ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.2.170.0/23
network10.2.170.0/23
broadcast10.2.171.255
first host10.2.170.1
last host10.2.171.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.2.170.0/23
address00001010.00000010.10101010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.00000010.10101010.00000000
broadcast00001010.00000010.10101011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0a02aa00
decimal167946752
reverse dns0.170.2.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:a02:aa00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.2.170.0/3110.2.170.0 – 10.2.170.110.2.170.1
210.2.170.2/3110.2.170.2 – 10.2.170.310.2.170.3
310.2.170.4/3110.2.170.4 – 10.2.170.510.2.170.5
410.2.170.6/3110.2.170.6 – 10.2.170.710.2.170.7
510.2.170.8/3110.2.170.8 – 10.2.170.910.2.170.9
610.2.170.10/3110.2.170.10 – 10.2.170.1110.2.170.11
710.2.170.12/3110.2.170.12 – 10.2.170.1310.2.170.13
810.2.170.14/3110.2.170.14 – 10.2.170.1510.2.170.15
910.2.170.16/3110.2.170.16 – 10.2.170.1710.2.170.17
1010.2.170.18/3110.2.170.18 – 10.2.170.1910.2.170.19
1110.2.170.20/3110.2.170.20 – 10.2.170.2110.2.170.21
1210.2.170.22/3110.2.170.22 – 10.2.170.2310.2.170.23
1310.2.170.24/3110.2.170.24 – 10.2.170.2510.2.170.25
1410.2.170.26/3110.2.170.26 – 10.2.170.2710.2.170.27
1510.2.170.28/3110.2.170.28 – 10.2.170.2910.2.170.29
1610.2.170.30/3110.2.170.30 – 10.2.170.3110.2.170.31
1710.2.170.32/3110.2.170.32 – 10.2.170.3310.2.170.33
1810.2.170.34/3110.2.170.34 – 10.2.170.3510.2.170.35
1910.2.170.36/3110.2.170.36 – 10.2.170.3710.2.170.37
2010.2.170.38/3110.2.170.38 – 10.2.170.3910.2.170.39
2110.2.170.40/3110.2.170.40 – 10.2.170.4110.2.170.41
2210.2.170.42/3110.2.170.42 – 10.2.170.4310.2.170.43
2310.2.170.44/3110.2.170.44 – 10.2.170.4510.2.170.45
2410.2.170.46/3110.2.170.46 – 10.2.170.4710.2.170.47
2510.2.170.48/3110.2.170.48 – 10.2.170.4910.2.170.49
2610.2.170.50/3110.2.170.50 – 10.2.170.5110.2.170.51
2710.2.170.52/3110.2.170.52 – 10.2.170.5310.2.170.53
2810.2.170.54/3110.2.170.54 – 10.2.170.5510.2.170.55
2910.2.170.56/3110.2.170.56 – 10.2.170.5710.2.170.57
3010.2.170.58/3110.2.170.58 – 10.2.170.5910.2.170.59
3110.2.170.60/3110.2.170.60 – 10.2.170.6110.2.170.61
3210.2.170.62/3110.2.170.62 – 10.2.170.6310.2.170.63
3310.2.170.64/3110.2.170.64 – 10.2.170.6510.2.170.65
3410.2.170.66/3110.2.170.66 – 10.2.170.6710.2.170.67
3510.2.170.68/3110.2.170.68 – 10.2.170.6910.2.170.69
3610.2.170.70/3110.2.170.70 – 10.2.170.7110.2.170.71
3710.2.170.72/3110.2.170.72 – 10.2.170.7310.2.170.73
3810.2.170.74/3110.2.170.74 – 10.2.170.7510.2.170.75
3910.2.170.76/3110.2.170.76 – 10.2.170.7710.2.170.77
4010.2.170.78/3110.2.170.78 – 10.2.170.7910.2.170.79
4110.2.170.80/3110.2.170.80 – 10.2.170.8110.2.170.81
4210.2.170.82/3110.2.170.82 – 10.2.170.8310.2.170.83
4310.2.170.84/3110.2.170.84 – 10.2.170.8510.2.170.85
4410.2.170.86/3110.2.170.86 – 10.2.170.8710.2.170.87
4510.2.170.88/3110.2.170.88 – 10.2.170.8910.2.170.89
4610.2.170.90/3110.2.170.90 – 10.2.170.9110.2.170.91
4710.2.170.92/3110.2.170.92 – 10.2.170.9310.2.170.93
4810.2.170.94/3110.2.170.94 – 10.2.170.9510.2.170.95
4910.2.170.96/3110.2.170.96 – 10.2.170.9710.2.170.97
5010.2.170.98/3110.2.170.98 – 10.2.170.9910.2.170.99
5110.2.170.100/3110.2.170.100 – 10.2.170.10110.2.170.101
5210.2.170.102/3110.2.170.102 – 10.2.170.10310.2.170.103
5310.2.170.104/3110.2.170.104 – 10.2.170.10510.2.170.105
5410.2.170.106/3110.2.170.106 – 10.2.170.10710.2.170.107
5510.2.170.108/3110.2.170.108 – 10.2.170.10910.2.170.109
5610.2.170.110/3110.2.170.110 – 10.2.170.11110.2.170.111
5710.2.170.112/3110.2.170.112 – 10.2.170.11310.2.170.113
5810.2.170.114/3110.2.170.114 – 10.2.170.11510.2.170.115
5910.2.170.116/3110.2.170.116 – 10.2.170.11710.2.170.117
6010.2.170.118/3110.2.170.118 – 10.2.170.11910.2.170.119
6110.2.170.120/3110.2.170.120 – 10.2.170.12110.2.170.121
6210.2.170.122/3110.2.170.122 – 10.2.170.12310.2.170.123
6310.2.170.124/3110.2.170.124 – 10.2.170.12510.2.170.125
6410.2.170.126/3110.2.170.126 – 10.2.170.12710.2.170.127
6510.2.170.128/3110.2.170.128 – 10.2.170.12910.2.170.129
6610.2.170.130/3110.2.170.130 – 10.2.170.13110.2.170.131
6710.2.170.132/3110.2.170.132 – 10.2.170.13310.2.170.133
6810.2.170.134/3110.2.170.134 – 10.2.170.13510.2.170.135
6910.2.170.136/3110.2.170.136 – 10.2.170.13710.2.170.137
7010.2.170.138/3110.2.170.138 – 10.2.170.13910.2.170.139
7110.2.170.140/3110.2.170.140 – 10.2.170.14110.2.170.141
7210.2.170.142/3110.2.170.142 – 10.2.170.14310.2.170.143
7310.2.170.144/3110.2.170.144 – 10.2.170.14510.2.170.145
7410.2.170.146/3110.2.170.146 – 10.2.170.14710.2.170.147
7510.2.170.148/3110.2.170.148 – 10.2.170.14910.2.170.149
7610.2.170.150/3110.2.170.150 – 10.2.170.15110.2.170.151
7710.2.170.152/3110.2.170.152 – 10.2.170.15310.2.170.153
7810.2.170.154/3110.2.170.154 – 10.2.170.15510.2.170.155
7910.2.170.156/3110.2.170.156 – 10.2.170.15710.2.170.157
8010.2.170.158/3110.2.170.158 – 10.2.170.15910.2.170.159
8110.2.170.160/3110.2.170.160 – 10.2.170.16110.2.170.161
8210.2.170.162/3110.2.170.162 – 10.2.170.16310.2.170.163
8310.2.170.164/3110.2.170.164 – 10.2.170.16510.2.170.165
8410.2.170.166/3110.2.170.166 – 10.2.170.16710.2.170.167
8510.2.170.168/3110.2.170.168 – 10.2.170.16910.2.170.169
8610.2.170.170/3110.2.170.170 – 10.2.170.17110.2.170.171
8710.2.170.172/3110.2.170.172 – 10.2.170.17310.2.170.173
8810.2.170.174/3110.2.170.174 – 10.2.170.17510.2.170.175
8910.2.170.176/3110.2.170.176 – 10.2.170.17710.2.170.177
9010.2.170.178/3110.2.170.178 – 10.2.170.17910.2.170.179
9110.2.170.180/3110.2.170.180 – 10.2.170.18110.2.170.181
9210.2.170.182/3110.2.170.182 – 10.2.170.18310.2.170.183
9310.2.170.184/3110.2.170.184 – 10.2.170.18510.2.170.185
9410.2.170.186/3110.2.170.186 – 10.2.170.18710.2.170.187
9510.2.170.188/3110.2.170.188 – 10.2.170.18910.2.170.189
9610.2.170.190/3110.2.170.190 – 10.2.170.19110.2.170.191
9710.2.170.192/3110.2.170.192 – 10.2.170.19310.2.170.193
9810.2.170.194/3110.2.170.194 – 10.2.170.19510.2.170.195
9910.2.170.196/3110.2.170.196 – 10.2.170.19710.2.170.197
10010.2.170.198/3110.2.170.198 – 10.2.170.19910.2.170.199
10110.2.170.200/3110.2.170.200 – 10.2.170.20110.2.170.201
10210.2.170.202/3110.2.170.202 – 10.2.170.20310.2.170.203
10310.2.170.204/3110.2.170.204 – 10.2.170.20510.2.170.205
10410.2.170.206/3110.2.170.206 – 10.2.170.20710.2.170.207
10510.2.170.208/3110.2.170.208 – 10.2.170.20910.2.170.209
10610.2.170.210/3110.2.170.210 – 10.2.170.21110.2.170.211
10710.2.170.212/3110.2.170.212 – 10.2.170.21310.2.170.213
10810.2.170.214/3110.2.170.214 – 10.2.170.21510.2.170.215
10910.2.170.216/3110.2.170.216 – 10.2.170.21710.2.170.217
11010.2.170.218/3110.2.170.218 – 10.2.170.21910.2.170.219
11110.2.170.220/3110.2.170.220 – 10.2.170.22110.2.170.221
11210.2.170.222/3110.2.170.222 – 10.2.170.22310.2.170.223
11310.2.170.224/3110.2.170.224 – 10.2.170.22510.2.170.225
11410.2.170.226/3110.2.170.226 – 10.2.170.22710.2.170.227
11510.2.170.228/3110.2.170.228 – 10.2.170.22910.2.170.229
11610.2.170.230/3110.2.170.230 – 10.2.170.23110.2.170.231
11710.2.170.232/3110.2.170.232 – 10.2.170.23310.2.170.233
11810.2.170.234/3110.2.170.234 – 10.2.170.23510.2.170.235
11910.2.170.236/3110.2.170.236 – 10.2.170.23710.2.170.237
12010.2.170.238/3110.2.170.238 – 10.2.170.23910.2.170.239
12110.2.170.240/3110.2.170.240 – 10.2.170.24110.2.170.241
12210.2.170.242/3110.2.170.242 – 10.2.170.24310.2.170.243
12310.2.170.244/3110.2.170.244 – 10.2.170.24510.2.170.245
12410.2.170.246/3110.2.170.246 – 10.2.170.24710.2.170.247
12510.2.170.248/3110.2.170.248 – 10.2.170.24910.2.170.249
12610.2.170.250/3110.2.170.250 – 10.2.170.25110.2.170.251
12710.2.170.252/3110.2.170.252 – 10.2.170.25310.2.170.253
12810.2.170.254/3110.2.170.254 – 10.2.170.25510.2.170.255
12910.2.171.0/3110.2.171.0 – 10.2.171.110.2.171.1
13010.2.171.2/3110.2.171.2 – 10.2.171.310.2.171.3
13110.2.171.4/3110.2.171.4 – 10.2.171.510.2.171.5
13210.2.171.6/3110.2.171.6 – 10.2.171.710.2.171.7
13310.2.171.8/3110.2.171.8 – 10.2.171.910.2.171.9
13410.2.171.10/3110.2.171.10 – 10.2.171.1110.2.171.11
13510.2.171.12/3110.2.171.12 – 10.2.171.1310.2.171.13
13610.2.171.14/3110.2.171.14 – 10.2.171.1510.2.171.15
13710.2.171.16/3110.2.171.16 – 10.2.171.1710.2.171.17
13810.2.171.18/3110.2.171.18 – 10.2.171.1910.2.171.19
13910.2.171.20/3110.2.171.20 – 10.2.171.2110.2.171.21
14010.2.171.22/3110.2.171.22 – 10.2.171.2310.2.171.23
14110.2.171.24/3110.2.171.24 – 10.2.171.2510.2.171.25
14210.2.171.26/3110.2.171.26 – 10.2.171.2710.2.171.27
14310.2.171.28/3110.2.171.28 – 10.2.171.2910.2.171.29
14410.2.171.30/3110.2.171.30 – 10.2.171.3110.2.171.31
14510.2.171.32/3110.2.171.32 – 10.2.171.3310.2.171.33
14610.2.171.34/3110.2.171.34 – 10.2.171.3510.2.171.35
14710.2.171.36/3110.2.171.36 – 10.2.171.3710.2.171.37
14810.2.171.38/3110.2.171.38 – 10.2.171.3910.2.171.39
14910.2.171.40/3110.2.171.40 – 10.2.171.4110.2.171.41
15010.2.171.42/3110.2.171.42 – 10.2.171.4310.2.171.43
15110.2.171.44/3110.2.171.44 – 10.2.171.4510.2.171.45
15210.2.171.46/3110.2.171.46 – 10.2.171.4710.2.171.47
15310.2.171.48/3110.2.171.48 – 10.2.171.4910.2.171.49
15410.2.171.50/3110.2.171.50 – 10.2.171.5110.2.171.51
15510.2.171.52/3110.2.171.52 – 10.2.171.5310.2.171.53
15610.2.171.54/3110.2.171.54 – 10.2.171.5510.2.171.55
15710.2.171.56/3110.2.171.56 – 10.2.171.5710.2.171.57
15810.2.171.58/3110.2.171.58 – 10.2.171.5910.2.171.59
15910.2.171.60/3110.2.171.60 – 10.2.171.6110.2.171.61
16010.2.171.62/3110.2.171.62 – 10.2.171.6310.2.171.63
16110.2.171.64/3110.2.171.64 – 10.2.171.6510.2.171.65
16210.2.171.66/3110.2.171.66 – 10.2.171.6710.2.171.67
16310.2.171.68/3110.2.171.68 – 10.2.171.6910.2.171.69
16410.2.171.70/3110.2.171.70 – 10.2.171.7110.2.171.71
16510.2.171.72/3110.2.171.72 – 10.2.171.7310.2.171.73
16610.2.171.74/3110.2.171.74 – 10.2.171.7510.2.171.75
16710.2.171.76/3110.2.171.76 – 10.2.171.7710.2.171.77
16810.2.171.78/3110.2.171.78 – 10.2.171.7910.2.171.79
16910.2.171.80/3110.2.171.80 – 10.2.171.8110.2.171.81
17010.2.171.82/3110.2.171.82 – 10.2.171.8310.2.171.83
17110.2.171.84/3110.2.171.84 – 10.2.171.8510.2.171.85
17210.2.171.86/3110.2.171.86 – 10.2.171.8710.2.171.87
17310.2.171.88/3110.2.171.88 – 10.2.171.8910.2.171.89
17410.2.171.90/3110.2.171.90 – 10.2.171.9110.2.171.91
17510.2.171.92/3110.2.171.92 – 10.2.171.9310.2.171.93
17610.2.171.94/3110.2.171.94 – 10.2.171.9510.2.171.95
17710.2.171.96/3110.2.171.96 – 10.2.171.9710.2.171.97
17810.2.171.98/3110.2.171.98 – 10.2.171.9910.2.171.99
17910.2.171.100/3110.2.171.100 – 10.2.171.10110.2.171.101
18010.2.171.102/3110.2.171.102 – 10.2.171.10310.2.171.103
18110.2.171.104/3110.2.171.104 – 10.2.171.10510.2.171.105
18210.2.171.106/3110.2.171.106 – 10.2.171.10710.2.171.107
18310.2.171.108/3110.2.171.108 – 10.2.171.10910.2.171.109
18410.2.171.110/3110.2.171.110 – 10.2.171.11110.2.171.111
18510.2.171.112/3110.2.171.112 – 10.2.171.11310.2.171.113
18610.2.171.114/3110.2.171.114 – 10.2.171.11510.2.171.115
18710.2.171.116/3110.2.171.116 – 10.2.171.11710.2.171.117
18810.2.171.118/3110.2.171.118 – 10.2.171.11910.2.171.119
18910.2.171.120/3110.2.171.120 – 10.2.171.12110.2.171.121
19010.2.171.122/3110.2.171.122 – 10.2.171.12310.2.171.123
19110.2.171.124/3110.2.171.124 – 10.2.171.12510.2.171.125
19210.2.171.126/3110.2.171.126 – 10.2.171.12710.2.171.127
19310.2.171.128/3110.2.171.128 – 10.2.171.12910.2.171.129
19410.2.171.130/3110.2.171.130 – 10.2.171.13110.2.171.131
19510.2.171.132/3110.2.171.132 – 10.2.171.13310.2.171.133
19610.2.171.134/3110.2.171.134 – 10.2.171.13510.2.171.135
19710.2.171.136/3110.2.171.136 – 10.2.171.13710.2.171.137
19810.2.171.138/3110.2.171.138 – 10.2.171.13910.2.171.139
19910.2.171.140/3110.2.171.140 – 10.2.171.14110.2.171.141
20010.2.171.142/3110.2.171.142 – 10.2.171.14310.2.171.143
20110.2.171.144/3110.2.171.144 – 10.2.171.14510.2.171.145
20210.2.171.146/3110.2.171.146 – 10.2.171.14710.2.171.147
20310.2.171.148/3110.2.171.148 – 10.2.171.14910.2.171.149
20410.2.171.150/3110.2.171.150 – 10.2.171.15110.2.171.151
20510.2.171.152/3110.2.171.152 – 10.2.171.15310.2.171.153
20610.2.171.154/3110.2.171.154 – 10.2.171.15510.2.171.155
20710.2.171.156/3110.2.171.156 – 10.2.171.15710.2.171.157
20810.2.171.158/3110.2.171.158 – 10.2.171.15910.2.171.159
20910.2.171.160/3110.2.171.160 – 10.2.171.16110.2.171.161
21010.2.171.162/3110.2.171.162 – 10.2.171.16310.2.171.163
21110.2.171.164/3110.2.171.164 – 10.2.171.16510.2.171.165
21210.2.171.166/3110.2.171.166 – 10.2.171.16710.2.171.167
21310.2.171.168/3110.2.171.168 – 10.2.171.16910.2.171.169
21410.2.171.170/3110.2.171.170 – 10.2.171.17110.2.171.171
21510.2.171.172/3110.2.171.172 – 10.2.171.17310.2.171.173
21610.2.171.174/3110.2.171.174 – 10.2.171.17510.2.171.175
21710.2.171.176/3110.2.171.176 – 10.2.171.17710.2.171.177
21810.2.171.178/3110.2.171.178 – 10.2.171.17910.2.171.179
21910.2.171.180/3110.2.171.180 – 10.2.171.18110.2.171.181
22010.2.171.182/3110.2.171.182 – 10.2.171.18310.2.171.183
22110.2.171.184/3110.2.171.184 – 10.2.171.18510.2.171.185
22210.2.171.186/3110.2.171.186 – 10.2.171.18710.2.171.187
22310.2.171.188/3110.2.171.188 – 10.2.171.18910.2.171.189
22410.2.171.190/3110.2.171.190 – 10.2.171.19110.2.171.191
22510.2.171.192/3110.2.171.192 – 10.2.171.19310.2.171.193
22610.2.171.194/3110.2.171.194 – 10.2.171.19510.2.171.195
22710.2.171.196/3110.2.171.196 – 10.2.171.19710.2.171.197
22810.2.171.198/3110.2.171.198 – 10.2.171.19910.2.171.199
22910.2.171.200/3110.2.171.200 – 10.2.171.20110.2.171.201
23010.2.171.202/3110.2.171.202 – 10.2.171.20310.2.171.203
23110.2.171.204/3110.2.171.204 – 10.2.171.20510.2.171.205
23210.2.171.206/3110.2.171.206 – 10.2.171.20710.2.171.207
23310.2.171.208/3110.2.171.208 – 10.2.171.20910.2.171.209
23410.2.171.210/3110.2.171.210 – 10.2.171.21110.2.171.211
23510.2.171.212/3110.2.171.212 – 10.2.171.21310.2.171.213
23610.2.171.214/3110.2.171.214 – 10.2.171.21510.2.171.215
23710.2.171.216/3110.2.171.216 – 10.2.171.21710.2.171.217
23810.2.171.218/3110.2.171.218 – 10.2.171.21910.2.171.219
23910.2.171.220/3110.2.171.220 – 10.2.171.22110.2.171.221
24010.2.171.222/3110.2.171.222 – 10.2.171.22310.2.171.223
24110.2.171.224/3110.2.171.224 – 10.2.171.22510.2.171.225
24210.2.171.226/3110.2.171.226 – 10.2.171.22710.2.171.227
24310.2.171.228/3110.2.171.228 – 10.2.171.22910.2.171.229
24410.2.171.230/3110.2.171.230 – 10.2.171.23110.2.171.231
24510.2.171.232/3110.2.171.232 – 10.2.171.23310.2.171.233
24610.2.171.234/3110.2.171.234 – 10.2.171.23510.2.171.235
24710.2.171.236/3110.2.171.236 – 10.2.171.23710.2.171.237
24810.2.171.238/3110.2.171.238 – 10.2.171.23910.2.171.239
24910.2.171.240/3110.2.171.240 – 10.2.171.24110.2.171.241
25010.2.171.242/3110.2.171.242 – 10.2.171.24310.2.171.243
25110.2.171.244/3110.2.171.244 – 10.2.171.24510.2.171.245
25210.2.171.246/3110.2.171.246 – 10.2.171.24710.2.171.247
25310.2.171.248/3110.2.171.248 – 10.2.171.24910.2.171.249
25410.2.171.250/3110.2.171.250 – 10.2.171.25110.2.171.251
25510.2.171.252/3110.2.171.252 – 10.2.171.25310.2.171.253
25610.2.171.254/3110.2.171.254 – 10.2.171.25510.2.171.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →