ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.2.236.0/23
network10.2.236.0/23
broadcast10.2.237.255
first host10.2.236.1
last host10.2.237.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.2.236.0/23
address00001010.00000010.11101100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.00000010.11101100.00000000
broadcast00001010.00000010.11101101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a02ec00
decimal167963648
reverse dns0.236.2.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a02:ec00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.2.236.0/3110.2.236.0 – 10.2.236.110.2.236.1
210.2.236.2/3110.2.236.2 – 10.2.236.310.2.236.3
310.2.236.4/3110.2.236.4 – 10.2.236.510.2.236.5
410.2.236.6/3110.2.236.6 – 10.2.236.710.2.236.7
510.2.236.8/3110.2.236.8 – 10.2.236.910.2.236.9
610.2.236.10/3110.2.236.10 – 10.2.236.1110.2.236.11
710.2.236.12/3110.2.236.12 – 10.2.236.1310.2.236.13
810.2.236.14/3110.2.236.14 – 10.2.236.1510.2.236.15
910.2.236.16/3110.2.236.16 – 10.2.236.1710.2.236.17
1010.2.236.18/3110.2.236.18 – 10.2.236.1910.2.236.19
1110.2.236.20/3110.2.236.20 – 10.2.236.2110.2.236.21
1210.2.236.22/3110.2.236.22 – 10.2.236.2310.2.236.23
1310.2.236.24/3110.2.236.24 – 10.2.236.2510.2.236.25
1410.2.236.26/3110.2.236.26 – 10.2.236.2710.2.236.27
1510.2.236.28/3110.2.236.28 – 10.2.236.2910.2.236.29
1610.2.236.30/3110.2.236.30 – 10.2.236.3110.2.236.31
1710.2.236.32/3110.2.236.32 – 10.2.236.3310.2.236.33
1810.2.236.34/3110.2.236.34 – 10.2.236.3510.2.236.35
1910.2.236.36/3110.2.236.36 – 10.2.236.3710.2.236.37
2010.2.236.38/3110.2.236.38 – 10.2.236.3910.2.236.39
2110.2.236.40/3110.2.236.40 – 10.2.236.4110.2.236.41
2210.2.236.42/3110.2.236.42 – 10.2.236.4310.2.236.43
2310.2.236.44/3110.2.236.44 – 10.2.236.4510.2.236.45
2410.2.236.46/3110.2.236.46 – 10.2.236.4710.2.236.47
2510.2.236.48/3110.2.236.48 – 10.2.236.4910.2.236.49
2610.2.236.50/3110.2.236.50 – 10.2.236.5110.2.236.51
2710.2.236.52/3110.2.236.52 – 10.2.236.5310.2.236.53
2810.2.236.54/3110.2.236.54 – 10.2.236.5510.2.236.55
2910.2.236.56/3110.2.236.56 – 10.2.236.5710.2.236.57
3010.2.236.58/3110.2.236.58 – 10.2.236.5910.2.236.59
3110.2.236.60/3110.2.236.60 – 10.2.236.6110.2.236.61
3210.2.236.62/3110.2.236.62 – 10.2.236.6310.2.236.63
3310.2.236.64/3110.2.236.64 – 10.2.236.6510.2.236.65
3410.2.236.66/3110.2.236.66 – 10.2.236.6710.2.236.67
3510.2.236.68/3110.2.236.68 – 10.2.236.6910.2.236.69
3610.2.236.70/3110.2.236.70 – 10.2.236.7110.2.236.71
3710.2.236.72/3110.2.236.72 – 10.2.236.7310.2.236.73
3810.2.236.74/3110.2.236.74 – 10.2.236.7510.2.236.75
3910.2.236.76/3110.2.236.76 – 10.2.236.7710.2.236.77
4010.2.236.78/3110.2.236.78 – 10.2.236.7910.2.236.79
4110.2.236.80/3110.2.236.80 – 10.2.236.8110.2.236.81
4210.2.236.82/3110.2.236.82 – 10.2.236.8310.2.236.83
4310.2.236.84/3110.2.236.84 – 10.2.236.8510.2.236.85
4410.2.236.86/3110.2.236.86 – 10.2.236.8710.2.236.87
4510.2.236.88/3110.2.236.88 – 10.2.236.8910.2.236.89
4610.2.236.90/3110.2.236.90 – 10.2.236.9110.2.236.91
4710.2.236.92/3110.2.236.92 – 10.2.236.9310.2.236.93
4810.2.236.94/3110.2.236.94 – 10.2.236.9510.2.236.95
4910.2.236.96/3110.2.236.96 – 10.2.236.9710.2.236.97
5010.2.236.98/3110.2.236.98 – 10.2.236.9910.2.236.99
5110.2.236.100/3110.2.236.100 – 10.2.236.10110.2.236.101
5210.2.236.102/3110.2.236.102 – 10.2.236.10310.2.236.103
5310.2.236.104/3110.2.236.104 – 10.2.236.10510.2.236.105
5410.2.236.106/3110.2.236.106 – 10.2.236.10710.2.236.107
5510.2.236.108/3110.2.236.108 – 10.2.236.10910.2.236.109
5610.2.236.110/3110.2.236.110 – 10.2.236.11110.2.236.111
5710.2.236.112/3110.2.236.112 – 10.2.236.11310.2.236.113
5810.2.236.114/3110.2.236.114 – 10.2.236.11510.2.236.115
5910.2.236.116/3110.2.236.116 – 10.2.236.11710.2.236.117
6010.2.236.118/3110.2.236.118 – 10.2.236.11910.2.236.119
6110.2.236.120/3110.2.236.120 – 10.2.236.12110.2.236.121
6210.2.236.122/3110.2.236.122 – 10.2.236.12310.2.236.123
6310.2.236.124/3110.2.236.124 – 10.2.236.12510.2.236.125
6410.2.236.126/3110.2.236.126 – 10.2.236.12710.2.236.127
6510.2.236.128/3110.2.236.128 – 10.2.236.12910.2.236.129
6610.2.236.130/3110.2.236.130 – 10.2.236.13110.2.236.131
6710.2.236.132/3110.2.236.132 – 10.2.236.13310.2.236.133
6810.2.236.134/3110.2.236.134 – 10.2.236.13510.2.236.135
6910.2.236.136/3110.2.236.136 – 10.2.236.13710.2.236.137
7010.2.236.138/3110.2.236.138 – 10.2.236.13910.2.236.139
7110.2.236.140/3110.2.236.140 – 10.2.236.14110.2.236.141
7210.2.236.142/3110.2.236.142 – 10.2.236.14310.2.236.143
7310.2.236.144/3110.2.236.144 – 10.2.236.14510.2.236.145
7410.2.236.146/3110.2.236.146 – 10.2.236.14710.2.236.147
7510.2.236.148/3110.2.236.148 – 10.2.236.14910.2.236.149
7610.2.236.150/3110.2.236.150 – 10.2.236.15110.2.236.151
7710.2.236.152/3110.2.236.152 – 10.2.236.15310.2.236.153
7810.2.236.154/3110.2.236.154 – 10.2.236.15510.2.236.155
7910.2.236.156/3110.2.236.156 – 10.2.236.15710.2.236.157
8010.2.236.158/3110.2.236.158 – 10.2.236.15910.2.236.159
8110.2.236.160/3110.2.236.160 – 10.2.236.16110.2.236.161
8210.2.236.162/3110.2.236.162 – 10.2.236.16310.2.236.163
8310.2.236.164/3110.2.236.164 – 10.2.236.16510.2.236.165
8410.2.236.166/3110.2.236.166 – 10.2.236.16710.2.236.167
8510.2.236.168/3110.2.236.168 – 10.2.236.16910.2.236.169
8610.2.236.170/3110.2.236.170 – 10.2.236.17110.2.236.171
8710.2.236.172/3110.2.236.172 – 10.2.236.17310.2.236.173
8810.2.236.174/3110.2.236.174 – 10.2.236.17510.2.236.175
8910.2.236.176/3110.2.236.176 – 10.2.236.17710.2.236.177
9010.2.236.178/3110.2.236.178 – 10.2.236.17910.2.236.179
9110.2.236.180/3110.2.236.180 – 10.2.236.18110.2.236.181
9210.2.236.182/3110.2.236.182 – 10.2.236.18310.2.236.183
9310.2.236.184/3110.2.236.184 – 10.2.236.18510.2.236.185
9410.2.236.186/3110.2.236.186 – 10.2.236.18710.2.236.187
9510.2.236.188/3110.2.236.188 – 10.2.236.18910.2.236.189
9610.2.236.190/3110.2.236.190 – 10.2.236.19110.2.236.191
9710.2.236.192/3110.2.236.192 – 10.2.236.19310.2.236.193
9810.2.236.194/3110.2.236.194 – 10.2.236.19510.2.236.195
9910.2.236.196/3110.2.236.196 – 10.2.236.19710.2.236.197
10010.2.236.198/3110.2.236.198 – 10.2.236.19910.2.236.199
10110.2.236.200/3110.2.236.200 – 10.2.236.20110.2.236.201
10210.2.236.202/3110.2.236.202 – 10.2.236.20310.2.236.203
10310.2.236.204/3110.2.236.204 – 10.2.236.20510.2.236.205
10410.2.236.206/3110.2.236.206 – 10.2.236.20710.2.236.207
10510.2.236.208/3110.2.236.208 – 10.2.236.20910.2.236.209
10610.2.236.210/3110.2.236.210 – 10.2.236.21110.2.236.211
10710.2.236.212/3110.2.236.212 – 10.2.236.21310.2.236.213
10810.2.236.214/3110.2.236.214 – 10.2.236.21510.2.236.215
10910.2.236.216/3110.2.236.216 – 10.2.236.21710.2.236.217
11010.2.236.218/3110.2.236.218 – 10.2.236.21910.2.236.219
11110.2.236.220/3110.2.236.220 – 10.2.236.22110.2.236.221
11210.2.236.222/3110.2.236.222 – 10.2.236.22310.2.236.223
11310.2.236.224/3110.2.236.224 – 10.2.236.22510.2.236.225
11410.2.236.226/3110.2.236.226 – 10.2.236.22710.2.236.227
11510.2.236.228/3110.2.236.228 – 10.2.236.22910.2.236.229
11610.2.236.230/3110.2.236.230 – 10.2.236.23110.2.236.231
11710.2.236.232/3110.2.236.232 – 10.2.236.23310.2.236.233
11810.2.236.234/3110.2.236.234 – 10.2.236.23510.2.236.235
11910.2.236.236/3110.2.236.236 – 10.2.236.23710.2.236.237
12010.2.236.238/3110.2.236.238 – 10.2.236.23910.2.236.239
12110.2.236.240/3110.2.236.240 – 10.2.236.24110.2.236.241
12210.2.236.242/3110.2.236.242 – 10.2.236.24310.2.236.243
12310.2.236.244/3110.2.236.244 – 10.2.236.24510.2.236.245
12410.2.236.246/3110.2.236.246 – 10.2.236.24710.2.236.247
12510.2.236.248/3110.2.236.248 – 10.2.236.24910.2.236.249
12610.2.236.250/3110.2.236.250 – 10.2.236.25110.2.236.251
12710.2.236.252/3110.2.236.252 – 10.2.236.25310.2.236.253
12810.2.236.254/3110.2.236.254 – 10.2.236.25510.2.236.255
12910.2.237.0/3110.2.237.0 – 10.2.237.110.2.237.1
13010.2.237.2/3110.2.237.2 – 10.2.237.310.2.237.3
13110.2.237.4/3110.2.237.4 – 10.2.237.510.2.237.5
13210.2.237.6/3110.2.237.6 – 10.2.237.710.2.237.7
13310.2.237.8/3110.2.237.8 – 10.2.237.910.2.237.9
13410.2.237.10/3110.2.237.10 – 10.2.237.1110.2.237.11
13510.2.237.12/3110.2.237.12 – 10.2.237.1310.2.237.13
13610.2.237.14/3110.2.237.14 – 10.2.237.1510.2.237.15
13710.2.237.16/3110.2.237.16 – 10.2.237.1710.2.237.17
13810.2.237.18/3110.2.237.18 – 10.2.237.1910.2.237.19
13910.2.237.20/3110.2.237.20 – 10.2.237.2110.2.237.21
14010.2.237.22/3110.2.237.22 – 10.2.237.2310.2.237.23
14110.2.237.24/3110.2.237.24 – 10.2.237.2510.2.237.25
14210.2.237.26/3110.2.237.26 – 10.2.237.2710.2.237.27
14310.2.237.28/3110.2.237.28 – 10.2.237.2910.2.237.29
14410.2.237.30/3110.2.237.30 – 10.2.237.3110.2.237.31
14510.2.237.32/3110.2.237.32 – 10.2.237.3310.2.237.33
14610.2.237.34/3110.2.237.34 – 10.2.237.3510.2.237.35
14710.2.237.36/3110.2.237.36 – 10.2.237.3710.2.237.37
14810.2.237.38/3110.2.237.38 – 10.2.237.3910.2.237.39
14910.2.237.40/3110.2.237.40 – 10.2.237.4110.2.237.41
15010.2.237.42/3110.2.237.42 – 10.2.237.4310.2.237.43
15110.2.237.44/3110.2.237.44 – 10.2.237.4510.2.237.45
15210.2.237.46/3110.2.237.46 – 10.2.237.4710.2.237.47
15310.2.237.48/3110.2.237.48 – 10.2.237.4910.2.237.49
15410.2.237.50/3110.2.237.50 – 10.2.237.5110.2.237.51
15510.2.237.52/3110.2.237.52 – 10.2.237.5310.2.237.53
15610.2.237.54/3110.2.237.54 – 10.2.237.5510.2.237.55
15710.2.237.56/3110.2.237.56 – 10.2.237.5710.2.237.57
15810.2.237.58/3110.2.237.58 – 10.2.237.5910.2.237.59
15910.2.237.60/3110.2.237.60 – 10.2.237.6110.2.237.61
16010.2.237.62/3110.2.237.62 – 10.2.237.6310.2.237.63
16110.2.237.64/3110.2.237.64 – 10.2.237.6510.2.237.65
16210.2.237.66/3110.2.237.66 – 10.2.237.6710.2.237.67
16310.2.237.68/3110.2.237.68 – 10.2.237.6910.2.237.69
16410.2.237.70/3110.2.237.70 – 10.2.237.7110.2.237.71
16510.2.237.72/3110.2.237.72 – 10.2.237.7310.2.237.73
16610.2.237.74/3110.2.237.74 – 10.2.237.7510.2.237.75
16710.2.237.76/3110.2.237.76 – 10.2.237.7710.2.237.77
16810.2.237.78/3110.2.237.78 – 10.2.237.7910.2.237.79
16910.2.237.80/3110.2.237.80 – 10.2.237.8110.2.237.81
17010.2.237.82/3110.2.237.82 – 10.2.237.8310.2.237.83
17110.2.237.84/3110.2.237.84 – 10.2.237.8510.2.237.85
17210.2.237.86/3110.2.237.86 – 10.2.237.8710.2.237.87
17310.2.237.88/3110.2.237.88 – 10.2.237.8910.2.237.89
17410.2.237.90/3110.2.237.90 – 10.2.237.9110.2.237.91
17510.2.237.92/3110.2.237.92 – 10.2.237.9310.2.237.93
17610.2.237.94/3110.2.237.94 – 10.2.237.9510.2.237.95
17710.2.237.96/3110.2.237.96 – 10.2.237.9710.2.237.97
17810.2.237.98/3110.2.237.98 – 10.2.237.9910.2.237.99
17910.2.237.100/3110.2.237.100 – 10.2.237.10110.2.237.101
18010.2.237.102/3110.2.237.102 – 10.2.237.10310.2.237.103
18110.2.237.104/3110.2.237.104 – 10.2.237.10510.2.237.105
18210.2.237.106/3110.2.237.106 – 10.2.237.10710.2.237.107
18310.2.237.108/3110.2.237.108 – 10.2.237.10910.2.237.109
18410.2.237.110/3110.2.237.110 – 10.2.237.11110.2.237.111
18510.2.237.112/3110.2.237.112 – 10.2.237.11310.2.237.113
18610.2.237.114/3110.2.237.114 – 10.2.237.11510.2.237.115
18710.2.237.116/3110.2.237.116 – 10.2.237.11710.2.237.117
18810.2.237.118/3110.2.237.118 – 10.2.237.11910.2.237.119
18910.2.237.120/3110.2.237.120 – 10.2.237.12110.2.237.121
19010.2.237.122/3110.2.237.122 – 10.2.237.12310.2.237.123
19110.2.237.124/3110.2.237.124 – 10.2.237.12510.2.237.125
19210.2.237.126/3110.2.237.126 – 10.2.237.12710.2.237.127
19310.2.237.128/3110.2.237.128 – 10.2.237.12910.2.237.129
19410.2.237.130/3110.2.237.130 – 10.2.237.13110.2.237.131
19510.2.237.132/3110.2.237.132 – 10.2.237.13310.2.237.133
19610.2.237.134/3110.2.237.134 – 10.2.237.13510.2.237.135
19710.2.237.136/3110.2.237.136 – 10.2.237.13710.2.237.137
19810.2.237.138/3110.2.237.138 – 10.2.237.13910.2.237.139
19910.2.237.140/3110.2.237.140 – 10.2.237.14110.2.237.141
20010.2.237.142/3110.2.237.142 – 10.2.237.14310.2.237.143
20110.2.237.144/3110.2.237.144 – 10.2.237.14510.2.237.145
20210.2.237.146/3110.2.237.146 – 10.2.237.14710.2.237.147
20310.2.237.148/3110.2.237.148 – 10.2.237.14910.2.237.149
20410.2.237.150/3110.2.237.150 – 10.2.237.15110.2.237.151
20510.2.237.152/3110.2.237.152 – 10.2.237.15310.2.237.153
20610.2.237.154/3110.2.237.154 – 10.2.237.15510.2.237.155
20710.2.237.156/3110.2.237.156 – 10.2.237.15710.2.237.157
20810.2.237.158/3110.2.237.158 – 10.2.237.15910.2.237.159
20910.2.237.160/3110.2.237.160 – 10.2.237.16110.2.237.161
21010.2.237.162/3110.2.237.162 – 10.2.237.16310.2.237.163
21110.2.237.164/3110.2.237.164 – 10.2.237.16510.2.237.165
21210.2.237.166/3110.2.237.166 – 10.2.237.16710.2.237.167
21310.2.237.168/3110.2.237.168 – 10.2.237.16910.2.237.169
21410.2.237.170/3110.2.237.170 – 10.2.237.17110.2.237.171
21510.2.237.172/3110.2.237.172 – 10.2.237.17310.2.237.173
21610.2.237.174/3110.2.237.174 – 10.2.237.17510.2.237.175
21710.2.237.176/3110.2.237.176 – 10.2.237.17710.2.237.177
21810.2.237.178/3110.2.237.178 – 10.2.237.17910.2.237.179
21910.2.237.180/3110.2.237.180 – 10.2.237.18110.2.237.181
22010.2.237.182/3110.2.237.182 – 10.2.237.18310.2.237.183
22110.2.237.184/3110.2.237.184 – 10.2.237.18510.2.237.185
22210.2.237.186/3110.2.237.186 – 10.2.237.18710.2.237.187
22310.2.237.188/3110.2.237.188 – 10.2.237.18910.2.237.189
22410.2.237.190/3110.2.237.190 – 10.2.237.19110.2.237.191
22510.2.237.192/3110.2.237.192 – 10.2.237.19310.2.237.193
22610.2.237.194/3110.2.237.194 – 10.2.237.19510.2.237.195
22710.2.237.196/3110.2.237.196 – 10.2.237.19710.2.237.197
22810.2.237.198/3110.2.237.198 – 10.2.237.19910.2.237.199
22910.2.237.200/3110.2.237.200 – 10.2.237.20110.2.237.201
23010.2.237.202/3110.2.237.202 – 10.2.237.20310.2.237.203
23110.2.237.204/3110.2.237.204 – 10.2.237.20510.2.237.205
23210.2.237.206/3110.2.237.206 – 10.2.237.20710.2.237.207
23310.2.237.208/3110.2.237.208 – 10.2.237.20910.2.237.209
23410.2.237.210/3110.2.237.210 – 10.2.237.21110.2.237.211
23510.2.237.212/3110.2.237.212 – 10.2.237.21310.2.237.213
23610.2.237.214/3110.2.237.214 – 10.2.237.21510.2.237.215
23710.2.237.216/3110.2.237.216 – 10.2.237.21710.2.237.217
23810.2.237.218/3110.2.237.218 – 10.2.237.21910.2.237.219
23910.2.237.220/3110.2.237.220 – 10.2.237.22110.2.237.221
24010.2.237.222/3110.2.237.222 – 10.2.237.22310.2.237.223
24110.2.237.224/3110.2.237.224 – 10.2.237.22510.2.237.225
24210.2.237.226/3110.2.237.226 – 10.2.237.22710.2.237.227
24310.2.237.228/3110.2.237.228 – 10.2.237.22910.2.237.229
24410.2.237.230/3110.2.237.230 – 10.2.237.23110.2.237.231
24510.2.237.232/3110.2.237.232 – 10.2.237.23310.2.237.233
24610.2.237.234/3110.2.237.234 – 10.2.237.23510.2.237.235
24710.2.237.236/3110.2.237.236 – 10.2.237.23710.2.237.237
24810.2.237.238/3110.2.237.238 – 10.2.237.23910.2.237.239
24910.2.237.240/3110.2.237.240 – 10.2.237.24110.2.237.241
25010.2.237.242/3110.2.237.242 – 10.2.237.24310.2.237.243
25110.2.237.244/3110.2.237.244 – 10.2.237.24510.2.237.245
25210.2.237.246/3110.2.237.246 – 10.2.237.24710.2.237.247
25310.2.237.248/3110.2.237.248 – 10.2.237.24910.2.237.249
25410.2.237.250/3110.2.237.250 – 10.2.237.25110.2.237.251
25510.2.237.252/3110.2.237.252 – 10.2.237.25310.2.237.253
25610.2.237.254/3110.2.237.254 – 10.2.237.25510.2.237.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →