ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.2.238.0/23
network10.2.238.0/23
broadcast10.2.239.255
first host10.2.238.1
last host10.2.239.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.2.238.0/23
address00001010.00000010.11101110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.00000010.11101110.00000000
broadcast00001010.00000010.11101111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a02ee00
decimal167964160
reverse dns0.238.2.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a02:ee00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.2.238.0/3110.2.238.0 – 10.2.238.110.2.238.1
210.2.238.2/3110.2.238.2 – 10.2.238.310.2.238.3
310.2.238.4/3110.2.238.4 – 10.2.238.510.2.238.5
410.2.238.6/3110.2.238.6 – 10.2.238.710.2.238.7
510.2.238.8/3110.2.238.8 – 10.2.238.910.2.238.9
610.2.238.10/3110.2.238.10 – 10.2.238.1110.2.238.11
710.2.238.12/3110.2.238.12 – 10.2.238.1310.2.238.13
810.2.238.14/3110.2.238.14 – 10.2.238.1510.2.238.15
910.2.238.16/3110.2.238.16 – 10.2.238.1710.2.238.17
1010.2.238.18/3110.2.238.18 – 10.2.238.1910.2.238.19
1110.2.238.20/3110.2.238.20 – 10.2.238.2110.2.238.21
1210.2.238.22/3110.2.238.22 – 10.2.238.2310.2.238.23
1310.2.238.24/3110.2.238.24 – 10.2.238.2510.2.238.25
1410.2.238.26/3110.2.238.26 – 10.2.238.2710.2.238.27
1510.2.238.28/3110.2.238.28 – 10.2.238.2910.2.238.29
1610.2.238.30/3110.2.238.30 – 10.2.238.3110.2.238.31
1710.2.238.32/3110.2.238.32 – 10.2.238.3310.2.238.33
1810.2.238.34/3110.2.238.34 – 10.2.238.3510.2.238.35
1910.2.238.36/3110.2.238.36 – 10.2.238.3710.2.238.37
2010.2.238.38/3110.2.238.38 – 10.2.238.3910.2.238.39
2110.2.238.40/3110.2.238.40 – 10.2.238.4110.2.238.41
2210.2.238.42/3110.2.238.42 – 10.2.238.4310.2.238.43
2310.2.238.44/3110.2.238.44 – 10.2.238.4510.2.238.45
2410.2.238.46/3110.2.238.46 – 10.2.238.4710.2.238.47
2510.2.238.48/3110.2.238.48 – 10.2.238.4910.2.238.49
2610.2.238.50/3110.2.238.50 – 10.2.238.5110.2.238.51
2710.2.238.52/3110.2.238.52 – 10.2.238.5310.2.238.53
2810.2.238.54/3110.2.238.54 – 10.2.238.5510.2.238.55
2910.2.238.56/3110.2.238.56 – 10.2.238.5710.2.238.57
3010.2.238.58/3110.2.238.58 – 10.2.238.5910.2.238.59
3110.2.238.60/3110.2.238.60 – 10.2.238.6110.2.238.61
3210.2.238.62/3110.2.238.62 – 10.2.238.6310.2.238.63
3310.2.238.64/3110.2.238.64 – 10.2.238.6510.2.238.65
3410.2.238.66/3110.2.238.66 – 10.2.238.6710.2.238.67
3510.2.238.68/3110.2.238.68 – 10.2.238.6910.2.238.69
3610.2.238.70/3110.2.238.70 – 10.2.238.7110.2.238.71
3710.2.238.72/3110.2.238.72 – 10.2.238.7310.2.238.73
3810.2.238.74/3110.2.238.74 – 10.2.238.7510.2.238.75
3910.2.238.76/3110.2.238.76 – 10.2.238.7710.2.238.77
4010.2.238.78/3110.2.238.78 – 10.2.238.7910.2.238.79
4110.2.238.80/3110.2.238.80 – 10.2.238.8110.2.238.81
4210.2.238.82/3110.2.238.82 – 10.2.238.8310.2.238.83
4310.2.238.84/3110.2.238.84 – 10.2.238.8510.2.238.85
4410.2.238.86/3110.2.238.86 – 10.2.238.8710.2.238.87
4510.2.238.88/3110.2.238.88 – 10.2.238.8910.2.238.89
4610.2.238.90/3110.2.238.90 – 10.2.238.9110.2.238.91
4710.2.238.92/3110.2.238.92 – 10.2.238.9310.2.238.93
4810.2.238.94/3110.2.238.94 – 10.2.238.9510.2.238.95
4910.2.238.96/3110.2.238.96 – 10.2.238.9710.2.238.97
5010.2.238.98/3110.2.238.98 – 10.2.238.9910.2.238.99
5110.2.238.100/3110.2.238.100 – 10.2.238.10110.2.238.101
5210.2.238.102/3110.2.238.102 – 10.2.238.10310.2.238.103
5310.2.238.104/3110.2.238.104 – 10.2.238.10510.2.238.105
5410.2.238.106/3110.2.238.106 – 10.2.238.10710.2.238.107
5510.2.238.108/3110.2.238.108 – 10.2.238.10910.2.238.109
5610.2.238.110/3110.2.238.110 – 10.2.238.11110.2.238.111
5710.2.238.112/3110.2.238.112 – 10.2.238.11310.2.238.113
5810.2.238.114/3110.2.238.114 – 10.2.238.11510.2.238.115
5910.2.238.116/3110.2.238.116 – 10.2.238.11710.2.238.117
6010.2.238.118/3110.2.238.118 – 10.2.238.11910.2.238.119
6110.2.238.120/3110.2.238.120 – 10.2.238.12110.2.238.121
6210.2.238.122/3110.2.238.122 – 10.2.238.12310.2.238.123
6310.2.238.124/3110.2.238.124 – 10.2.238.12510.2.238.125
6410.2.238.126/3110.2.238.126 – 10.2.238.12710.2.238.127
6510.2.238.128/3110.2.238.128 – 10.2.238.12910.2.238.129
6610.2.238.130/3110.2.238.130 – 10.2.238.13110.2.238.131
6710.2.238.132/3110.2.238.132 – 10.2.238.13310.2.238.133
6810.2.238.134/3110.2.238.134 – 10.2.238.13510.2.238.135
6910.2.238.136/3110.2.238.136 – 10.2.238.13710.2.238.137
7010.2.238.138/3110.2.238.138 – 10.2.238.13910.2.238.139
7110.2.238.140/3110.2.238.140 – 10.2.238.14110.2.238.141
7210.2.238.142/3110.2.238.142 – 10.2.238.14310.2.238.143
7310.2.238.144/3110.2.238.144 – 10.2.238.14510.2.238.145
7410.2.238.146/3110.2.238.146 – 10.2.238.14710.2.238.147
7510.2.238.148/3110.2.238.148 – 10.2.238.14910.2.238.149
7610.2.238.150/3110.2.238.150 – 10.2.238.15110.2.238.151
7710.2.238.152/3110.2.238.152 – 10.2.238.15310.2.238.153
7810.2.238.154/3110.2.238.154 – 10.2.238.15510.2.238.155
7910.2.238.156/3110.2.238.156 – 10.2.238.15710.2.238.157
8010.2.238.158/3110.2.238.158 – 10.2.238.15910.2.238.159
8110.2.238.160/3110.2.238.160 – 10.2.238.16110.2.238.161
8210.2.238.162/3110.2.238.162 – 10.2.238.16310.2.238.163
8310.2.238.164/3110.2.238.164 – 10.2.238.16510.2.238.165
8410.2.238.166/3110.2.238.166 – 10.2.238.16710.2.238.167
8510.2.238.168/3110.2.238.168 – 10.2.238.16910.2.238.169
8610.2.238.170/3110.2.238.170 – 10.2.238.17110.2.238.171
8710.2.238.172/3110.2.238.172 – 10.2.238.17310.2.238.173
8810.2.238.174/3110.2.238.174 – 10.2.238.17510.2.238.175
8910.2.238.176/3110.2.238.176 – 10.2.238.17710.2.238.177
9010.2.238.178/3110.2.238.178 – 10.2.238.17910.2.238.179
9110.2.238.180/3110.2.238.180 – 10.2.238.18110.2.238.181
9210.2.238.182/3110.2.238.182 – 10.2.238.18310.2.238.183
9310.2.238.184/3110.2.238.184 – 10.2.238.18510.2.238.185
9410.2.238.186/3110.2.238.186 – 10.2.238.18710.2.238.187
9510.2.238.188/3110.2.238.188 – 10.2.238.18910.2.238.189
9610.2.238.190/3110.2.238.190 – 10.2.238.19110.2.238.191
9710.2.238.192/3110.2.238.192 – 10.2.238.19310.2.238.193
9810.2.238.194/3110.2.238.194 – 10.2.238.19510.2.238.195
9910.2.238.196/3110.2.238.196 – 10.2.238.19710.2.238.197
10010.2.238.198/3110.2.238.198 – 10.2.238.19910.2.238.199
10110.2.238.200/3110.2.238.200 – 10.2.238.20110.2.238.201
10210.2.238.202/3110.2.238.202 – 10.2.238.20310.2.238.203
10310.2.238.204/3110.2.238.204 – 10.2.238.20510.2.238.205
10410.2.238.206/3110.2.238.206 – 10.2.238.20710.2.238.207
10510.2.238.208/3110.2.238.208 – 10.2.238.20910.2.238.209
10610.2.238.210/3110.2.238.210 – 10.2.238.21110.2.238.211
10710.2.238.212/3110.2.238.212 – 10.2.238.21310.2.238.213
10810.2.238.214/3110.2.238.214 – 10.2.238.21510.2.238.215
10910.2.238.216/3110.2.238.216 – 10.2.238.21710.2.238.217
11010.2.238.218/3110.2.238.218 – 10.2.238.21910.2.238.219
11110.2.238.220/3110.2.238.220 – 10.2.238.22110.2.238.221
11210.2.238.222/3110.2.238.222 – 10.2.238.22310.2.238.223
11310.2.238.224/3110.2.238.224 – 10.2.238.22510.2.238.225
11410.2.238.226/3110.2.238.226 – 10.2.238.22710.2.238.227
11510.2.238.228/3110.2.238.228 – 10.2.238.22910.2.238.229
11610.2.238.230/3110.2.238.230 – 10.2.238.23110.2.238.231
11710.2.238.232/3110.2.238.232 – 10.2.238.23310.2.238.233
11810.2.238.234/3110.2.238.234 – 10.2.238.23510.2.238.235
11910.2.238.236/3110.2.238.236 – 10.2.238.23710.2.238.237
12010.2.238.238/3110.2.238.238 – 10.2.238.23910.2.238.239
12110.2.238.240/3110.2.238.240 – 10.2.238.24110.2.238.241
12210.2.238.242/3110.2.238.242 – 10.2.238.24310.2.238.243
12310.2.238.244/3110.2.238.244 – 10.2.238.24510.2.238.245
12410.2.238.246/3110.2.238.246 – 10.2.238.24710.2.238.247
12510.2.238.248/3110.2.238.248 – 10.2.238.24910.2.238.249
12610.2.238.250/3110.2.238.250 – 10.2.238.25110.2.238.251
12710.2.238.252/3110.2.238.252 – 10.2.238.25310.2.238.253
12810.2.238.254/3110.2.238.254 – 10.2.238.25510.2.238.255
12910.2.239.0/3110.2.239.0 – 10.2.239.110.2.239.1
13010.2.239.2/3110.2.239.2 – 10.2.239.310.2.239.3
13110.2.239.4/3110.2.239.4 – 10.2.239.510.2.239.5
13210.2.239.6/3110.2.239.6 – 10.2.239.710.2.239.7
13310.2.239.8/3110.2.239.8 – 10.2.239.910.2.239.9
13410.2.239.10/3110.2.239.10 – 10.2.239.1110.2.239.11
13510.2.239.12/3110.2.239.12 – 10.2.239.1310.2.239.13
13610.2.239.14/3110.2.239.14 – 10.2.239.1510.2.239.15
13710.2.239.16/3110.2.239.16 – 10.2.239.1710.2.239.17
13810.2.239.18/3110.2.239.18 – 10.2.239.1910.2.239.19
13910.2.239.20/3110.2.239.20 – 10.2.239.2110.2.239.21
14010.2.239.22/3110.2.239.22 – 10.2.239.2310.2.239.23
14110.2.239.24/3110.2.239.24 – 10.2.239.2510.2.239.25
14210.2.239.26/3110.2.239.26 – 10.2.239.2710.2.239.27
14310.2.239.28/3110.2.239.28 – 10.2.239.2910.2.239.29
14410.2.239.30/3110.2.239.30 – 10.2.239.3110.2.239.31
14510.2.239.32/3110.2.239.32 – 10.2.239.3310.2.239.33
14610.2.239.34/3110.2.239.34 – 10.2.239.3510.2.239.35
14710.2.239.36/3110.2.239.36 – 10.2.239.3710.2.239.37
14810.2.239.38/3110.2.239.38 – 10.2.239.3910.2.239.39
14910.2.239.40/3110.2.239.40 – 10.2.239.4110.2.239.41
15010.2.239.42/3110.2.239.42 – 10.2.239.4310.2.239.43
15110.2.239.44/3110.2.239.44 – 10.2.239.4510.2.239.45
15210.2.239.46/3110.2.239.46 – 10.2.239.4710.2.239.47
15310.2.239.48/3110.2.239.48 – 10.2.239.4910.2.239.49
15410.2.239.50/3110.2.239.50 – 10.2.239.5110.2.239.51
15510.2.239.52/3110.2.239.52 – 10.2.239.5310.2.239.53
15610.2.239.54/3110.2.239.54 – 10.2.239.5510.2.239.55
15710.2.239.56/3110.2.239.56 – 10.2.239.5710.2.239.57
15810.2.239.58/3110.2.239.58 – 10.2.239.5910.2.239.59
15910.2.239.60/3110.2.239.60 – 10.2.239.6110.2.239.61
16010.2.239.62/3110.2.239.62 – 10.2.239.6310.2.239.63
16110.2.239.64/3110.2.239.64 – 10.2.239.6510.2.239.65
16210.2.239.66/3110.2.239.66 – 10.2.239.6710.2.239.67
16310.2.239.68/3110.2.239.68 – 10.2.239.6910.2.239.69
16410.2.239.70/3110.2.239.70 – 10.2.239.7110.2.239.71
16510.2.239.72/3110.2.239.72 – 10.2.239.7310.2.239.73
16610.2.239.74/3110.2.239.74 – 10.2.239.7510.2.239.75
16710.2.239.76/3110.2.239.76 – 10.2.239.7710.2.239.77
16810.2.239.78/3110.2.239.78 – 10.2.239.7910.2.239.79
16910.2.239.80/3110.2.239.80 – 10.2.239.8110.2.239.81
17010.2.239.82/3110.2.239.82 – 10.2.239.8310.2.239.83
17110.2.239.84/3110.2.239.84 – 10.2.239.8510.2.239.85
17210.2.239.86/3110.2.239.86 – 10.2.239.8710.2.239.87
17310.2.239.88/3110.2.239.88 – 10.2.239.8910.2.239.89
17410.2.239.90/3110.2.239.90 – 10.2.239.9110.2.239.91
17510.2.239.92/3110.2.239.92 – 10.2.239.9310.2.239.93
17610.2.239.94/3110.2.239.94 – 10.2.239.9510.2.239.95
17710.2.239.96/3110.2.239.96 – 10.2.239.9710.2.239.97
17810.2.239.98/3110.2.239.98 – 10.2.239.9910.2.239.99
17910.2.239.100/3110.2.239.100 – 10.2.239.10110.2.239.101
18010.2.239.102/3110.2.239.102 – 10.2.239.10310.2.239.103
18110.2.239.104/3110.2.239.104 – 10.2.239.10510.2.239.105
18210.2.239.106/3110.2.239.106 – 10.2.239.10710.2.239.107
18310.2.239.108/3110.2.239.108 – 10.2.239.10910.2.239.109
18410.2.239.110/3110.2.239.110 – 10.2.239.11110.2.239.111
18510.2.239.112/3110.2.239.112 – 10.2.239.11310.2.239.113
18610.2.239.114/3110.2.239.114 – 10.2.239.11510.2.239.115
18710.2.239.116/3110.2.239.116 – 10.2.239.11710.2.239.117
18810.2.239.118/3110.2.239.118 – 10.2.239.11910.2.239.119
18910.2.239.120/3110.2.239.120 – 10.2.239.12110.2.239.121
19010.2.239.122/3110.2.239.122 – 10.2.239.12310.2.239.123
19110.2.239.124/3110.2.239.124 – 10.2.239.12510.2.239.125
19210.2.239.126/3110.2.239.126 – 10.2.239.12710.2.239.127
19310.2.239.128/3110.2.239.128 – 10.2.239.12910.2.239.129
19410.2.239.130/3110.2.239.130 – 10.2.239.13110.2.239.131
19510.2.239.132/3110.2.239.132 – 10.2.239.13310.2.239.133
19610.2.239.134/3110.2.239.134 – 10.2.239.13510.2.239.135
19710.2.239.136/3110.2.239.136 – 10.2.239.13710.2.239.137
19810.2.239.138/3110.2.239.138 – 10.2.239.13910.2.239.139
19910.2.239.140/3110.2.239.140 – 10.2.239.14110.2.239.141
20010.2.239.142/3110.2.239.142 – 10.2.239.14310.2.239.143
20110.2.239.144/3110.2.239.144 – 10.2.239.14510.2.239.145
20210.2.239.146/3110.2.239.146 – 10.2.239.14710.2.239.147
20310.2.239.148/3110.2.239.148 – 10.2.239.14910.2.239.149
20410.2.239.150/3110.2.239.150 – 10.2.239.15110.2.239.151
20510.2.239.152/3110.2.239.152 – 10.2.239.15310.2.239.153
20610.2.239.154/3110.2.239.154 – 10.2.239.15510.2.239.155
20710.2.239.156/3110.2.239.156 – 10.2.239.15710.2.239.157
20810.2.239.158/3110.2.239.158 – 10.2.239.15910.2.239.159
20910.2.239.160/3110.2.239.160 – 10.2.239.16110.2.239.161
21010.2.239.162/3110.2.239.162 – 10.2.239.16310.2.239.163
21110.2.239.164/3110.2.239.164 – 10.2.239.16510.2.239.165
21210.2.239.166/3110.2.239.166 – 10.2.239.16710.2.239.167
21310.2.239.168/3110.2.239.168 – 10.2.239.16910.2.239.169
21410.2.239.170/3110.2.239.170 – 10.2.239.17110.2.239.171
21510.2.239.172/3110.2.239.172 – 10.2.239.17310.2.239.173
21610.2.239.174/3110.2.239.174 – 10.2.239.17510.2.239.175
21710.2.239.176/3110.2.239.176 – 10.2.239.17710.2.239.177
21810.2.239.178/3110.2.239.178 – 10.2.239.17910.2.239.179
21910.2.239.180/3110.2.239.180 – 10.2.239.18110.2.239.181
22010.2.239.182/3110.2.239.182 – 10.2.239.18310.2.239.183
22110.2.239.184/3110.2.239.184 – 10.2.239.18510.2.239.185
22210.2.239.186/3110.2.239.186 – 10.2.239.18710.2.239.187
22310.2.239.188/3110.2.239.188 – 10.2.239.18910.2.239.189
22410.2.239.190/3110.2.239.190 – 10.2.239.19110.2.239.191
22510.2.239.192/3110.2.239.192 – 10.2.239.19310.2.239.193
22610.2.239.194/3110.2.239.194 – 10.2.239.19510.2.239.195
22710.2.239.196/3110.2.239.196 – 10.2.239.19710.2.239.197
22810.2.239.198/3110.2.239.198 – 10.2.239.19910.2.239.199
22910.2.239.200/3110.2.239.200 – 10.2.239.20110.2.239.201
23010.2.239.202/3110.2.239.202 – 10.2.239.20310.2.239.203
23110.2.239.204/3110.2.239.204 – 10.2.239.20510.2.239.205
23210.2.239.206/3110.2.239.206 – 10.2.239.20710.2.239.207
23310.2.239.208/3110.2.239.208 – 10.2.239.20910.2.239.209
23410.2.239.210/3110.2.239.210 – 10.2.239.21110.2.239.211
23510.2.239.212/3110.2.239.212 – 10.2.239.21310.2.239.213
23610.2.239.214/3110.2.239.214 – 10.2.239.21510.2.239.215
23710.2.239.216/3110.2.239.216 – 10.2.239.21710.2.239.217
23810.2.239.218/3110.2.239.218 – 10.2.239.21910.2.239.219
23910.2.239.220/3110.2.239.220 – 10.2.239.22110.2.239.221
24010.2.239.222/3110.2.239.222 – 10.2.239.22310.2.239.223
24110.2.239.224/3110.2.239.224 – 10.2.239.22510.2.239.225
24210.2.239.226/3110.2.239.226 – 10.2.239.22710.2.239.227
24310.2.239.228/3110.2.239.228 – 10.2.239.22910.2.239.229
24410.2.239.230/3110.2.239.230 – 10.2.239.23110.2.239.231
24510.2.239.232/3110.2.239.232 – 10.2.239.23310.2.239.233
24610.2.239.234/3110.2.239.234 – 10.2.239.23510.2.239.235
24710.2.239.236/3110.2.239.236 – 10.2.239.23710.2.239.237
24810.2.239.238/3110.2.239.238 – 10.2.239.23910.2.239.239
24910.2.239.240/3110.2.239.240 – 10.2.239.24110.2.239.241
25010.2.239.242/3110.2.239.242 – 10.2.239.24310.2.239.243
25110.2.239.244/3110.2.239.244 – 10.2.239.24510.2.239.245
25210.2.239.246/3110.2.239.246 – 10.2.239.24710.2.239.247
25310.2.239.248/3110.2.239.248 – 10.2.239.24910.2.239.249
25410.2.239.250/3110.2.239.250 – 10.2.239.25110.2.239.251
25510.2.239.252/3110.2.239.252 – 10.2.239.25310.2.239.253
25610.2.239.254/3110.2.239.254 – 10.2.239.25510.2.239.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →