ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.45.210.0/23
network10.45.210.0/23
broadcast10.45.211.255
first host10.45.210.1
last host10.45.211.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.45.210.0/23
address00001010.00101101.11010010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.00101101.11010010.00000000
broadcast00001010.00101101.11010011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a2dd200
decimal170775040
reverse dns0.210.45.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a2d:d200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.45.210.0/3110.45.210.0 – 10.45.210.110.45.210.1
210.45.210.2/3110.45.210.2 – 10.45.210.310.45.210.3
310.45.210.4/3110.45.210.4 – 10.45.210.510.45.210.5
410.45.210.6/3110.45.210.6 – 10.45.210.710.45.210.7
510.45.210.8/3110.45.210.8 – 10.45.210.910.45.210.9
610.45.210.10/3110.45.210.10 – 10.45.210.1110.45.210.11
710.45.210.12/3110.45.210.12 – 10.45.210.1310.45.210.13
810.45.210.14/3110.45.210.14 – 10.45.210.1510.45.210.15
910.45.210.16/3110.45.210.16 – 10.45.210.1710.45.210.17
1010.45.210.18/3110.45.210.18 – 10.45.210.1910.45.210.19
1110.45.210.20/3110.45.210.20 – 10.45.210.2110.45.210.21
1210.45.210.22/3110.45.210.22 – 10.45.210.2310.45.210.23
1310.45.210.24/3110.45.210.24 – 10.45.210.2510.45.210.25
1410.45.210.26/3110.45.210.26 – 10.45.210.2710.45.210.27
1510.45.210.28/3110.45.210.28 – 10.45.210.2910.45.210.29
1610.45.210.30/3110.45.210.30 – 10.45.210.3110.45.210.31
1710.45.210.32/3110.45.210.32 – 10.45.210.3310.45.210.33
1810.45.210.34/3110.45.210.34 – 10.45.210.3510.45.210.35
1910.45.210.36/3110.45.210.36 – 10.45.210.3710.45.210.37
2010.45.210.38/3110.45.210.38 – 10.45.210.3910.45.210.39
2110.45.210.40/3110.45.210.40 – 10.45.210.4110.45.210.41
2210.45.210.42/3110.45.210.42 – 10.45.210.4310.45.210.43
2310.45.210.44/3110.45.210.44 – 10.45.210.4510.45.210.45
2410.45.210.46/3110.45.210.46 – 10.45.210.4710.45.210.47
2510.45.210.48/3110.45.210.48 – 10.45.210.4910.45.210.49
2610.45.210.50/3110.45.210.50 – 10.45.210.5110.45.210.51
2710.45.210.52/3110.45.210.52 – 10.45.210.5310.45.210.53
2810.45.210.54/3110.45.210.54 – 10.45.210.5510.45.210.55
2910.45.210.56/3110.45.210.56 – 10.45.210.5710.45.210.57
3010.45.210.58/3110.45.210.58 – 10.45.210.5910.45.210.59
3110.45.210.60/3110.45.210.60 – 10.45.210.6110.45.210.61
3210.45.210.62/3110.45.210.62 – 10.45.210.6310.45.210.63
3310.45.210.64/3110.45.210.64 – 10.45.210.6510.45.210.65
3410.45.210.66/3110.45.210.66 – 10.45.210.6710.45.210.67
3510.45.210.68/3110.45.210.68 – 10.45.210.6910.45.210.69
3610.45.210.70/3110.45.210.70 – 10.45.210.7110.45.210.71
3710.45.210.72/3110.45.210.72 – 10.45.210.7310.45.210.73
3810.45.210.74/3110.45.210.74 – 10.45.210.7510.45.210.75
3910.45.210.76/3110.45.210.76 – 10.45.210.7710.45.210.77
4010.45.210.78/3110.45.210.78 – 10.45.210.7910.45.210.79
4110.45.210.80/3110.45.210.80 – 10.45.210.8110.45.210.81
4210.45.210.82/3110.45.210.82 – 10.45.210.8310.45.210.83
4310.45.210.84/3110.45.210.84 – 10.45.210.8510.45.210.85
4410.45.210.86/3110.45.210.86 – 10.45.210.8710.45.210.87
4510.45.210.88/3110.45.210.88 – 10.45.210.8910.45.210.89
4610.45.210.90/3110.45.210.90 – 10.45.210.9110.45.210.91
4710.45.210.92/3110.45.210.92 – 10.45.210.9310.45.210.93
4810.45.210.94/3110.45.210.94 – 10.45.210.9510.45.210.95
4910.45.210.96/3110.45.210.96 – 10.45.210.9710.45.210.97
5010.45.210.98/3110.45.210.98 – 10.45.210.9910.45.210.99
5110.45.210.100/3110.45.210.100 – 10.45.210.10110.45.210.101
5210.45.210.102/3110.45.210.102 – 10.45.210.10310.45.210.103
5310.45.210.104/3110.45.210.104 – 10.45.210.10510.45.210.105
5410.45.210.106/3110.45.210.106 – 10.45.210.10710.45.210.107
5510.45.210.108/3110.45.210.108 – 10.45.210.10910.45.210.109
5610.45.210.110/3110.45.210.110 – 10.45.210.11110.45.210.111
5710.45.210.112/3110.45.210.112 – 10.45.210.11310.45.210.113
5810.45.210.114/3110.45.210.114 – 10.45.210.11510.45.210.115
5910.45.210.116/3110.45.210.116 – 10.45.210.11710.45.210.117
6010.45.210.118/3110.45.210.118 – 10.45.210.11910.45.210.119
6110.45.210.120/3110.45.210.120 – 10.45.210.12110.45.210.121
6210.45.210.122/3110.45.210.122 – 10.45.210.12310.45.210.123
6310.45.210.124/3110.45.210.124 – 10.45.210.12510.45.210.125
6410.45.210.126/3110.45.210.126 – 10.45.210.12710.45.210.127
6510.45.210.128/3110.45.210.128 – 10.45.210.12910.45.210.129
6610.45.210.130/3110.45.210.130 – 10.45.210.13110.45.210.131
6710.45.210.132/3110.45.210.132 – 10.45.210.13310.45.210.133
6810.45.210.134/3110.45.210.134 – 10.45.210.13510.45.210.135
6910.45.210.136/3110.45.210.136 – 10.45.210.13710.45.210.137
7010.45.210.138/3110.45.210.138 – 10.45.210.13910.45.210.139
7110.45.210.140/3110.45.210.140 – 10.45.210.14110.45.210.141
7210.45.210.142/3110.45.210.142 – 10.45.210.14310.45.210.143
7310.45.210.144/3110.45.210.144 – 10.45.210.14510.45.210.145
7410.45.210.146/3110.45.210.146 – 10.45.210.14710.45.210.147
7510.45.210.148/3110.45.210.148 – 10.45.210.14910.45.210.149
7610.45.210.150/3110.45.210.150 – 10.45.210.15110.45.210.151
7710.45.210.152/3110.45.210.152 – 10.45.210.15310.45.210.153
7810.45.210.154/3110.45.210.154 – 10.45.210.15510.45.210.155
7910.45.210.156/3110.45.210.156 – 10.45.210.15710.45.210.157
8010.45.210.158/3110.45.210.158 – 10.45.210.15910.45.210.159
8110.45.210.160/3110.45.210.160 – 10.45.210.16110.45.210.161
8210.45.210.162/3110.45.210.162 – 10.45.210.16310.45.210.163
8310.45.210.164/3110.45.210.164 – 10.45.210.16510.45.210.165
8410.45.210.166/3110.45.210.166 – 10.45.210.16710.45.210.167
8510.45.210.168/3110.45.210.168 – 10.45.210.16910.45.210.169
8610.45.210.170/3110.45.210.170 – 10.45.210.17110.45.210.171
8710.45.210.172/3110.45.210.172 – 10.45.210.17310.45.210.173
8810.45.210.174/3110.45.210.174 – 10.45.210.17510.45.210.175
8910.45.210.176/3110.45.210.176 – 10.45.210.17710.45.210.177
9010.45.210.178/3110.45.210.178 – 10.45.210.17910.45.210.179
9110.45.210.180/3110.45.210.180 – 10.45.210.18110.45.210.181
9210.45.210.182/3110.45.210.182 – 10.45.210.18310.45.210.183
9310.45.210.184/3110.45.210.184 – 10.45.210.18510.45.210.185
9410.45.210.186/3110.45.210.186 – 10.45.210.18710.45.210.187
9510.45.210.188/3110.45.210.188 – 10.45.210.18910.45.210.189
9610.45.210.190/3110.45.210.190 – 10.45.210.19110.45.210.191
9710.45.210.192/3110.45.210.192 – 10.45.210.19310.45.210.193
9810.45.210.194/3110.45.210.194 – 10.45.210.19510.45.210.195
9910.45.210.196/3110.45.210.196 – 10.45.210.19710.45.210.197
10010.45.210.198/3110.45.210.198 – 10.45.210.19910.45.210.199
10110.45.210.200/3110.45.210.200 – 10.45.210.20110.45.210.201
10210.45.210.202/3110.45.210.202 – 10.45.210.20310.45.210.203
10310.45.210.204/3110.45.210.204 – 10.45.210.20510.45.210.205
10410.45.210.206/3110.45.210.206 – 10.45.210.20710.45.210.207
10510.45.210.208/3110.45.210.208 – 10.45.210.20910.45.210.209
10610.45.210.210/3110.45.210.210 – 10.45.210.21110.45.210.211
10710.45.210.212/3110.45.210.212 – 10.45.210.21310.45.210.213
10810.45.210.214/3110.45.210.214 – 10.45.210.21510.45.210.215
10910.45.210.216/3110.45.210.216 – 10.45.210.21710.45.210.217
11010.45.210.218/3110.45.210.218 – 10.45.210.21910.45.210.219
11110.45.210.220/3110.45.210.220 – 10.45.210.22110.45.210.221
11210.45.210.222/3110.45.210.222 – 10.45.210.22310.45.210.223
11310.45.210.224/3110.45.210.224 – 10.45.210.22510.45.210.225
11410.45.210.226/3110.45.210.226 – 10.45.210.22710.45.210.227
11510.45.210.228/3110.45.210.228 – 10.45.210.22910.45.210.229
11610.45.210.230/3110.45.210.230 – 10.45.210.23110.45.210.231
11710.45.210.232/3110.45.210.232 – 10.45.210.23310.45.210.233
11810.45.210.234/3110.45.210.234 – 10.45.210.23510.45.210.235
11910.45.210.236/3110.45.210.236 – 10.45.210.23710.45.210.237
12010.45.210.238/3110.45.210.238 – 10.45.210.23910.45.210.239
12110.45.210.240/3110.45.210.240 – 10.45.210.24110.45.210.241
12210.45.210.242/3110.45.210.242 – 10.45.210.24310.45.210.243
12310.45.210.244/3110.45.210.244 – 10.45.210.24510.45.210.245
12410.45.210.246/3110.45.210.246 – 10.45.210.24710.45.210.247
12510.45.210.248/3110.45.210.248 – 10.45.210.24910.45.210.249
12610.45.210.250/3110.45.210.250 – 10.45.210.25110.45.210.251
12710.45.210.252/3110.45.210.252 – 10.45.210.25310.45.210.253
12810.45.210.254/3110.45.210.254 – 10.45.210.25510.45.210.255
12910.45.211.0/3110.45.211.0 – 10.45.211.110.45.211.1
13010.45.211.2/3110.45.211.2 – 10.45.211.310.45.211.3
13110.45.211.4/3110.45.211.4 – 10.45.211.510.45.211.5
13210.45.211.6/3110.45.211.6 – 10.45.211.710.45.211.7
13310.45.211.8/3110.45.211.8 – 10.45.211.910.45.211.9
13410.45.211.10/3110.45.211.10 – 10.45.211.1110.45.211.11
13510.45.211.12/3110.45.211.12 – 10.45.211.1310.45.211.13
13610.45.211.14/3110.45.211.14 – 10.45.211.1510.45.211.15
13710.45.211.16/3110.45.211.16 – 10.45.211.1710.45.211.17
13810.45.211.18/3110.45.211.18 – 10.45.211.1910.45.211.19
13910.45.211.20/3110.45.211.20 – 10.45.211.2110.45.211.21
14010.45.211.22/3110.45.211.22 – 10.45.211.2310.45.211.23
14110.45.211.24/3110.45.211.24 – 10.45.211.2510.45.211.25
14210.45.211.26/3110.45.211.26 – 10.45.211.2710.45.211.27
14310.45.211.28/3110.45.211.28 – 10.45.211.2910.45.211.29
14410.45.211.30/3110.45.211.30 – 10.45.211.3110.45.211.31
14510.45.211.32/3110.45.211.32 – 10.45.211.3310.45.211.33
14610.45.211.34/3110.45.211.34 – 10.45.211.3510.45.211.35
14710.45.211.36/3110.45.211.36 – 10.45.211.3710.45.211.37
14810.45.211.38/3110.45.211.38 – 10.45.211.3910.45.211.39
14910.45.211.40/3110.45.211.40 – 10.45.211.4110.45.211.41
15010.45.211.42/3110.45.211.42 – 10.45.211.4310.45.211.43
15110.45.211.44/3110.45.211.44 – 10.45.211.4510.45.211.45
15210.45.211.46/3110.45.211.46 – 10.45.211.4710.45.211.47
15310.45.211.48/3110.45.211.48 – 10.45.211.4910.45.211.49
15410.45.211.50/3110.45.211.50 – 10.45.211.5110.45.211.51
15510.45.211.52/3110.45.211.52 – 10.45.211.5310.45.211.53
15610.45.211.54/3110.45.211.54 – 10.45.211.5510.45.211.55
15710.45.211.56/3110.45.211.56 – 10.45.211.5710.45.211.57
15810.45.211.58/3110.45.211.58 – 10.45.211.5910.45.211.59
15910.45.211.60/3110.45.211.60 – 10.45.211.6110.45.211.61
16010.45.211.62/3110.45.211.62 – 10.45.211.6310.45.211.63
16110.45.211.64/3110.45.211.64 – 10.45.211.6510.45.211.65
16210.45.211.66/3110.45.211.66 – 10.45.211.6710.45.211.67
16310.45.211.68/3110.45.211.68 – 10.45.211.6910.45.211.69
16410.45.211.70/3110.45.211.70 – 10.45.211.7110.45.211.71
16510.45.211.72/3110.45.211.72 – 10.45.211.7310.45.211.73
16610.45.211.74/3110.45.211.74 – 10.45.211.7510.45.211.75
16710.45.211.76/3110.45.211.76 – 10.45.211.7710.45.211.77
16810.45.211.78/3110.45.211.78 – 10.45.211.7910.45.211.79
16910.45.211.80/3110.45.211.80 – 10.45.211.8110.45.211.81
17010.45.211.82/3110.45.211.82 – 10.45.211.8310.45.211.83
17110.45.211.84/3110.45.211.84 – 10.45.211.8510.45.211.85
17210.45.211.86/3110.45.211.86 – 10.45.211.8710.45.211.87
17310.45.211.88/3110.45.211.88 – 10.45.211.8910.45.211.89
17410.45.211.90/3110.45.211.90 – 10.45.211.9110.45.211.91
17510.45.211.92/3110.45.211.92 – 10.45.211.9310.45.211.93
17610.45.211.94/3110.45.211.94 – 10.45.211.9510.45.211.95
17710.45.211.96/3110.45.211.96 – 10.45.211.9710.45.211.97
17810.45.211.98/3110.45.211.98 – 10.45.211.9910.45.211.99
17910.45.211.100/3110.45.211.100 – 10.45.211.10110.45.211.101
18010.45.211.102/3110.45.211.102 – 10.45.211.10310.45.211.103
18110.45.211.104/3110.45.211.104 – 10.45.211.10510.45.211.105
18210.45.211.106/3110.45.211.106 – 10.45.211.10710.45.211.107
18310.45.211.108/3110.45.211.108 – 10.45.211.10910.45.211.109
18410.45.211.110/3110.45.211.110 – 10.45.211.11110.45.211.111
18510.45.211.112/3110.45.211.112 – 10.45.211.11310.45.211.113
18610.45.211.114/3110.45.211.114 – 10.45.211.11510.45.211.115
18710.45.211.116/3110.45.211.116 – 10.45.211.11710.45.211.117
18810.45.211.118/3110.45.211.118 – 10.45.211.11910.45.211.119
18910.45.211.120/3110.45.211.120 – 10.45.211.12110.45.211.121
19010.45.211.122/3110.45.211.122 – 10.45.211.12310.45.211.123
19110.45.211.124/3110.45.211.124 – 10.45.211.12510.45.211.125
19210.45.211.126/3110.45.211.126 – 10.45.211.12710.45.211.127
19310.45.211.128/3110.45.211.128 – 10.45.211.12910.45.211.129
19410.45.211.130/3110.45.211.130 – 10.45.211.13110.45.211.131
19510.45.211.132/3110.45.211.132 – 10.45.211.13310.45.211.133
19610.45.211.134/3110.45.211.134 – 10.45.211.13510.45.211.135
19710.45.211.136/3110.45.211.136 – 10.45.211.13710.45.211.137
19810.45.211.138/3110.45.211.138 – 10.45.211.13910.45.211.139
19910.45.211.140/3110.45.211.140 – 10.45.211.14110.45.211.141
20010.45.211.142/3110.45.211.142 – 10.45.211.14310.45.211.143
20110.45.211.144/3110.45.211.144 – 10.45.211.14510.45.211.145
20210.45.211.146/3110.45.211.146 – 10.45.211.14710.45.211.147
20310.45.211.148/3110.45.211.148 – 10.45.211.14910.45.211.149
20410.45.211.150/3110.45.211.150 – 10.45.211.15110.45.211.151
20510.45.211.152/3110.45.211.152 – 10.45.211.15310.45.211.153
20610.45.211.154/3110.45.211.154 – 10.45.211.15510.45.211.155
20710.45.211.156/3110.45.211.156 – 10.45.211.15710.45.211.157
20810.45.211.158/3110.45.211.158 – 10.45.211.15910.45.211.159
20910.45.211.160/3110.45.211.160 – 10.45.211.16110.45.211.161
21010.45.211.162/3110.45.211.162 – 10.45.211.16310.45.211.163
21110.45.211.164/3110.45.211.164 – 10.45.211.16510.45.211.165
21210.45.211.166/3110.45.211.166 – 10.45.211.16710.45.211.167
21310.45.211.168/3110.45.211.168 – 10.45.211.16910.45.211.169
21410.45.211.170/3110.45.211.170 – 10.45.211.17110.45.211.171
21510.45.211.172/3110.45.211.172 – 10.45.211.17310.45.211.173
21610.45.211.174/3110.45.211.174 – 10.45.211.17510.45.211.175
21710.45.211.176/3110.45.211.176 – 10.45.211.17710.45.211.177
21810.45.211.178/3110.45.211.178 – 10.45.211.17910.45.211.179
21910.45.211.180/3110.45.211.180 – 10.45.211.18110.45.211.181
22010.45.211.182/3110.45.211.182 – 10.45.211.18310.45.211.183
22110.45.211.184/3110.45.211.184 – 10.45.211.18510.45.211.185
22210.45.211.186/3110.45.211.186 – 10.45.211.18710.45.211.187
22310.45.211.188/3110.45.211.188 – 10.45.211.18910.45.211.189
22410.45.211.190/3110.45.211.190 – 10.45.211.19110.45.211.191
22510.45.211.192/3110.45.211.192 – 10.45.211.19310.45.211.193
22610.45.211.194/3110.45.211.194 – 10.45.211.19510.45.211.195
22710.45.211.196/3110.45.211.196 – 10.45.211.19710.45.211.197
22810.45.211.198/3110.45.211.198 – 10.45.211.19910.45.211.199
22910.45.211.200/3110.45.211.200 – 10.45.211.20110.45.211.201
23010.45.211.202/3110.45.211.202 – 10.45.211.20310.45.211.203
23110.45.211.204/3110.45.211.204 – 10.45.211.20510.45.211.205
23210.45.211.206/3110.45.211.206 – 10.45.211.20710.45.211.207
23310.45.211.208/3110.45.211.208 – 10.45.211.20910.45.211.209
23410.45.211.210/3110.45.211.210 – 10.45.211.21110.45.211.211
23510.45.211.212/3110.45.211.212 – 10.45.211.21310.45.211.213
23610.45.211.214/3110.45.211.214 – 10.45.211.21510.45.211.215
23710.45.211.216/3110.45.211.216 – 10.45.211.21710.45.211.217
23810.45.211.218/3110.45.211.218 – 10.45.211.21910.45.211.219
23910.45.211.220/3110.45.211.220 – 10.45.211.22110.45.211.221
24010.45.211.222/3110.45.211.222 – 10.45.211.22310.45.211.223
24110.45.211.224/3110.45.211.224 – 10.45.211.22510.45.211.225
24210.45.211.226/3110.45.211.226 – 10.45.211.22710.45.211.227
24310.45.211.228/3110.45.211.228 – 10.45.211.22910.45.211.229
24410.45.211.230/3110.45.211.230 – 10.45.211.23110.45.211.231
24510.45.211.232/3110.45.211.232 – 10.45.211.23310.45.211.233
24610.45.211.234/3110.45.211.234 – 10.45.211.23510.45.211.235
24710.45.211.236/3110.45.211.236 – 10.45.211.23710.45.211.237
24810.45.211.238/3110.45.211.238 – 10.45.211.23910.45.211.239
24910.45.211.240/3110.45.211.240 – 10.45.211.24110.45.211.241
25010.45.211.242/3110.45.211.242 – 10.45.211.24310.45.211.243
25110.45.211.244/3110.45.211.244 – 10.45.211.24510.45.211.245
25210.45.211.246/3110.45.211.246 – 10.45.211.24710.45.211.247
25310.45.211.248/3110.45.211.248 – 10.45.211.24910.45.211.249
25410.45.211.250/3110.45.211.250 – 10.45.211.25110.45.211.251
25510.45.211.252/3110.45.211.252 – 10.45.211.25310.45.211.253
25610.45.211.254/3110.45.211.254 – 10.45.211.25510.45.211.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →