ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.102.0/23
network10.78.102.0/23
broadcast10.78.103.255
first host10.78.102.1
last host10.78.103.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.102.0/23
address00001010.01001110.01100110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.01100110.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.01100111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e6600
decimal172910080
reverse dns0.102.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:6600

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.102.0/3110.78.102.0 – 10.78.102.110.78.102.1
210.78.102.2/3110.78.102.2 – 10.78.102.310.78.102.3
310.78.102.4/3110.78.102.4 – 10.78.102.510.78.102.5
410.78.102.6/3110.78.102.6 – 10.78.102.710.78.102.7
510.78.102.8/3110.78.102.8 – 10.78.102.910.78.102.9
610.78.102.10/3110.78.102.10 – 10.78.102.1110.78.102.11
710.78.102.12/3110.78.102.12 – 10.78.102.1310.78.102.13
810.78.102.14/3110.78.102.14 – 10.78.102.1510.78.102.15
910.78.102.16/3110.78.102.16 – 10.78.102.1710.78.102.17
1010.78.102.18/3110.78.102.18 – 10.78.102.1910.78.102.19
1110.78.102.20/3110.78.102.20 – 10.78.102.2110.78.102.21
1210.78.102.22/3110.78.102.22 – 10.78.102.2310.78.102.23
1310.78.102.24/3110.78.102.24 – 10.78.102.2510.78.102.25
1410.78.102.26/3110.78.102.26 – 10.78.102.2710.78.102.27
1510.78.102.28/3110.78.102.28 – 10.78.102.2910.78.102.29
1610.78.102.30/3110.78.102.30 – 10.78.102.3110.78.102.31
1710.78.102.32/3110.78.102.32 – 10.78.102.3310.78.102.33
1810.78.102.34/3110.78.102.34 – 10.78.102.3510.78.102.35
1910.78.102.36/3110.78.102.36 – 10.78.102.3710.78.102.37
2010.78.102.38/3110.78.102.38 – 10.78.102.3910.78.102.39
2110.78.102.40/3110.78.102.40 – 10.78.102.4110.78.102.41
2210.78.102.42/3110.78.102.42 – 10.78.102.4310.78.102.43
2310.78.102.44/3110.78.102.44 – 10.78.102.4510.78.102.45
2410.78.102.46/3110.78.102.46 – 10.78.102.4710.78.102.47
2510.78.102.48/3110.78.102.48 – 10.78.102.4910.78.102.49
2610.78.102.50/3110.78.102.50 – 10.78.102.5110.78.102.51
2710.78.102.52/3110.78.102.52 – 10.78.102.5310.78.102.53
2810.78.102.54/3110.78.102.54 – 10.78.102.5510.78.102.55
2910.78.102.56/3110.78.102.56 – 10.78.102.5710.78.102.57
3010.78.102.58/3110.78.102.58 – 10.78.102.5910.78.102.59
3110.78.102.60/3110.78.102.60 – 10.78.102.6110.78.102.61
3210.78.102.62/3110.78.102.62 – 10.78.102.6310.78.102.63
3310.78.102.64/3110.78.102.64 – 10.78.102.6510.78.102.65
3410.78.102.66/3110.78.102.66 – 10.78.102.6710.78.102.67
3510.78.102.68/3110.78.102.68 – 10.78.102.6910.78.102.69
3610.78.102.70/3110.78.102.70 – 10.78.102.7110.78.102.71
3710.78.102.72/3110.78.102.72 – 10.78.102.7310.78.102.73
3810.78.102.74/3110.78.102.74 – 10.78.102.7510.78.102.75
3910.78.102.76/3110.78.102.76 – 10.78.102.7710.78.102.77
4010.78.102.78/3110.78.102.78 – 10.78.102.7910.78.102.79
4110.78.102.80/3110.78.102.80 – 10.78.102.8110.78.102.81
4210.78.102.82/3110.78.102.82 – 10.78.102.8310.78.102.83
4310.78.102.84/3110.78.102.84 – 10.78.102.8510.78.102.85
4410.78.102.86/3110.78.102.86 – 10.78.102.8710.78.102.87
4510.78.102.88/3110.78.102.88 – 10.78.102.8910.78.102.89
4610.78.102.90/3110.78.102.90 – 10.78.102.9110.78.102.91
4710.78.102.92/3110.78.102.92 – 10.78.102.9310.78.102.93
4810.78.102.94/3110.78.102.94 – 10.78.102.9510.78.102.95
4910.78.102.96/3110.78.102.96 – 10.78.102.9710.78.102.97
5010.78.102.98/3110.78.102.98 – 10.78.102.9910.78.102.99
5110.78.102.100/3110.78.102.100 – 10.78.102.10110.78.102.101
5210.78.102.102/3110.78.102.102 – 10.78.102.10310.78.102.103
5310.78.102.104/3110.78.102.104 – 10.78.102.10510.78.102.105
5410.78.102.106/3110.78.102.106 – 10.78.102.10710.78.102.107
5510.78.102.108/3110.78.102.108 – 10.78.102.10910.78.102.109
5610.78.102.110/3110.78.102.110 – 10.78.102.11110.78.102.111
5710.78.102.112/3110.78.102.112 – 10.78.102.11310.78.102.113
5810.78.102.114/3110.78.102.114 – 10.78.102.11510.78.102.115
5910.78.102.116/3110.78.102.116 – 10.78.102.11710.78.102.117
6010.78.102.118/3110.78.102.118 – 10.78.102.11910.78.102.119
6110.78.102.120/3110.78.102.120 – 10.78.102.12110.78.102.121
6210.78.102.122/3110.78.102.122 – 10.78.102.12310.78.102.123
6310.78.102.124/3110.78.102.124 – 10.78.102.12510.78.102.125
6410.78.102.126/3110.78.102.126 – 10.78.102.12710.78.102.127
6510.78.102.128/3110.78.102.128 – 10.78.102.12910.78.102.129
6610.78.102.130/3110.78.102.130 – 10.78.102.13110.78.102.131
6710.78.102.132/3110.78.102.132 – 10.78.102.13310.78.102.133
6810.78.102.134/3110.78.102.134 – 10.78.102.13510.78.102.135
6910.78.102.136/3110.78.102.136 – 10.78.102.13710.78.102.137
7010.78.102.138/3110.78.102.138 – 10.78.102.13910.78.102.139
7110.78.102.140/3110.78.102.140 – 10.78.102.14110.78.102.141
7210.78.102.142/3110.78.102.142 – 10.78.102.14310.78.102.143
7310.78.102.144/3110.78.102.144 – 10.78.102.14510.78.102.145
7410.78.102.146/3110.78.102.146 – 10.78.102.14710.78.102.147
7510.78.102.148/3110.78.102.148 – 10.78.102.14910.78.102.149
7610.78.102.150/3110.78.102.150 – 10.78.102.15110.78.102.151
7710.78.102.152/3110.78.102.152 – 10.78.102.15310.78.102.153
7810.78.102.154/3110.78.102.154 – 10.78.102.15510.78.102.155
7910.78.102.156/3110.78.102.156 – 10.78.102.15710.78.102.157
8010.78.102.158/3110.78.102.158 – 10.78.102.15910.78.102.159
8110.78.102.160/3110.78.102.160 – 10.78.102.16110.78.102.161
8210.78.102.162/3110.78.102.162 – 10.78.102.16310.78.102.163
8310.78.102.164/3110.78.102.164 – 10.78.102.16510.78.102.165
8410.78.102.166/3110.78.102.166 – 10.78.102.16710.78.102.167
8510.78.102.168/3110.78.102.168 – 10.78.102.16910.78.102.169
8610.78.102.170/3110.78.102.170 – 10.78.102.17110.78.102.171
8710.78.102.172/3110.78.102.172 – 10.78.102.17310.78.102.173
8810.78.102.174/3110.78.102.174 – 10.78.102.17510.78.102.175
8910.78.102.176/3110.78.102.176 – 10.78.102.17710.78.102.177
9010.78.102.178/3110.78.102.178 – 10.78.102.17910.78.102.179
9110.78.102.180/3110.78.102.180 – 10.78.102.18110.78.102.181
9210.78.102.182/3110.78.102.182 – 10.78.102.18310.78.102.183
9310.78.102.184/3110.78.102.184 – 10.78.102.18510.78.102.185
9410.78.102.186/3110.78.102.186 – 10.78.102.18710.78.102.187
9510.78.102.188/3110.78.102.188 – 10.78.102.18910.78.102.189
9610.78.102.190/3110.78.102.190 – 10.78.102.19110.78.102.191
9710.78.102.192/3110.78.102.192 – 10.78.102.19310.78.102.193
9810.78.102.194/3110.78.102.194 – 10.78.102.19510.78.102.195
9910.78.102.196/3110.78.102.196 – 10.78.102.19710.78.102.197
10010.78.102.198/3110.78.102.198 – 10.78.102.19910.78.102.199
10110.78.102.200/3110.78.102.200 – 10.78.102.20110.78.102.201
10210.78.102.202/3110.78.102.202 – 10.78.102.20310.78.102.203
10310.78.102.204/3110.78.102.204 – 10.78.102.20510.78.102.205
10410.78.102.206/3110.78.102.206 – 10.78.102.20710.78.102.207
10510.78.102.208/3110.78.102.208 – 10.78.102.20910.78.102.209
10610.78.102.210/3110.78.102.210 – 10.78.102.21110.78.102.211
10710.78.102.212/3110.78.102.212 – 10.78.102.21310.78.102.213
10810.78.102.214/3110.78.102.214 – 10.78.102.21510.78.102.215
10910.78.102.216/3110.78.102.216 – 10.78.102.21710.78.102.217
11010.78.102.218/3110.78.102.218 – 10.78.102.21910.78.102.219
11110.78.102.220/3110.78.102.220 – 10.78.102.22110.78.102.221
11210.78.102.222/3110.78.102.222 – 10.78.102.22310.78.102.223
11310.78.102.224/3110.78.102.224 – 10.78.102.22510.78.102.225
11410.78.102.226/3110.78.102.226 – 10.78.102.22710.78.102.227
11510.78.102.228/3110.78.102.228 – 10.78.102.22910.78.102.229
11610.78.102.230/3110.78.102.230 – 10.78.102.23110.78.102.231
11710.78.102.232/3110.78.102.232 – 10.78.102.23310.78.102.233
11810.78.102.234/3110.78.102.234 – 10.78.102.23510.78.102.235
11910.78.102.236/3110.78.102.236 – 10.78.102.23710.78.102.237
12010.78.102.238/3110.78.102.238 – 10.78.102.23910.78.102.239
12110.78.102.240/3110.78.102.240 – 10.78.102.24110.78.102.241
12210.78.102.242/3110.78.102.242 – 10.78.102.24310.78.102.243
12310.78.102.244/3110.78.102.244 – 10.78.102.24510.78.102.245
12410.78.102.246/3110.78.102.246 – 10.78.102.24710.78.102.247
12510.78.102.248/3110.78.102.248 – 10.78.102.24910.78.102.249
12610.78.102.250/3110.78.102.250 – 10.78.102.25110.78.102.251
12710.78.102.252/3110.78.102.252 – 10.78.102.25310.78.102.253
12810.78.102.254/3110.78.102.254 – 10.78.102.25510.78.102.255
12910.78.103.0/3110.78.103.0 – 10.78.103.110.78.103.1
13010.78.103.2/3110.78.103.2 – 10.78.103.310.78.103.3
13110.78.103.4/3110.78.103.4 – 10.78.103.510.78.103.5
13210.78.103.6/3110.78.103.6 – 10.78.103.710.78.103.7
13310.78.103.8/3110.78.103.8 – 10.78.103.910.78.103.9
13410.78.103.10/3110.78.103.10 – 10.78.103.1110.78.103.11
13510.78.103.12/3110.78.103.12 – 10.78.103.1310.78.103.13
13610.78.103.14/3110.78.103.14 – 10.78.103.1510.78.103.15
13710.78.103.16/3110.78.103.16 – 10.78.103.1710.78.103.17
13810.78.103.18/3110.78.103.18 – 10.78.103.1910.78.103.19
13910.78.103.20/3110.78.103.20 – 10.78.103.2110.78.103.21
14010.78.103.22/3110.78.103.22 – 10.78.103.2310.78.103.23
14110.78.103.24/3110.78.103.24 – 10.78.103.2510.78.103.25
14210.78.103.26/3110.78.103.26 – 10.78.103.2710.78.103.27
14310.78.103.28/3110.78.103.28 – 10.78.103.2910.78.103.29
14410.78.103.30/3110.78.103.30 – 10.78.103.3110.78.103.31
14510.78.103.32/3110.78.103.32 – 10.78.103.3310.78.103.33
14610.78.103.34/3110.78.103.34 – 10.78.103.3510.78.103.35
14710.78.103.36/3110.78.103.36 – 10.78.103.3710.78.103.37
14810.78.103.38/3110.78.103.38 – 10.78.103.3910.78.103.39
14910.78.103.40/3110.78.103.40 – 10.78.103.4110.78.103.41
15010.78.103.42/3110.78.103.42 – 10.78.103.4310.78.103.43
15110.78.103.44/3110.78.103.44 – 10.78.103.4510.78.103.45
15210.78.103.46/3110.78.103.46 – 10.78.103.4710.78.103.47
15310.78.103.48/3110.78.103.48 – 10.78.103.4910.78.103.49
15410.78.103.50/3110.78.103.50 – 10.78.103.5110.78.103.51
15510.78.103.52/3110.78.103.52 – 10.78.103.5310.78.103.53
15610.78.103.54/3110.78.103.54 – 10.78.103.5510.78.103.55
15710.78.103.56/3110.78.103.56 – 10.78.103.5710.78.103.57
15810.78.103.58/3110.78.103.58 – 10.78.103.5910.78.103.59
15910.78.103.60/3110.78.103.60 – 10.78.103.6110.78.103.61
16010.78.103.62/3110.78.103.62 – 10.78.103.6310.78.103.63
16110.78.103.64/3110.78.103.64 – 10.78.103.6510.78.103.65
16210.78.103.66/3110.78.103.66 – 10.78.103.6710.78.103.67
16310.78.103.68/3110.78.103.68 – 10.78.103.6910.78.103.69
16410.78.103.70/3110.78.103.70 – 10.78.103.7110.78.103.71
16510.78.103.72/3110.78.103.72 – 10.78.103.7310.78.103.73
16610.78.103.74/3110.78.103.74 – 10.78.103.7510.78.103.75
16710.78.103.76/3110.78.103.76 – 10.78.103.7710.78.103.77
16810.78.103.78/3110.78.103.78 – 10.78.103.7910.78.103.79
16910.78.103.80/3110.78.103.80 – 10.78.103.8110.78.103.81
17010.78.103.82/3110.78.103.82 – 10.78.103.8310.78.103.83
17110.78.103.84/3110.78.103.84 – 10.78.103.8510.78.103.85
17210.78.103.86/3110.78.103.86 – 10.78.103.8710.78.103.87
17310.78.103.88/3110.78.103.88 – 10.78.103.8910.78.103.89
17410.78.103.90/3110.78.103.90 – 10.78.103.9110.78.103.91
17510.78.103.92/3110.78.103.92 – 10.78.103.9310.78.103.93
17610.78.103.94/3110.78.103.94 – 10.78.103.9510.78.103.95
17710.78.103.96/3110.78.103.96 – 10.78.103.9710.78.103.97
17810.78.103.98/3110.78.103.98 – 10.78.103.9910.78.103.99
17910.78.103.100/3110.78.103.100 – 10.78.103.10110.78.103.101
18010.78.103.102/3110.78.103.102 – 10.78.103.10310.78.103.103
18110.78.103.104/3110.78.103.104 – 10.78.103.10510.78.103.105
18210.78.103.106/3110.78.103.106 – 10.78.103.10710.78.103.107
18310.78.103.108/3110.78.103.108 – 10.78.103.10910.78.103.109
18410.78.103.110/3110.78.103.110 – 10.78.103.11110.78.103.111
18510.78.103.112/3110.78.103.112 – 10.78.103.11310.78.103.113
18610.78.103.114/3110.78.103.114 – 10.78.103.11510.78.103.115
18710.78.103.116/3110.78.103.116 – 10.78.103.11710.78.103.117
18810.78.103.118/3110.78.103.118 – 10.78.103.11910.78.103.119
18910.78.103.120/3110.78.103.120 – 10.78.103.12110.78.103.121
19010.78.103.122/3110.78.103.122 – 10.78.103.12310.78.103.123
19110.78.103.124/3110.78.103.124 – 10.78.103.12510.78.103.125
19210.78.103.126/3110.78.103.126 – 10.78.103.12710.78.103.127
19310.78.103.128/3110.78.103.128 – 10.78.103.12910.78.103.129
19410.78.103.130/3110.78.103.130 – 10.78.103.13110.78.103.131
19510.78.103.132/3110.78.103.132 – 10.78.103.13310.78.103.133
19610.78.103.134/3110.78.103.134 – 10.78.103.13510.78.103.135
19710.78.103.136/3110.78.103.136 – 10.78.103.13710.78.103.137
19810.78.103.138/3110.78.103.138 – 10.78.103.13910.78.103.139
19910.78.103.140/3110.78.103.140 – 10.78.103.14110.78.103.141
20010.78.103.142/3110.78.103.142 – 10.78.103.14310.78.103.143
20110.78.103.144/3110.78.103.144 – 10.78.103.14510.78.103.145
20210.78.103.146/3110.78.103.146 – 10.78.103.14710.78.103.147
20310.78.103.148/3110.78.103.148 – 10.78.103.14910.78.103.149
20410.78.103.150/3110.78.103.150 – 10.78.103.15110.78.103.151
20510.78.103.152/3110.78.103.152 – 10.78.103.15310.78.103.153
20610.78.103.154/3110.78.103.154 – 10.78.103.15510.78.103.155
20710.78.103.156/3110.78.103.156 – 10.78.103.15710.78.103.157
20810.78.103.158/3110.78.103.158 – 10.78.103.15910.78.103.159
20910.78.103.160/3110.78.103.160 – 10.78.103.16110.78.103.161
21010.78.103.162/3110.78.103.162 – 10.78.103.16310.78.103.163
21110.78.103.164/3110.78.103.164 – 10.78.103.16510.78.103.165
21210.78.103.166/3110.78.103.166 – 10.78.103.16710.78.103.167
21310.78.103.168/3110.78.103.168 – 10.78.103.16910.78.103.169
21410.78.103.170/3110.78.103.170 – 10.78.103.17110.78.103.171
21510.78.103.172/3110.78.103.172 – 10.78.103.17310.78.103.173
21610.78.103.174/3110.78.103.174 – 10.78.103.17510.78.103.175
21710.78.103.176/3110.78.103.176 – 10.78.103.17710.78.103.177
21810.78.103.178/3110.78.103.178 – 10.78.103.17910.78.103.179
21910.78.103.180/3110.78.103.180 – 10.78.103.18110.78.103.181
22010.78.103.182/3110.78.103.182 – 10.78.103.18310.78.103.183
22110.78.103.184/3110.78.103.184 – 10.78.103.18510.78.103.185
22210.78.103.186/3110.78.103.186 – 10.78.103.18710.78.103.187
22310.78.103.188/3110.78.103.188 – 10.78.103.18910.78.103.189
22410.78.103.190/3110.78.103.190 – 10.78.103.19110.78.103.191
22510.78.103.192/3110.78.103.192 – 10.78.103.19310.78.103.193
22610.78.103.194/3110.78.103.194 – 10.78.103.19510.78.103.195
22710.78.103.196/3110.78.103.196 – 10.78.103.19710.78.103.197
22810.78.103.198/3110.78.103.198 – 10.78.103.19910.78.103.199
22910.78.103.200/3110.78.103.200 – 10.78.103.20110.78.103.201
23010.78.103.202/3110.78.103.202 – 10.78.103.20310.78.103.203
23110.78.103.204/3110.78.103.204 – 10.78.103.20510.78.103.205
23210.78.103.206/3110.78.103.206 – 10.78.103.20710.78.103.207
23310.78.103.208/3110.78.103.208 – 10.78.103.20910.78.103.209
23410.78.103.210/3110.78.103.210 – 10.78.103.21110.78.103.211
23510.78.103.212/3110.78.103.212 – 10.78.103.21310.78.103.213
23610.78.103.214/3110.78.103.214 – 10.78.103.21510.78.103.215
23710.78.103.216/3110.78.103.216 – 10.78.103.21710.78.103.217
23810.78.103.218/3110.78.103.218 – 10.78.103.21910.78.103.219
23910.78.103.220/3110.78.103.220 – 10.78.103.22110.78.103.221
24010.78.103.222/3110.78.103.222 – 10.78.103.22310.78.103.223
24110.78.103.224/3110.78.103.224 – 10.78.103.22510.78.103.225
24210.78.103.226/3110.78.103.226 – 10.78.103.22710.78.103.227
24310.78.103.228/3110.78.103.228 – 10.78.103.22910.78.103.229
24410.78.103.230/3110.78.103.230 – 10.78.103.23110.78.103.231
24510.78.103.232/3110.78.103.232 – 10.78.103.23310.78.103.233
24610.78.103.234/3110.78.103.234 – 10.78.103.23510.78.103.235
24710.78.103.236/3110.78.103.236 – 10.78.103.23710.78.103.237
24810.78.103.238/3110.78.103.238 – 10.78.103.23910.78.103.239
24910.78.103.240/3110.78.103.240 – 10.78.103.24110.78.103.241
25010.78.103.242/3110.78.103.242 – 10.78.103.24310.78.103.243
25110.78.103.244/3110.78.103.244 – 10.78.103.24510.78.103.245
25210.78.103.246/3110.78.103.246 – 10.78.103.24710.78.103.247
25310.78.103.248/3110.78.103.248 – 10.78.103.24910.78.103.249
25410.78.103.250/3110.78.103.250 – 10.78.103.25110.78.103.251
25510.78.103.252/3110.78.103.252 – 10.78.103.25310.78.103.253
25610.78.103.254/3110.78.103.254 – 10.78.103.25510.78.103.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →