ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.232.78.0/23
network10.232.78.0/23
broadcast10.232.79.255
first host10.232.78.1
last host10.232.79.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.232.78.0/23
address00001010.11101000.01001110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.11101000.01001110.00000000
broadcast00001010.11101000.01001111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0ae84e00
decimal182996480
reverse dns0.78.232.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:ae8:4e00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.232.78.0/3110.232.78.0 – 10.232.78.110.232.78.1
210.232.78.2/3110.232.78.2 – 10.232.78.310.232.78.3
310.232.78.4/3110.232.78.4 – 10.232.78.510.232.78.5
410.232.78.6/3110.232.78.6 – 10.232.78.710.232.78.7
510.232.78.8/3110.232.78.8 – 10.232.78.910.232.78.9
610.232.78.10/3110.232.78.10 – 10.232.78.1110.232.78.11
710.232.78.12/3110.232.78.12 – 10.232.78.1310.232.78.13
810.232.78.14/3110.232.78.14 – 10.232.78.1510.232.78.15
910.232.78.16/3110.232.78.16 – 10.232.78.1710.232.78.17
1010.232.78.18/3110.232.78.18 – 10.232.78.1910.232.78.19
1110.232.78.20/3110.232.78.20 – 10.232.78.2110.232.78.21
1210.232.78.22/3110.232.78.22 – 10.232.78.2310.232.78.23
1310.232.78.24/3110.232.78.24 – 10.232.78.2510.232.78.25
1410.232.78.26/3110.232.78.26 – 10.232.78.2710.232.78.27
1510.232.78.28/3110.232.78.28 – 10.232.78.2910.232.78.29
1610.232.78.30/3110.232.78.30 – 10.232.78.3110.232.78.31
1710.232.78.32/3110.232.78.32 – 10.232.78.3310.232.78.33
1810.232.78.34/3110.232.78.34 – 10.232.78.3510.232.78.35
1910.232.78.36/3110.232.78.36 – 10.232.78.3710.232.78.37
2010.232.78.38/3110.232.78.38 – 10.232.78.3910.232.78.39
2110.232.78.40/3110.232.78.40 – 10.232.78.4110.232.78.41
2210.232.78.42/3110.232.78.42 – 10.232.78.4310.232.78.43
2310.232.78.44/3110.232.78.44 – 10.232.78.4510.232.78.45
2410.232.78.46/3110.232.78.46 – 10.232.78.4710.232.78.47
2510.232.78.48/3110.232.78.48 – 10.232.78.4910.232.78.49
2610.232.78.50/3110.232.78.50 – 10.232.78.5110.232.78.51
2710.232.78.52/3110.232.78.52 – 10.232.78.5310.232.78.53
2810.232.78.54/3110.232.78.54 – 10.232.78.5510.232.78.55
2910.232.78.56/3110.232.78.56 – 10.232.78.5710.232.78.57
3010.232.78.58/3110.232.78.58 – 10.232.78.5910.232.78.59
3110.232.78.60/3110.232.78.60 – 10.232.78.6110.232.78.61
3210.232.78.62/3110.232.78.62 – 10.232.78.6310.232.78.63
3310.232.78.64/3110.232.78.64 – 10.232.78.6510.232.78.65
3410.232.78.66/3110.232.78.66 – 10.232.78.6710.232.78.67
3510.232.78.68/3110.232.78.68 – 10.232.78.6910.232.78.69
3610.232.78.70/3110.232.78.70 – 10.232.78.7110.232.78.71
3710.232.78.72/3110.232.78.72 – 10.232.78.7310.232.78.73
3810.232.78.74/3110.232.78.74 – 10.232.78.7510.232.78.75
3910.232.78.76/3110.232.78.76 – 10.232.78.7710.232.78.77
4010.232.78.78/3110.232.78.78 – 10.232.78.7910.232.78.79
4110.232.78.80/3110.232.78.80 – 10.232.78.8110.232.78.81
4210.232.78.82/3110.232.78.82 – 10.232.78.8310.232.78.83
4310.232.78.84/3110.232.78.84 – 10.232.78.8510.232.78.85
4410.232.78.86/3110.232.78.86 – 10.232.78.8710.232.78.87
4510.232.78.88/3110.232.78.88 – 10.232.78.8910.232.78.89
4610.232.78.90/3110.232.78.90 – 10.232.78.9110.232.78.91
4710.232.78.92/3110.232.78.92 – 10.232.78.9310.232.78.93
4810.232.78.94/3110.232.78.94 – 10.232.78.9510.232.78.95
4910.232.78.96/3110.232.78.96 – 10.232.78.9710.232.78.97
5010.232.78.98/3110.232.78.98 – 10.232.78.9910.232.78.99
5110.232.78.100/3110.232.78.100 – 10.232.78.10110.232.78.101
5210.232.78.102/3110.232.78.102 – 10.232.78.10310.232.78.103
5310.232.78.104/3110.232.78.104 – 10.232.78.10510.232.78.105
5410.232.78.106/3110.232.78.106 – 10.232.78.10710.232.78.107
5510.232.78.108/3110.232.78.108 – 10.232.78.10910.232.78.109
5610.232.78.110/3110.232.78.110 – 10.232.78.11110.232.78.111
5710.232.78.112/3110.232.78.112 – 10.232.78.11310.232.78.113
5810.232.78.114/3110.232.78.114 – 10.232.78.11510.232.78.115
5910.232.78.116/3110.232.78.116 – 10.232.78.11710.232.78.117
6010.232.78.118/3110.232.78.118 – 10.232.78.11910.232.78.119
6110.232.78.120/3110.232.78.120 – 10.232.78.12110.232.78.121
6210.232.78.122/3110.232.78.122 – 10.232.78.12310.232.78.123
6310.232.78.124/3110.232.78.124 – 10.232.78.12510.232.78.125
6410.232.78.126/3110.232.78.126 – 10.232.78.12710.232.78.127
6510.232.78.128/3110.232.78.128 – 10.232.78.12910.232.78.129
6610.232.78.130/3110.232.78.130 – 10.232.78.13110.232.78.131
6710.232.78.132/3110.232.78.132 – 10.232.78.13310.232.78.133
6810.232.78.134/3110.232.78.134 – 10.232.78.13510.232.78.135
6910.232.78.136/3110.232.78.136 – 10.232.78.13710.232.78.137
7010.232.78.138/3110.232.78.138 – 10.232.78.13910.232.78.139
7110.232.78.140/3110.232.78.140 – 10.232.78.14110.232.78.141
7210.232.78.142/3110.232.78.142 – 10.232.78.14310.232.78.143
7310.232.78.144/3110.232.78.144 – 10.232.78.14510.232.78.145
7410.232.78.146/3110.232.78.146 – 10.232.78.14710.232.78.147
7510.232.78.148/3110.232.78.148 – 10.232.78.14910.232.78.149
7610.232.78.150/3110.232.78.150 – 10.232.78.15110.232.78.151
7710.232.78.152/3110.232.78.152 – 10.232.78.15310.232.78.153
7810.232.78.154/3110.232.78.154 – 10.232.78.15510.232.78.155
7910.232.78.156/3110.232.78.156 – 10.232.78.15710.232.78.157
8010.232.78.158/3110.232.78.158 – 10.232.78.15910.232.78.159
8110.232.78.160/3110.232.78.160 – 10.232.78.16110.232.78.161
8210.232.78.162/3110.232.78.162 – 10.232.78.16310.232.78.163
8310.232.78.164/3110.232.78.164 – 10.232.78.16510.232.78.165
8410.232.78.166/3110.232.78.166 – 10.232.78.16710.232.78.167
8510.232.78.168/3110.232.78.168 – 10.232.78.16910.232.78.169
8610.232.78.170/3110.232.78.170 – 10.232.78.17110.232.78.171
8710.232.78.172/3110.232.78.172 – 10.232.78.17310.232.78.173
8810.232.78.174/3110.232.78.174 – 10.232.78.17510.232.78.175
8910.232.78.176/3110.232.78.176 – 10.232.78.17710.232.78.177
9010.232.78.178/3110.232.78.178 – 10.232.78.17910.232.78.179
9110.232.78.180/3110.232.78.180 – 10.232.78.18110.232.78.181
9210.232.78.182/3110.232.78.182 – 10.232.78.18310.232.78.183
9310.232.78.184/3110.232.78.184 – 10.232.78.18510.232.78.185
9410.232.78.186/3110.232.78.186 – 10.232.78.18710.232.78.187
9510.232.78.188/3110.232.78.188 – 10.232.78.18910.232.78.189
9610.232.78.190/3110.232.78.190 – 10.232.78.19110.232.78.191
9710.232.78.192/3110.232.78.192 – 10.232.78.19310.232.78.193
9810.232.78.194/3110.232.78.194 – 10.232.78.19510.232.78.195
9910.232.78.196/3110.232.78.196 – 10.232.78.19710.232.78.197
10010.232.78.198/3110.232.78.198 – 10.232.78.19910.232.78.199
10110.232.78.200/3110.232.78.200 – 10.232.78.20110.232.78.201
10210.232.78.202/3110.232.78.202 – 10.232.78.20310.232.78.203
10310.232.78.204/3110.232.78.204 – 10.232.78.20510.232.78.205
10410.232.78.206/3110.232.78.206 – 10.232.78.20710.232.78.207
10510.232.78.208/3110.232.78.208 – 10.232.78.20910.232.78.209
10610.232.78.210/3110.232.78.210 – 10.232.78.21110.232.78.211
10710.232.78.212/3110.232.78.212 – 10.232.78.21310.232.78.213
10810.232.78.214/3110.232.78.214 – 10.232.78.21510.232.78.215
10910.232.78.216/3110.232.78.216 – 10.232.78.21710.232.78.217
11010.232.78.218/3110.232.78.218 – 10.232.78.21910.232.78.219
11110.232.78.220/3110.232.78.220 – 10.232.78.22110.232.78.221
11210.232.78.222/3110.232.78.222 – 10.232.78.22310.232.78.223
11310.232.78.224/3110.232.78.224 – 10.232.78.22510.232.78.225
11410.232.78.226/3110.232.78.226 – 10.232.78.22710.232.78.227
11510.232.78.228/3110.232.78.228 – 10.232.78.22910.232.78.229
11610.232.78.230/3110.232.78.230 – 10.232.78.23110.232.78.231
11710.232.78.232/3110.232.78.232 – 10.232.78.23310.232.78.233
11810.232.78.234/3110.232.78.234 – 10.232.78.23510.232.78.235
11910.232.78.236/3110.232.78.236 – 10.232.78.23710.232.78.237
12010.232.78.238/3110.232.78.238 – 10.232.78.23910.232.78.239
12110.232.78.240/3110.232.78.240 – 10.232.78.24110.232.78.241
12210.232.78.242/3110.232.78.242 – 10.232.78.24310.232.78.243
12310.232.78.244/3110.232.78.244 – 10.232.78.24510.232.78.245
12410.232.78.246/3110.232.78.246 – 10.232.78.24710.232.78.247
12510.232.78.248/3110.232.78.248 – 10.232.78.24910.232.78.249
12610.232.78.250/3110.232.78.250 – 10.232.78.25110.232.78.251
12710.232.78.252/3110.232.78.252 – 10.232.78.25310.232.78.253
12810.232.78.254/3110.232.78.254 – 10.232.78.25510.232.78.255
12910.232.79.0/3110.232.79.0 – 10.232.79.110.232.79.1
13010.232.79.2/3110.232.79.2 – 10.232.79.310.232.79.3
13110.232.79.4/3110.232.79.4 – 10.232.79.510.232.79.5
13210.232.79.6/3110.232.79.6 – 10.232.79.710.232.79.7
13310.232.79.8/3110.232.79.8 – 10.232.79.910.232.79.9
13410.232.79.10/3110.232.79.10 – 10.232.79.1110.232.79.11
13510.232.79.12/3110.232.79.12 – 10.232.79.1310.232.79.13
13610.232.79.14/3110.232.79.14 – 10.232.79.1510.232.79.15
13710.232.79.16/3110.232.79.16 – 10.232.79.1710.232.79.17
13810.232.79.18/3110.232.79.18 – 10.232.79.1910.232.79.19
13910.232.79.20/3110.232.79.20 – 10.232.79.2110.232.79.21
14010.232.79.22/3110.232.79.22 – 10.232.79.2310.232.79.23
14110.232.79.24/3110.232.79.24 – 10.232.79.2510.232.79.25
14210.232.79.26/3110.232.79.26 – 10.232.79.2710.232.79.27
14310.232.79.28/3110.232.79.28 – 10.232.79.2910.232.79.29
14410.232.79.30/3110.232.79.30 – 10.232.79.3110.232.79.31
14510.232.79.32/3110.232.79.32 – 10.232.79.3310.232.79.33
14610.232.79.34/3110.232.79.34 – 10.232.79.3510.232.79.35
14710.232.79.36/3110.232.79.36 – 10.232.79.3710.232.79.37
14810.232.79.38/3110.232.79.38 – 10.232.79.3910.232.79.39
14910.232.79.40/3110.232.79.40 – 10.232.79.4110.232.79.41
15010.232.79.42/3110.232.79.42 – 10.232.79.4310.232.79.43
15110.232.79.44/3110.232.79.44 – 10.232.79.4510.232.79.45
15210.232.79.46/3110.232.79.46 – 10.232.79.4710.232.79.47
15310.232.79.48/3110.232.79.48 – 10.232.79.4910.232.79.49
15410.232.79.50/3110.232.79.50 – 10.232.79.5110.232.79.51
15510.232.79.52/3110.232.79.52 – 10.232.79.5310.232.79.53
15610.232.79.54/3110.232.79.54 – 10.232.79.5510.232.79.55
15710.232.79.56/3110.232.79.56 – 10.232.79.5710.232.79.57
15810.232.79.58/3110.232.79.58 – 10.232.79.5910.232.79.59
15910.232.79.60/3110.232.79.60 – 10.232.79.6110.232.79.61
16010.232.79.62/3110.232.79.62 – 10.232.79.6310.232.79.63
16110.232.79.64/3110.232.79.64 – 10.232.79.6510.232.79.65
16210.232.79.66/3110.232.79.66 – 10.232.79.6710.232.79.67
16310.232.79.68/3110.232.79.68 – 10.232.79.6910.232.79.69
16410.232.79.70/3110.232.79.70 – 10.232.79.7110.232.79.71
16510.232.79.72/3110.232.79.72 – 10.232.79.7310.232.79.73
16610.232.79.74/3110.232.79.74 – 10.232.79.7510.232.79.75
16710.232.79.76/3110.232.79.76 – 10.232.79.7710.232.79.77
16810.232.79.78/3110.232.79.78 – 10.232.79.7910.232.79.79
16910.232.79.80/3110.232.79.80 – 10.232.79.8110.232.79.81
17010.232.79.82/3110.232.79.82 – 10.232.79.8310.232.79.83
17110.232.79.84/3110.232.79.84 – 10.232.79.8510.232.79.85
17210.232.79.86/3110.232.79.86 – 10.232.79.8710.232.79.87
17310.232.79.88/3110.232.79.88 – 10.232.79.8910.232.79.89
17410.232.79.90/3110.232.79.90 – 10.232.79.9110.232.79.91
17510.232.79.92/3110.232.79.92 – 10.232.79.9310.232.79.93
17610.232.79.94/3110.232.79.94 – 10.232.79.9510.232.79.95
17710.232.79.96/3110.232.79.96 – 10.232.79.9710.232.79.97
17810.232.79.98/3110.232.79.98 – 10.232.79.9910.232.79.99
17910.232.79.100/3110.232.79.100 – 10.232.79.10110.232.79.101
18010.232.79.102/3110.232.79.102 – 10.232.79.10310.232.79.103
18110.232.79.104/3110.232.79.104 – 10.232.79.10510.232.79.105
18210.232.79.106/3110.232.79.106 – 10.232.79.10710.232.79.107
18310.232.79.108/3110.232.79.108 – 10.232.79.10910.232.79.109
18410.232.79.110/3110.232.79.110 – 10.232.79.11110.232.79.111
18510.232.79.112/3110.232.79.112 – 10.232.79.11310.232.79.113
18610.232.79.114/3110.232.79.114 – 10.232.79.11510.232.79.115
18710.232.79.116/3110.232.79.116 – 10.232.79.11710.232.79.117
18810.232.79.118/3110.232.79.118 – 10.232.79.11910.232.79.119
18910.232.79.120/3110.232.79.120 – 10.232.79.12110.232.79.121
19010.232.79.122/3110.232.79.122 – 10.232.79.12310.232.79.123
19110.232.79.124/3110.232.79.124 – 10.232.79.12510.232.79.125
19210.232.79.126/3110.232.79.126 – 10.232.79.12710.232.79.127
19310.232.79.128/3110.232.79.128 – 10.232.79.12910.232.79.129
19410.232.79.130/3110.232.79.130 – 10.232.79.13110.232.79.131
19510.232.79.132/3110.232.79.132 – 10.232.79.13310.232.79.133
19610.232.79.134/3110.232.79.134 – 10.232.79.13510.232.79.135
19710.232.79.136/3110.232.79.136 – 10.232.79.13710.232.79.137
19810.232.79.138/3110.232.79.138 – 10.232.79.13910.232.79.139
19910.232.79.140/3110.232.79.140 – 10.232.79.14110.232.79.141
20010.232.79.142/3110.232.79.142 – 10.232.79.14310.232.79.143
20110.232.79.144/3110.232.79.144 – 10.232.79.14510.232.79.145
20210.232.79.146/3110.232.79.146 – 10.232.79.14710.232.79.147
20310.232.79.148/3110.232.79.148 – 10.232.79.14910.232.79.149
20410.232.79.150/3110.232.79.150 – 10.232.79.15110.232.79.151
20510.232.79.152/3110.232.79.152 – 10.232.79.15310.232.79.153
20610.232.79.154/3110.232.79.154 – 10.232.79.15510.232.79.155
20710.232.79.156/3110.232.79.156 – 10.232.79.15710.232.79.157
20810.232.79.158/3110.232.79.158 – 10.232.79.15910.232.79.159
20910.232.79.160/3110.232.79.160 – 10.232.79.16110.232.79.161
21010.232.79.162/3110.232.79.162 – 10.232.79.16310.232.79.163
21110.232.79.164/3110.232.79.164 – 10.232.79.16510.232.79.165
21210.232.79.166/3110.232.79.166 – 10.232.79.16710.232.79.167
21310.232.79.168/3110.232.79.168 – 10.232.79.16910.232.79.169
21410.232.79.170/3110.232.79.170 – 10.232.79.17110.232.79.171
21510.232.79.172/3110.232.79.172 – 10.232.79.17310.232.79.173
21610.232.79.174/3110.232.79.174 – 10.232.79.17510.232.79.175
21710.232.79.176/3110.232.79.176 – 10.232.79.17710.232.79.177
21810.232.79.178/3110.232.79.178 – 10.232.79.17910.232.79.179
21910.232.79.180/3110.232.79.180 – 10.232.79.18110.232.79.181
22010.232.79.182/3110.232.79.182 – 10.232.79.18310.232.79.183
22110.232.79.184/3110.232.79.184 – 10.232.79.18510.232.79.185
22210.232.79.186/3110.232.79.186 – 10.232.79.18710.232.79.187
22310.232.79.188/3110.232.79.188 – 10.232.79.18910.232.79.189
22410.232.79.190/3110.232.79.190 – 10.232.79.19110.232.79.191
22510.232.79.192/3110.232.79.192 – 10.232.79.19310.232.79.193
22610.232.79.194/3110.232.79.194 – 10.232.79.19510.232.79.195
22710.232.79.196/3110.232.79.196 – 10.232.79.19710.232.79.197
22810.232.79.198/3110.232.79.198 – 10.232.79.19910.232.79.199
22910.232.79.200/3110.232.79.200 – 10.232.79.20110.232.79.201
23010.232.79.202/3110.232.79.202 – 10.232.79.20310.232.79.203
23110.232.79.204/3110.232.79.204 – 10.232.79.20510.232.79.205
23210.232.79.206/3110.232.79.206 – 10.232.79.20710.232.79.207
23310.232.79.208/3110.232.79.208 – 10.232.79.20910.232.79.209
23410.232.79.210/3110.232.79.210 – 10.232.79.21110.232.79.211
23510.232.79.212/3110.232.79.212 – 10.232.79.21310.232.79.213
23610.232.79.214/3110.232.79.214 – 10.232.79.21510.232.79.215
23710.232.79.216/3110.232.79.216 – 10.232.79.21710.232.79.217
23810.232.79.218/3110.232.79.218 – 10.232.79.21910.232.79.219
23910.232.79.220/3110.232.79.220 – 10.232.79.22110.232.79.221
24010.232.79.222/3110.232.79.222 – 10.232.79.22310.232.79.223
24110.232.79.224/3110.232.79.224 – 10.232.79.22510.232.79.225
24210.232.79.226/3110.232.79.226 – 10.232.79.22710.232.79.227
24310.232.79.228/3110.232.79.228 – 10.232.79.22910.232.79.229
24410.232.79.230/3110.232.79.230 – 10.232.79.23110.232.79.231
24510.232.79.232/3110.232.79.232 – 10.232.79.23310.232.79.233
24610.232.79.234/3110.232.79.234 – 10.232.79.23510.232.79.235
24710.232.79.236/3110.232.79.236 – 10.232.79.23710.232.79.237
24810.232.79.238/3110.232.79.238 – 10.232.79.23910.232.79.239
24910.232.79.240/3110.232.79.240 – 10.232.79.24110.232.79.241
25010.232.79.242/3110.232.79.242 – 10.232.79.24310.232.79.243
25110.232.79.244/3110.232.79.244 – 10.232.79.24510.232.79.245
25210.232.79.246/3110.232.79.246 – 10.232.79.24710.232.79.247
25310.232.79.248/3110.232.79.248 – 10.232.79.24910.232.79.249
25410.232.79.250/3110.232.79.250 – 10.232.79.25110.232.79.251
25510.232.79.252/3110.232.79.252 – 10.232.79.25310.232.79.253
25610.232.79.254/3110.232.79.254 – 10.232.79.25510.232.79.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →