ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.4.202.0/23
network10.4.202.0/23
broadcast10.4.203.255
first host10.4.202.1
last host10.4.203.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.4.202.0/23
address00001010.00000100.11001010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.00000100.11001010.00000000
broadcast00001010.00000100.11001011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a04ca00
decimal168086016
reverse dns0.202.4.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a04:ca00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.4.202.0/3110.4.202.0 – 10.4.202.110.4.202.1
210.4.202.2/3110.4.202.2 – 10.4.202.310.4.202.3
310.4.202.4/3110.4.202.4 – 10.4.202.510.4.202.5
410.4.202.6/3110.4.202.6 – 10.4.202.710.4.202.7
510.4.202.8/3110.4.202.8 – 10.4.202.910.4.202.9
610.4.202.10/3110.4.202.10 – 10.4.202.1110.4.202.11
710.4.202.12/3110.4.202.12 – 10.4.202.1310.4.202.13
810.4.202.14/3110.4.202.14 – 10.4.202.1510.4.202.15
910.4.202.16/3110.4.202.16 – 10.4.202.1710.4.202.17
1010.4.202.18/3110.4.202.18 – 10.4.202.1910.4.202.19
1110.4.202.20/3110.4.202.20 – 10.4.202.2110.4.202.21
1210.4.202.22/3110.4.202.22 – 10.4.202.2310.4.202.23
1310.4.202.24/3110.4.202.24 – 10.4.202.2510.4.202.25
1410.4.202.26/3110.4.202.26 – 10.4.202.2710.4.202.27
1510.4.202.28/3110.4.202.28 – 10.4.202.2910.4.202.29
1610.4.202.30/3110.4.202.30 – 10.4.202.3110.4.202.31
1710.4.202.32/3110.4.202.32 – 10.4.202.3310.4.202.33
1810.4.202.34/3110.4.202.34 – 10.4.202.3510.4.202.35
1910.4.202.36/3110.4.202.36 – 10.4.202.3710.4.202.37
2010.4.202.38/3110.4.202.38 – 10.4.202.3910.4.202.39
2110.4.202.40/3110.4.202.40 – 10.4.202.4110.4.202.41
2210.4.202.42/3110.4.202.42 – 10.4.202.4310.4.202.43
2310.4.202.44/3110.4.202.44 – 10.4.202.4510.4.202.45
2410.4.202.46/3110.4.202.46 – 10.4.202.4710.4.202.47
2510.4.202.48/3110.4.202.48 – 10.4.202.4910.4.202.49
2610.4.202.50/3110.4.202.50 – 10.4.202.5110.4.202.51
2710.4.202.52/3110.4.202.52 – 10.4.202.5310.4.202.53
2810.4.202.54/3110.4.202.54 – 10.4.202.5510.4.202.55
2910.4.202.56/3110.4.202.56 – 10.4.202.5710.4.202.57
3010.4.202.58/3110.4.202.58 – 10.4.202.5910.4.202.59
3110.4.202.60/3110.4.202.60 – 10.4.202.6110.4.202.61
3210.4.202.62/3110.4.202.62 – 10.4.202.6310.4.202.63
3310.4.202.64/3110.4.202.64 – 10.4.202.6510.4.202.65
3410.4.202.66/3110.4.202.66 – 10.4.202.6710.4.202.67
3510.4.202.68/3110.4.202.68 – 10.4.202.6910.4.202.69
3610.4.202.70/3110.4.202.70 – 10.4.202.7110.4.202.71
3710.4.202.72/3110.4.202.72 – 10.4.202.7310.4.202.73
3810.4.202.74/3110.4.202.74 – 10.4.202.7510.4.202.75
3910.4.202.76/3110.4.202.76 – 10.4.202.7710.4.202.77
4010.4.202.78/3110.4.202.78 – 10.4.202.7910.4.202.79
4110.4.202.80/3110.4.202.80 – 10.4.202.8110.4.202.81
4210.4.202.82/3110.4.202.82 – 10.4.202.8310.4.202.83
4310.4.202.84/3110.4.202.84 – 10.4.202.8510.4.202.85
4410.4.202.86/3110.4.202.86 – 10.4.202.8710.4.202.87
4510.4.202.88/3110.4.202.88 – 10.4.202.8910.4.202.89
4610.4.202.90/3110.4.202.90 – 10.4.202.9110.4.202.91
4710.4.202.92/3110.4.202.92 – 10.4.202.9310.4.202.93
4810.4.202.94/3110.4.202.94 – 10.4.202.9510.4.202.95
4910.4.202.96/3110.4.202.96 – 10.4.202.9710.4.202.97
5010.4.202.98/3110.4.202.98 – 10.4.202.9910.4.202.99
5110.4.202.100/3110.4.202.100 – 10.4.202.10110.4.202.101
5210.4.202.102/3110.4.202.102 – 10.4.202.10310.4.202.103
5310.4.202.104/3110.4.202.104 – 10.4.202.10510.4.202.105
5410.4.202.106/3110.4.202.106 – 10.4.202.10710.4.202.107
5510.4.202.108/3110.4.202.108 – 10.4.202.10910.4.202.109
5610.4.202.110/3110.4.202.110 – 10.4.202.11110.4.202.111
5710.4.202.112/3110.4.202.112 – 10.4.202.11310.4.202.113
5810.4.202.114/3110.4.202.114 – 10.4.202.11510.4.202.115
5910.4.202.116/3110.4.202.116 – 10.4.202.11710.4.202.117
6010.4.202.118/3110.4.202.118 – 10.4.202.11910.4.202.119
6110.4.202.120/3110.4.202.120 – 10.4.202.12110.4.202.121
6210.4.202.122/3110.4.202.122 – 10.4.202.12310.4.202.123
6310.4.202.124/3110.4.202.124 – 10.4.202.12510.4.202.125
6410.4.202.126/3110.4.202.126 – 10.4.202.12710.4.202.127
6510.4.202.128/3110.4.202.128 – 10.4.202.12910.4.202.129
6610.4.202.130/3110.4.202.130 – 10.4.202.13110.4.202.131
6710.4.202.132/3110.4.202.132 – 10.4.202.13310.4.202.133
6810.4.202.134/3110.4.202.134 – 10.4.202.13510.4.202.135
6910.4.202.136/3110.4.202.136 – 10.4.202.13710.4.202.137
7010.4.202.138/3110.4.202.138 – 10.4.202.13910.4.202.139
7110.4.202.140/3110.4.202.140 – 10.4.202.14110.4.202.141
7210.4.202.142/3110.4.202.142 – 10.4.202.14310.4.202.143
7310.4.202.144/3110.4.202.144 – 10.4.202.14510.4.202.145
7410.4.202.146/3110.4.202.146 – 10.4.202.14710.4.202.147
7510.4.202.148/3110.4.202.148 – 10.4.202.14910.4.202.149
7610.4.202.150/3110.4.202.150 – 10.4.202.15110.4.202.151
7710.4.202.152/3110.4.202.152 – 10.4.202.15310.4.202.153
7810.4.202.154/3110.4.202.154 – 10.4.202.15510.4.202.155
7910.4.202.156/3110.4.202.156 – 10.4.202.15710.4.202.157
8010.4.202.158/3110.4.202.158 – 10.4.202.15910.4.202.159
8110.4.202.160/3110.4.202.160 – 10.4.202.16110.4.202.161
8210.4.202.162/3110.4.202.162 – 10.4.202.16310.4.202.163
8310.4.202.164/3110.4.202.164 – 10.4.202.16510.4.202.165
8410.4.202.166/3110.4.202.166 – 10.4.202.16710.4.202.167
8510.4.202.168/3110.4.202.168 – 10.4.202.16910.4.202.169
8610.4.202.170/3110.4.202.170 – 10.4.202.17110.4.202.171
8710.4.202.172/3110.4.202.172 – 10.4.202.17310.4.202.173
8810.4.202.174/3110.4.202.174 – 10.4.202.17510.4.202.175
8910.4.202.176/3110.4.202.176 – 10.4.202.17710.4.202.177
9010.4.202.178/3110.4.202.178 – 10.4.202.17910.4.202.179
9110.4.202.180/3110.4.202.180 – 10.4.202.18110.4.202.181
9210.4.202.182/3110.4.202.182 – 10.4.202.18310.4.202.183
9310.4.202.184/3110.4.202.184 – 10.4.202.18510.4.202.185
9410.4.202.186/3110.4.202.186 – 10.4.202.18710.4.202.187
9510.4.202.188/3110.4.202.188 – 10.4.202.18910.4.202.189
9610.4.202.190/3110.4.202.190 – 10.4.202.19110.4.202.191
9710.4.202.192/3110.4.202.192 – 10.4.202.19310.4.202.193
9810.4.202.194/3110.4.202.194 – 10.4.202.19510.4.202.195
9910.4.202.196/3110.4.202.196 – 10.4.202.19710.4.202.197
10010.4.202.198/3110.4.202.198 – 10.4.202.19910.4.202.199
10110.4.202.200/3110.4.202.200 – 10.4.202.20110.4.202.201
10210.4.202.202/3110.4.202.202 – 10.4.202.20310.4.202.203
10310.4.202.204/3110.4.202.204 – 10.4.202.20510.4.202.205
10410.4.202.206/3110.4.202.206 – 10.4.202.20710.4.202.207
10510.4.202.208/3110.4.202.208 – 10.4.202.20910.4.202.209
10610.4.202.210/3110.4.202.210 – 10.4.202.21110.4.202.211
10710.4.202.212/3110.4.202.212 – 10.4.202.21310.4.202.213
10810.4.202.214/3110.4.202.214 – 10.4.202.21510.4.202.215
10910.4.202.216/3110.4.202.216 – 10.4.202.21710.4.202.217
11010.4.202.218/3110.4.202.218 – 10.4.202.21910.4.202.219
11110.4.202.220/3110.4.202.220 – 10.4.202.22110.4.202.221
11210.4.202.222/3110.4.202.222 – 10.4.202.22310.4.202.223
11310.4.202.224/3110.4.202.224 – 10.4.202.22510.4.202.225
11410.4.202.226/3110.4.202.226 – 10.4.202.22710.4.202.227
11510.4.202.228/3110.4.202.228 – 10.4.202.22910.4.202.229
11610.4.202.230/3110.4.202.230 – 10.4.202.23110.4.202.231
11710.4.202.232/3110.4.202.232 – 10.4.202.23310.4.202.233
11810.4.202.234/3110.4.202.234 – 10.4.202.23510.4.202.235
11910.4.202.236/3110.4.202.236 – 10.4.202.23710.4.202.237
12010.4.202.238/3110.4.202.238 – 10.4.202.23910.4.202.239
12110.4.202.240/3110.4.202.240 – 10.4.202.24110.4.202.241
12210.4.202.242/3110.4.202.242 – 10.4.202.24310.4.202.243
12310.4.202.244/3110.4.202.244 – 10.4.202.24510.4.202.245
12410.4.202.246/3110.4.202.246 – 10.4.202.24710.4.202.247
12510.4.202.248/3110.4.202.248 – 10.4.202.24910.4.202.249
12610.4.202.250/3110.4.202.250 – 10.4.202.25110.4.202.251
12710.4.202.252/3110.4.202.252 – 10.4.202.25310.4.202.253
12810.4.202.254/3110.4.202.254 – 10.4.202.25510.4.202.255
12910.4.203.0/3110.4.203.0 – 10.4.203.110.4.203.1
13010.4.203.2/3110.4.203.2 – 10.4.203.310.4.203.3
13110.4.203.4/3110.4.203.4 – 10.4.203.510.4.203.5
13210.4.203.6/3110.4.203.6 – 10.4.203.710.4.203.7
13310.4.203.8/3110.4.203.8 – 10.4.203.910.4.203.9
13410.4.203.10/3110.4.203.10 – 10.4.203.1110.4.203.11
13510.4.203.12/3110.4.203.12 – 10.4.203.1310.4.203.13
13610.4.203.14/3110.4.203.14 – 10.4.203.1510.4.203.15
13710.4.203.16/3110.4.203.16 – 10.4.203.1710.4.203.17
13810.4.203.18/3110.4.203.18 – 10.4.203.1910.4.203.19
13910.4.203.20/3110.4.203.20 – 10.4.203.2110.4.203.21
14010.4.203.22/3110.4.203.22 – 10.4.203.2310.4.203.23
14110.4.203.24/3110.4.203.24 – 10.4.203.2510.4.203.25
14210.4.203.26/3110.4.203.26 – 10.4.203.2710.4.203.27
14310.4.203.28/3110.4.203.28 – 10.4.203.2910.4.203.29
14410.4.203.30/3110.4.203.30 – 10.4.203.3110.4.203.31
14510.4.203.32/3110.4.203.32 – 10.4.203.3310.4.203.33
14610.4.203.34/3110.4.203.34 – 10.4.203.3510.4.203.35
14710.4.203.36/3110.4.203.36 – 10.4.203.3710.4.203.37
14810.4.203.38/3110.4.203.38 – 10.4.203.3910.4.203.39
14910.4.203.40/3110.4.203.40 – 10.4.203.4110.4.203.41
15010.4.203.42/3110.4.203.42 – 10.4.203.4310.4.203.43
15110.4.203.44/3110.4.203.44 – 10.4.203.4510.4.203.45
15210.4.203.46/3110.4.203.46 – 10.4.203.4710.4.203.47
15310.4.203.48/3110.4.203.48 – 10.4.203.4910.4.203.49
15410.4.203.50/3110.4.203.50 – 10.4.203.5110.4.203.51
15510.4.203.52/3110.4.203.52 – 10.4.203.5310.4.203.53
15610.4.203.54/3110.4.203.54 – 10.4.203.5510.4.203.55
15710.4.203.56/3110.4.203.56 – 10.4.203.5710.4.203.57
15810.4.203.58/3110.4.203.58 – 10.4.203.5910.4.203.59
15910.4.203.60/3110.4.203.60 – 10.4.203.6110.4.203.61
16010.4.203.62/3110.4.203.62 – 10.4.203.6310.4.203.63
16110.4.203.64/3110.4.203.64 – 10.4.203.6510.4.203.65
16210.4.203.66/3110.4.203.66 – 10.4.203.6710.4.203.67
16310.4.203.68/3110.4.203.68 – 10.4.203.6910.4.203.69
16410.4.203.70/3110.4.203.70 – 10.4.203.7110.4.203.71
16510.4.203.72/3110.4.203.72 – 10.4.203.7310.4.203.73
16610.4.203.74/3110.4.203.74 – 10.4.203.7510.4.203.75
16710.4.203.76/3110.4.203.76 – 10.4.203.7710.4.203.77
16810.4.203.78/3110.4.203.78 – 10.4.203.7910.4.203.79
16910.4.203.80/3110.4.203.80 – 10.4.203.8110.4.203.81
17010.4.203.82/3110.4.203.82 – 10.4.203.8310.4.203.83
17110.4.203.84/3110.4.203.84 – 10.4.203.8510.4.203.85
17210.4.203.86/3110.4.203.86 – 10.4.203.8710.4.203.87
17310.4.203.88/3110.4.203.88 – 10.4.203.8910.4.203.89
17410.4.203.90/3110.4.203.90 – 10.4.203.9110.4.203.91
17510.4.203.92/3110.4.203.92 – 10.4.203.9310.4.203.93
17610.4.203.94/3110.4.203.94 – 10.4.203.9510.4.203.95
17710.4.203.96/3110.4.203.96 – 10.4.203.9710.4.203.97
17810.4.203.98/3110.4.203.98 – 10.4.203.9910.4.203.99
17910.4.203.100/3110.4.203.100 – 10.4.203.10110.4.203.101
18010.4.203.102/3110.4.203.102 – 10.4.203.10310.4.203.103
18110.4.203.104/3110.4.203.104 – 10.4.203.10510.4.203.105
18210.4.203.106/3110.4.203.106 – 10.4.203.10710.4.203.107
18310.4.203.108/3110.4.203.108 – 10.4.203.10910.4.203.109
18410.4.203.110/3110.4.203.110 – 10.4.203.11110.4.203.111
18510.4.203.112/3110.4.203.112 – 10.4.203.11310.4.203.113
18610.4.203.114/3110.4.203.114 – 10.4.203.11510.4.203.115
18710.4.203.116/3110.4.203.116 – 10.4.203.11710.4.203.117
18810.4.203.118/3110.4.203.118 – 10.4.203.11910.4.203.119
18910.4.203.120/3110.4.203.120 – 10.4.203.12110.4.203.121
19010.4.203.122/3110.4.203.122 – 10.4.203.12310.4.203.123
19110.4.203.124/3110.4.203.124 – 10.4.203.12510.4.203.125
19210.4.203.126/3110.4.203.126 – 10.4.203.12710.4.203.127
19310.4.203.128/3110.4.203.128 – 10.4.203.12910.4.203.129
19410.4.203.130/3110.4.203.130 – 10.4.203.13110.4.203.131
19510.4.203.132/3110.4.203.132 – 10.4.203.13310.4.203.133
19610.4.203.134/3110.4.203.134 – 10.4.203.13510.4.203.135
19710.4.203.136/3110.4.203.136 – 10.4.203.13710.4.203.137
19810.4.203.138/3110.4.203.138 – 10.4.203.13910.4.203.139
19910.4.203.140/3110.4.203.140 – 10.4.203.14110.4.203.141
20010.4.203.142/3110.4.203.142 – 10.4.203.14310.4.203.143
20110.4.203.144/3110.4.203.144 – 10.4.203.14510.4.203.145
20210.4.203.146/3110.4.203.146 – 10.4.203.14710.4.203.147
20310.4.203.148/3110.4.203.148 – 10.4.203.14910.4.203.149
20410.4.203.150/3110.4.203.150 – 10.4.203.15110.4.203.151
20510.4.203.152/3110.4.203.152 – 10.4.203.15310.4.203.153
20610.4.203.154/3110.4.203.154 – 10.4.203.15510.4.203.155
20710.4.203.156/3110.4.203.156 – 10.4.203.15710.4.203.157
20810.4.203.158/3110.4.203.158 – 10.4.203.15910.4.203.159
20910.4.203.160/3110.4.203.160 – 10.4.203.16110.4.203.161
21010.4.203.162/3110.4.203.162 – 10.4.203.16310.4.203.163
21110.4.203.164/3110.4.203.164 – 10.4.203.16510.4.203.165
21210.4.203.166/3110.4.203.166 – 10.4.203.16710.4.203.167
21310.4.203.168/3110.4.203.168 – 10.4.203.16910.4.203.169
21410.4.203.170/3110.4.203.170 – 10.4.203.17110.4.203.171
21510.4.203.172/3110.4.203.172 – 10.4.203.17310.4.203.173
21610.4.203.174/3110.4.203.174 – 10.4.203.17510.4.203.175
21710.4.203.176/3110.4.203.176 – 10.4.203.17710.4.203.177
21810.4.203.178/3110.4.203.178 – 10.4.203.17910.4.203.179
21910.4.203.180/3110.4.203.180 – 10.4.203.18110.4.203.181
22010.4.203.182/3110.4.203.182 – 10.4.203.18310.4.203.183
22110.4.203.184/3110.4.203.184 – 10.4.203.18510.4.203.185
22210.4.203.186/3110.4.203.186 – 10.4.203.18710.4.203.187
22310.4.203.188/3110.4.203.188 – 10.4.203.18910.4.203.189
22410.4.203.190/3110.4.203.190 – 10.4.203.19110.4.203.191
22510.4.203.192/3110.4.203.192 – 10.4.203.19310.4.203.193
22610.4.203.194/3110.4.203.194 – 10.4.203.19510.4.203.195
22710.4.203.196/3110.4.203.196 – 10.4.203.19710.4.203.197
22810.4.203.198/3110.4.203.198 – 10.4.203.19910.4.203.199
22910.4.203.200/3110.4.203.200 – 10.4.203.20110.4.203.201
23010.4.203.202/3110.4.203.202 – 10.4.203.20310.4.203.203
23110.4.203.204/3110.4.203.204 – 10.4.203.20510.4.203.205
23210.4.203.206/3110.4.203.206 – 10.4.203.20710.4.203.207
23310.4.203.208/3110.4.203.208 – 10.4.203.20910.4.203.209
23410.4.203.210/3110.4.203.210 – 10.4.203.21110.4.203.211
23510.4.203.212/3110.4.203.212 – 10.4.203.21310.4.203.213
23610.4.203.214/3110.4.203.214 – 10.4.203.21510.4.203.215
23710.4.203.216/3110.4.203.216 – 10.4.203.21710.4.203.217
23810.4.203.218/3110.4.203.218 – 10.4.203.21910.4.203.219
23910.4.203.220/3110.4.203.220 – 10.4.203.22110.4.203.221
24010.4.203.222/3110.4.203.222 – 10.4.203.22310.4.203.223
24110.4.203.224/3110.4.203.224 – 10.4.203.22510.4.203.225
24210.4.203.226/3110.4.203.226 – 10.4.203.22710.4.203.227
24310.4.203.228/3110.4.203.228 – 10.4.203.22910.4.203.229
24410.4.203.230/3110.4.203.230 – 10.4.203.23110.4.203.231
24510.4.203.232/3110.4.203.232 – 10.4.203.23310.4.203.233
24610.4.203.234/3110.4.203.234 – 10.4.203.23510.4.203.235
24710.4.203.236/3110.4.203.236 – 10.4.203.23710.4.203.237
24810.4.203.238/3110.4.203.238 – 10.4.203.23910.4.203.239
24910.4.203.240/3110.4.203.240 – 10.4.203.24110.4.203.241
25010.4.203.242/3110.4.203.242 – 10.4.203.24310.4.203.243
25110.4.203.244/3110.4.203.244 – 10.4.203.24510.4.203.245
25210.4.203.246/3110.4.203.246 – 10.4.203.24710.4.203.247
25310.4.203.248/3110.4.203.248 – 10.4.203.24910.4.203.249
25410.4.203.250/3110.4.203.250 – 10.4.203.25110.4.203.251
25510.4.203.252/3110.4.203.252 – 10.4.203.25310.4.203.253
25610.4.203.254/3110.4.203.254 – 10.4.203.25510.4.203.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →