ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.78.100.0/23
network10.78.100.0/23
broadcast10.78.101.255
first host10.78.100.1
last host10.78.101.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.78.100.0/23
address00001010.01001110.01100100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.01001110.01100100.00000000
broadcast00001010.01001110.01100101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a4e6400
decimal172909568
reverse dns0.100.78.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a4e:6400

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.78.100.0/3110.78.100.0 – 10.78.100.110.78.100.1
210.78.100.2/3110.78.100.2 – 10.78.100.310.78.100.3
310.78.100.4/3110.78.100.4 – 10.78.100.510.78.100.5
410.78.100.6/3110.78.100.6 – 10.78.100.710.78.100.7
510.78.100.8/3110.78.100.8 – 10.78.100.910.78.100.9
610.78.100.10/3110.78.100.10 – 10.78.100.1110.78.100.11
710.78.100.12/3110.78.100.12 – 10.78.100.1310.78.100.13
810.78.100.14/3110.78.100.14 – 10.78.100.1510.78.100.15
910.78.100.16/3110.78.100.16 – 10.78.100.1710.78.100.17
1010.78.100.18/3110.78.100.18 – 10.78.100.1910.78.100.19
1110.78.100.20/3110.78.100.20 – 10.78.100.2110.78.100.21
1210.78.100.22/3110.78.100.22 – 10.78.100.2310.78.100.23
1310.78.100.24/3110.78.100.24 – 10.78.100.2510.78.100.25
1410.78.100.26/3110.78.100.26 – 10.78.100.2710.78.100.27
1510.78.100.28/3110.78.100.28 – 10.78.100.2910.78.100.29
1610.78.100.30/3110.78.100.30 – 10.78.100.3110.78.100.31
1710.78.100.32/3110.78.100.32 – 10.78.100.3310.78.100.33
1810.78.100.34/3110.78.100.34 – 10.78.100.3510.78.100.35
1910.78.100.36/3110.78.100.36 – 10.78.100.3710.78.100.37
2010.78.100.38/3110.78.100.38 – 10.78.100.3910.78.100.39
2110.78.100.40/3110.78.100.40 – 10.78.100.4110.78.100.41
2210.78.100.42/3110.78.100.42 – 10.78.100.4310.78.100.43
2310.78.100.44/3110.78.100.44 – 10.78.100.4510.78.100.45
2410.78.100.46/3110.78.100.46 – 10.78.100.4710.78.100.47
2510.78.100.48/3110.78.100.48 – 10.78.100.4910.78.100.49
2610.78.100.50/3110.78.100.50 – 10.78.100.5110.78.100.51
2710.78.100.52/3110.78.100.52 – 10.78.100.5310.78.100.53
2810.78.100.54/3110.78.100.54 – 10.78.100.5510.78.100.55
2910.78.100.56/3110.78.100.56 – 10.78.100.5710.78.100.57
3010.78.100.58/3110.78.100.58 – 10.78.100.5910.78.100.59
3110.78.100.60/3110.78.100.60 – 10.78.100.6110.78.100.61
3210.78.100.62/3110.78.100.62 – 10.78.100.6310.78.100.63
3310.78.100.64/3110.78.100.64 – 10.78.100.6510.78.100.65
3410.78.100.66/3110.78.100.66 – 10.78.100.6710.78.100.67
3510.78.100.68/3110.78.100.68 – 10.78.100.6910.78.100.69
3610.78.100.70/3110.78.100.70 – 10.78.100.7110.78.100.71
3710.78.100.72/3110.78.100.72 – 10.78.100.7310.78.100.73
3810.78.100.74/3110.78.100.74 – 10.78.100.7510.78.100.75
3910.78.100.76/3110.78.100.76 – 10.78.100.7710.78.100.77
4010.78.100.78/3110.78.100.78 – 10.78.100.7910.78.100.79
4110.78.100.80/3110.78.100.80 – 10.78.100.8110.78.100.81
4210.78.100.82/3110.78.100.82 – 10.78.100.8310.78.100.83
4310.78.100.84/3110.78.100.84 – 10.78.100.8510.78.100.85
4410.78.100.86/3110.78.100.86 – 10.78.100.8710.78.100.87
4510.78.100.88/3110.78.100.88 – 10.78.100.8910.78.100.89
4610.78.100.90/3110.78.100.90 – 10.78.100.9110.78.100.91
4710.78.100.92/3110.78.100.92 – 10.78.100.9310.78.100.93
4810.78.100.94/3110.78.100.94 – 10.78.100.9510.78.100.95
4910.78.100.96/3110.78.100.96 – 10.78.100.9710.78.100.97
5010.78.100.98/3110.78.100.98 – 10.78.100.9910.78.100.99
5110.78.100.100/3110.78.100.100 – 10.78.100.10110.78.100.101
5210.78.100.102/3110.78.100.102 – 10.78.100.10310.78.100.103
5310.78.100.104/3110.78.100.104 – 10.78.100.10510.78.100.105
5410.78.100.106/3110.78.100.106 – 10.78.100.10710.78.100.107
5510.78.100.108/3110.78.100.108 – 10.78.100.10910.78.100.109
5610.78.100.110/3110.78.100.110 – 10.78.100.11110.78.100.111
5710.78.100.112/3110.78.100.112 – 10.78.100.11310.78.100.113
5810.78.100.114/3110.78.100.114 – 10.78.100.11510.78.100.115
5910.78.100.116/3110.78.100.116 – 10.78.100.11710.78.100.117
6010.78.100.118/3110.78.100.118 – 10.78.100.11910.78.100.119
6110.78.100.120/3110.78.100.120 – 10.78.100.12110.78.100.121
6210.78.100.122/3110.78.100.122 – 10.78.100.12310.78.100.123
6310.78.100.124/3110.78.100.124 – 10.78.100.12510.78.100.125
6410.78.100.126/3110.78.100.126 – 10.78.100.12710.78.100.127
6510.78.100.128/3110.78.100.128 – 10.78.100.12910.78.100.129
6610.78.100.130/3110.78.100.130 – 10.78.100.13110.78.100.131
6710.78.100.132/3110.78.100.132 – 10.78.100.13310.78.100.133
6810.78.100.134/3110.78.100.134 – 10.78.100.13510.78.100.135
6910.78.100.136/3110.78.100.136 – 10.78.100.13710.78.100.137
7010.78.100.138/3110.78.100.138 – 10.78.100.13910.78.100.139
7110.78.100.140/3110.78.100.140 – 10.78.100.14110.78.100.141
7210.78.100.142/3110.78.100.142 – 10.78.100.14310.78.100.143
7310.78.100.144/3110.78.100.144 – 10.78.100.14510.78.100.145
7410.78.100.146/3110.78.100.146 – 10.78.100.14710.78.100.147
7510.78.100.148/3110.78.100.148 – 10.78.100.14910.78.100.149
7610.78.100.150/3110.78.100.150 – 10.78.100.15110.78.100.151
7710.78.100.152/3110.78.100.152 – 10.78.100.15310.78.100.153
7810.78.100.154/3110.78.100.154 – 10.78.100.15510.78.100.155
7910.78.100.156/3110.78.100.156 – 10.78.100.15710.78.100.157
8010.78.100.158/3110.78.100.158 – 10.78.100.15910.78.100.159
8110.78.100.160/3110.78.100.160 – 10.78.100.16110.78.100.161
8210.78.100.162/3110.78.100.162 – 10.78.100.16310.78.100.163
8310.78.100.164/3110.78.100.164 – 10.78.100.16510.78.100.165
8410.78.100.166/3110.78.100.166 – 10.78.100.16710.78.100.167
8510.78.100.168/3110.78.100.168 – 10.78.100.16910.78.100.169
8610.78.100.170/3110.78.100.170 – 10.78.100.17110.78.100.171
8710.78.100.172/3110.78.100.172 – 10.78.100.17310.78.100.173
8810.78.100.174/3110.78.100.174 – 10.78.100.17510.78.100.175
8910.78.100.176/3110.78.100.176 – 10.78.100.17710.78.100.177
9010.78.100.178/3110.78.100.178 – 10.78.100.17910.78.100.179
9110.78.100.180/3110.78.100.180 – 10.78.100.18110.78.100.181
9210.78.100.182/3110.78.100.182 – 10.78.100.18310.78.100.183
9310.78.100.184/3110.78.100.184 – 10.78.100.18510.78.100.185
9410.78.100.186/3110.78.100.186 – 10.78.100.18710.78.100.187
9510.78.100.188/3110.78.100.188 – 10.78.100.18910.78.100.189
9610.78.100.190/3110.78.100.190 – 10.78.100.19110.78.100.191
9710.78.100.192/3110.78.100.192 – 10.78.100.19310.78.100.193
9810.78.100.194/3110.78.100.194 – 10.78.100.19510.78.100.195
9910.78.100.196/3110.78.100.196 – 10.78.100.19710.78.100.197
10010.78.100.198/3110.78.100.198 – 10.78.100.19910.78.100.199
10110.78.100.200/3110.78.100.200 – 10.78.100.20110.78.100.201
10210.78.100.202/3110.78.100.202 – 10.78.100.20310.78.100.203
10310.78.100.204/3110.78.100.204 – 10.78.100.20510.78.100.205
10410.78.100.206/3110.78.100.206 – 10.78.100.20710.78.100.207
10510.78.100.208/3110.78.100.208 – 10.78.100.20910.78.100.209
10610.78.100.210/3110.78.100.210 – 10.78.100.21110.78.100.211
10710.78.100.212/3110.78.100.212 – 10.78.100.21310.78.100.213
10810.78.100.214/3110.78.100.214 – 10.78.100.21510.78.100.215
10910.78.100.216/3110.78.100.216 – 10.78.100.21710.78.100.217
11010.78.100.218/3110.78.100.218 – 10.78.100.21910.78.100.219
11110.78.100.220/3110.78.100.220 – 10.78.100.22110.78.100.221
11210.78.100.222/3110.78.100.222 – 10.78.100.22310.78.100.223
11310.78.100.224/3110.78.100.224 – 10.78.100.22510.78.100.225
11410.78.100.226/3110.78.100.226 – 10.78.100.22710.78.100.227
11510.78.100.228/3110.78.100.228 – 10.78.100.22910.78.100.229
11610.78.100.230/3110.78.100.230 – 10.78.100.23110.78.100.231
11710.78.100.232/3110.78.100.232 – 10.78.100.23310.78.100.233
11810.78.100.234/3110.78.100.234 – 10.78.100.23510.78.100.235
11910.78.100.236/3110.78.100.236 – 10.78.100.23710.78.100.237
12010.78.100.238/3110.78.100.238 – 10.78.100.23910.78.100.239
12110.78.100.240/3110.78.100.240 – 10.78.100.24110.78.100.241
12210.78.100.242/3110.78.100.242 – 10.78.100.24310.78.100.243
12310.78.100.244/3110.78.100.244 – 10.78.100.24510.78.100.245
12410.78.100.246/3110.78.100.246 – 10.78.100.24710.78.100.247
12510.78.100.248/3110.78.100.248 – 10.78.100.24910.78.100.249
12610.78.100.250/3110.78.100.250 – 10.78.100.25110.78.100.251
12710.78.100.252/3110.78.100.252 – 10.78.100.25310.78.100.253
12810.78.100.254/3110.78.100.254 – 10.78.100.25510.78.100.255
12910.78.101.0/3110.78.101.0 – 10.78.101.110.78.101.1
13010.78.101.2/3110.78.101.2 – 10.78.101.310.78.101.3
13110.78.101.4/3110.78.101.4 – 10.78.101.510.78.101.5
13210.78.101.6/3110.78.101.6 – 10.78.101.710.78.101.7
13310.78.101.8/3110.78.101.8 – 10.78.101.910.78.101.9
13410.78.101.10/3110.78.101.10 – 10.78.101.1110.78.101.11
13510.78.101.12/3110.78.101.12 – 10.78.101.1310.78.101.13
13610.78.101.14/3110.78.101.14 – 10.78.101.1510.78.101.15
13710.78.101.16/3110.78.101.16 – 10.78.101.1710.78.101.17
13810.78.101.18/3110.78.101.18 – 10.78.101.1910.78.101.19
13910.78.101.20/3110.78.101.20 – 10.78.101.2110.78.101.21
14010.78.101.22/3110.78.101.22 – 10.78.101.2310.78.101.23
14110.78.101.24/3110.78.101.24 – 10.78.101.2510.78.101.25
14210.78.101.26/3110.78.101.26 – 10.78.101.2710.78.101.27
14310.78.101.28/3110.78.101.28 – 10.78.101.2910.78.101.29
14410.78.101.30/3110.78.101.30 – 10.78.101.3110.78.101.31
14510.78.101.32/3110.78.101.32 – 10.78.101.3310.78.101.33
14610.78.101.34/3110.78.101.34 – 10.78.101.3510.78.101.35
14710.78.101.36/3110.78.101.36 – 10.78.101.3710.78.101.37
14810.78.101.38/3110.78.101.38 – 10.78.101.3910.78.101.39
14910.78.101.40/3110.78.101.40 – 10.78.101.4110.78.101.41
15010.78.101.42/3110.78.101.42 – 10.78.101.4310.78.101.43
15110.78.101.44/3110.78.101.44 – 10.78.101.4510.78.101.45
15210.78.101.46/3110.78.101.46 – 10.78.101.4710.78.101.47
15310.78.101.48/3110.78.101.48 – 10.78.101.4910.78.101.49
15410.78.101.50/3110.78.101.50 – 10.78.101.5110.78.101.51
15510.78.101.52/3110.78.101.52 – 10.78.101.5310.78.101.53
15610.78.101.54/3110.78.101.54 – 10.78.101.5510.78.101.55
15710.78.101.56/3110.78.101.56 – 10.78.101.5710.78.101.57
15810.78.101.58/3110.78.101.58 – 10.78.101.5910.78.101.59
15910.78.101.60/3110.78.101.60 – 10.78.101.6110.78.101.61
16010.78.101.62/3110.78.101.62 – 10.78.101.6310.78.101.63
16110.78.101.64/3110.78.101.64 – 10.78.101.6510.78.101.65
16210.78.101.66/3110.78.101.66 – 10.78.101.6710.78.101.67
16310.78.101.68/3110.78.101.68 – 10.78.101.6910.78.101.69
16410.78.101.70/3110.78.101.70 – 10.78.101.7110.78.101.71
16510.78.101.72/3110.78.101.72 – 10.78.101.7310.78.101.73
16610.78.101.74/3110.78.101.74 – 10.78.101.7510.78.101.75
16710.78.101.76/3110.78.101.76 – 10.78.101.7710.78.101.77
16810.78.101.78/3110.78.101.78 – 10.78.101.7910.78.101.79
16910.78.101.80/3110.78.101.80 – 10.78.101.8110.78.101.81
17010.78.101.82/3110.78.101.82 – 10.78.101.8310.78.101.83
17110.78.101.84/3110.78.101.84 – 10.78.101.8510.78.101.85
17210.78.101.86/3110.78.101.86 – 10.78.101.8710.78.101.87
17310.78.101.88/3110.78.101.88 – 10.78.101.8910.78.101.89
17410.78.101.90/3110.78.101.90 – 10.78.101.9110.78.101.91
17510.78.101.92/3110.78.101.92 – 10.78.101.9310.78.101.93
17610.78.101.94/3110.78.101.94 – 10.78.101.9510.78.101.95
17710.78.101.96/3110.78.101.96 – 10.78.101.9710.78.101.97
17810.78.101.98/3110.78.101.98 – 10.78.101.9910.78.101.99
17910.78.101.100/3110.78.101.100 – 10.78.101.10110.78.101.101
18010.78.101.102/3110.78.101.102 – 10.78.101.10310.78.101.103
18110.78.101.104/3110.78.101.104 – 10.78.101.10510.78.101.105
18210.78.101.106/3110.78.101.106 – 10.78.101.10710.78.101.107
18310.78.101.108/3110.78.101.108 – 10.78.101.10910.78.101.109
18410.78.101.110/3110.78.101.110 – 10.78.101.11110.78.101.111
18510.78.101.112/3110.78.101.112 – 10.78.101.11310.78.101.113
18610.78.101.114/3110.78.101.114 – 10.78.101.11510.78.101.115
18710.78.101.116/3110.78.101.116 – 10.78.101.11710.78.101.117
18810.78.101.118/3110.78.101.118 – 10.78.101.11910.78.101.119
18910.78.101.120/3110.78.101.120 – 10.78.101.12110.78.101.121
19010.78.101.122/3110.78.101.122 – 10.78.101.12310.78.101.123
19110.78.101.124/3110.78.101.124 – 10.78.101.12510.78.101.125
19210.78.101.126/3110.78.101.126 – 10.78.101.12710.78.101.127
19310.78.101.128/3110.78.101.128 – 10.78.101.12910.78.101.129
19410.78.101.130/3110.78.101.130 – 10.78.101.13110.78.101.131
19510.78.101.132/3110.78.101.132 – 10.78.101.13310.78.101.133
19610.78.101.134/3110.78.101.134 – 10.78.101.13510.78.101.135
19710.78.101.136/3110.78.101.136 – 10.78.101.13710.78.101.137
19810.78.101.138/3110.78.101.138 – 10.78.101.13910.78.101.139
19910.78.101.140/3110.78.101.140 – 10.78.101.14110.78.101.141
20010.78.101.142/3110.78.101.142 – 10.78.101.14310.78.101.143
20110.78.101.144/3110.78.101.144 – 10.78.101.14510.78.101.145
20210.78.101.146/3110.78.101.146 – 10.78.101.14710.78.101.147
20310.78.101.148/3110.78.101.148 – 10.78.101.14910.78.101.149
20410.78.101.150/3110.78.101.150 – 10.78.101.15110.78.101.151
20510.78.101.152/3110.78.101.152 – 10.78.101.15310.78.101.153
20610.78.101.154/3110.78.101.154 – 10.78.101.15510.78.101.155
20710.78.101.156/3110.78.101.156 – 10.78.101.15710.78.101.157
20810.78.101.158/3110.78.101.158 – 10.78.101.15910.78.101.159
20910.78.101.160/3110.78.101.160 – 10.78.101.16110.78.101.161
21010.78.101.162/3110.78.101.162 – 10.78.101.16310.78.101.163
21110.78.101.164/3110.78.101.164 – 10.78.101.16510.78.101.165
21210.78.101.166/3110.78.101.166 – 10.78.101.16710.78.101.167
21310.78.101.168/3110.78.101.168 – 10.78.101.16910.78.101.169
21410.78.101.170/3110.78.101.170 – 10.78.101.17110.78.101.171
21510.78.101.172/3110.78.101.172 – 10.78.101.17310.78.101.173
21610.78.101.174/3110.78.101.174 – 10.78.101.17510.78.101.175
21710.78.101.176/3110.78.101.176 – 10.78.101.17710.78.101.177
21810.78.101.178/3110.78.101.178 – 10.78.101.17910.78.101.179
21910.78.101.180/3110.78.101.180 – 10.78.101.18110.78.101.181
22010.78.101.182/3110.78.101.182 – 10.78.101.18310.78.101.183
22110.78.101.184/3110.78.101.184 – 10.78.101.18510.78.101.185
22210.78.101.186/3110.78.101.186 – 10.78.101.18710.78.101.187
22310.78.101.188/3110.78.101.188 – 10.78.101.18910.78.101.189
22410.78.101.190/3110.78.101.190 – 10.78.101.19110.78.101.191
22510.78.101.192/3110.78.101.192 – 10.78.101.19310.78.101.193
22610.78.101.194/3110.78.101.194 – 10.78.101.19510.78.101.195
22710.78.101.196/3110.78.101.196 – 10.78.101.19710.78.101.197
22810.78.101.198/3110.78.101.198 – 10.78.101.19910.78.101.199
22910.78.101.200/3110.78.101.200 – 10.78.101.20110.78.101.201
23010.78.101.202/3110.78.101.202 – 10.78.101.20310.78.101.203
23110.78.101.204/3110.78.101.204 – 10.78.101.20510.78.101.205
23210.78.101.206/3110.78.101.206 – 10.78.101.20710.78.101.207
23310.78.101.208/3110.78.101.208 – 10.78.101.20910.78.101.209
23410.78.101.210/3110.78.101.210 – 10.78.101.21110.78.101.211
23510.78.101.212/3110.78.101.212 – 10.78.101.21310.78.101.213
23610.78.101.214/3110.78.101.214 – 10.78.101.21510.78.101.215
23710.78.101.216/3110.78.101.216 – 10.78.101.21710.78.101.217
23810.78.101.218/3110.78.101.218 – 10.78.101.21910.78.101.219
23910.78.101.220/3110.78.101.220 – 10.78.101.22110.78.101.221
24010.78.101.222/3110.78.101.222 – 10.78.101.22310.78.101.223
24110.78.101.224/3110.78.101.224 – 10.78.101.22510.78.101.225
24210.78.101.226/3110.78.101.226 – 10.78.101.22710.78.101.227
24310.78.101.228/3110.78.101.228 – 10.78.101.22910.78.101.229
24410.78.101.230/3110.78.101.230 – 10.78.101.23110.78.101.231
24510.78.101.232/3110.78.101.232 – 10.78.101.23310.78.101.233
24610.78.101.234/3110.78.101.234 – 10.78.101.23510.78.101.235
24710.78.101.236/3110.78.101.236 – 10.78.101.23710.78.101.237
24810.78.101.238/3110.78.101.238 – 10.78.101.23910.78.101.239
24910.78.101.240/3110.78.101.240 – 10.78.101.24110.78.101.241
25010.78.101.242/3110.78.101.242 – 10.78.101.24310.78.101.243
25110.78.101.244/3110.78.101.244 – 10.78.101.24510.78.101.245
25210.78.101.246/3110.78.101.246 – 10.78.101.24710.78.101.247
25310.78.101.248/3110.78.101.248 – 10.78.101.24910.78.101.249
25410.78.101.250/3110.78.101.250 – 10.78.101.25110.78.101.251
25510.78.101.252/3110.78.101.252 – 10.78.101.25310.78.101.253
25610.78.101.254/3110.78.101.254 – 10.78.101.25510.78.101.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →