.78.137.20310.78.137.203
23110.78.137.204/3110.78.137.204 – 10.78.137.20510.78.137.205
23210.78.137.206/3110.78.137.206 – 10.78.137.20710.78.137.207
23310.78.137.208/3110.78.137.208 – 10.78.137.20910.78.137.209
23410.78.137.210/3110.78.137.210 – 10.78.137.21110.78.137.211
23510.78.137.212/3110.78.137.212 – 10.78.137.21310.78.137.213
23610.78.137.214/3110.78.137.214 – 10.78.137.21510.78.137.215
23710.78.137.216/3110.78.137.216 – 10.78.137.21710.78.137.217
23810.78.137.218/3110.78.137.218 – 10.78.137.21910.78.137.219
23910.78.137.220/3110.78.137.220 – 10.78.137.22110.78.137.221
24010.78.137.222/3110.78.137.222 – 10.78.137.22310.78.137.223
24110.78.137.224/3110.78.137.224 – 10.78.137.22510.78.137.225
24210.78.137.226/3110.78.137.226 – 10.78.137.22710.78.137.227
24310.78.137.228/3110.78.137.228 – 10.78.137.22910.78.137.229
24410.78.137.230/3110.78.137.230 – 10.78.137.23110.78.137.231
24510.78.137.232/3110.78.137.232 – 10.78.137.23310.78.137.233
24610.78.137.234/3110.78.137.234 – 10.78.137.23510.78.137.235
24710.78.137.236/3110.78.137.236 – 10.78.137.23710.78.137.237
24810.78.137.238/3110.78.137.238 – 10.78.137.23910.78.137.239
24910.78.137.240/3110.78.137.240 – 10.78.137.24110.78.137.241
25010.78.137.242/3110.78.137.242 – 10.78.137.24310.78.137.243
25110.78.137.244/3110.78.137.244 – 10.78.137.24510.78.137.245
25210.78.137.246/3110.78.137.246 – 10.78.137.24710.78.137.247
25310.78.137.248/3110.78.137.248 – 10.78.137.24910.78.137.249
25410.78.137.250/3110.78.137.250 – 10.78.137.25110.78.137.251
25510.78.137.252/3110.78.137.252 – 10.78.137.25310.78.137.253
25610.78.137.254/3110.78.137.254 – 10.78.137.25510.78.137.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →