ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.169.166.0/23
network10.169.166.0/23
broadcast10.169.167.255
first host10.169.166.1
last host10.169.167.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.169.166.0/23
address00001010.10101001.10100110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10101001.10100110.00000000
broadcast00001010.10101001.10100111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa9a600
decimal178890240
reverse dns0.166.169.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa9:a600

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.169.166.0/3110.169.166.0 – 10.169.166.110.169.166.1
210.169.166.2/3110.169.166.2 – 10.169.166.310.169.166.3
310.169.166.4/3110.169.166.4 – 10.169.166.510.169.166.5
410.169.166.6/3110.169.166.6 – 10.169.166.710.169.166.7
510.169.166.8/3110.169.166.8 – 10.169.166.910.169.166.9
610.169.166.10/3110.169.166.10 – 10.169.166.1110.169.166.11
710.169.166.12/3110.169.166.12 – 10.169.166.1310.169.166.13
810.169.166.14/3110.169.166.14 – 10.169.166.1510.169.166.15
910.169.166.16/3110.169.166.16 – 10.169.166.1710.169.166.17
1010.169.166.18/3110.169.166.18 – 10.169.166.1910.169.166.19
1110.169.166.20/3110.169.166.20 – 10.169.166.2110.169.166.21
1210.169.166.22/3110.169.166.22 – 10.169.166.2310.169.166.23
1310.169.166.24/3110.169.166.24 – 10.169.166.2510.169.166.25
1410.169.166.26/3110.169.166.26 – 10.169.166.2710.169.166.27
1510.169.166.28/3110.169.166.28 – 10.169.166.2910.169.166.29
1610.169.166.30/3110.169.166.30 – 10.169.166.3110.169.166.31
1710.169.166.32/3110.169.166.32 – 10.169.166.3310.169.166.33
1810.169.166.34/3110.169.166.34 – 10.169.166.3510.169.166.35
1910.169.166.36/3110.169.166.36 – 10.169.166.3710.169.166.37
2010.169.166.38/3110.169.166.38 – 10.169.166.3910.169.166.39
2110.169.166.40/3110.169.166.40 – 10.169.166.4110.169.166.41
2210.169.166.42/3110.169.166.42 – 10.169.166.4310.169.166.43
2310.169.166.44/3110.169.166.44 – 10.169.166.4510.169.166.45
2410.169.166.46/3110.169.166.46 – 10.169.166.4710.169.166.47
2510.169.166.48/3110.169.166.48 – 10.169.166.4910.169.166.49
2610.169.166.50/3110.169.166.50 – 10.169.166.5110.169.166.51
2710.169.166.52/3110.169.166.52 – 10.169.166.5310.169.166.53
2810.169.166.54/3110.169.166.54 – 10.169.166.5510.169.166.55
2910.169.166.56/3110.169.166.56 – 10.169.166.5710.169.166.57
3010.169.166.58/3110.169.166.58 – 10.169.166.5910.169.166.59
3110.169.166.60/3110.169.166.60 – 10.169.166.6110.169.166.61
3210.169.166.62/3110.169.166.62 – 10.169.166.6310.169.166.63
3310.169.166.64/3110.169.166.64 – 10.169.166.6510.169.166.65
3410.169.166.66/3110.169.166.66 – 10.169.166.6710.169.166.67
3510.169.166.68/3110.169.166.68 – 10.169.166.6910.169.166.69
3610.169.166.70/3110.169.166.70 – 10.169.166.7110.169.166.71
3710.169.166.72/3110.169.166.72 – 10.169.166.7310.169.166.73
3810.169.166.74/3110.169.166.74 – 10.169.166.7510.169.166.75
3910.169.166.76/3110.169.166.76 – 10.169.166.7710.169.166.77
4010.169.166.78/3110.169.166.78 – 10.169.166.7910.169.166.79
4110.169.166.80/3110.169.166.80 – 10.169.166.8110.169.166.81
4210.169.166.82/3110.169.166.82 – 10.169.166.8310.169.166.83
4310.169.166.84/3110.169.166.84 – 10.169.166.8510.169.166.85
4410.169.166.86/3110.169.166.86 – 10.169.166.8710.169.166.87
4510.169.166.88/3110.169.166.88 – 10.169.166.8910.169.166.89
4610.169.166.90/3110.169.166.90 – 10.169.166.9110.169.166.91
4710.169.166.92/3110.169.166.92 – 10.169.166.9310.169.166.93
4810.169.166.94/3110.169.166.94 – 10.169.166.9510.169.166.95
4910.169.166.96/3110.169.166.96 – 10.169.166.9710.169.166.97
5010.169.166.98/3110.169.166.98 – 10.169.166.9910.169.166.99
5110.169.166.100/3110.169.166.100 – 10.169.166.10110.169.166.101
5210.169.166.102/3110.169.166.102 – 10.169.166.10310.169.166.103
5310.169.166.104/3110.169.166.104 – 10.169.166.10510.169.166.105
5410.169.166.106/3110.169.166.106 – 10.169.166.10710.169.166.107
5510.169.166.108/3110.169.166.108 – 10.169.166.10910.169.166.109
5610.169.166.110/3110.169.166.110 – 10.169.166.11110.169.166.111
5710.169.166.112/3110.169.166.112 – 10.169.166.11310.169.166.113
5810.169.166.114/3110.169.166.114 – 10.169.166.11510.169.166.115
5910.169.166.116/3110.169.166.116 – 10.169.166.11710.169.166.117
6010.169.166.118/3110.169.166.118 – 10.169.166.11910.169.166.119
6110.169.166.120/3110.169.166.120 – 10.169.166.12110.169.166.121
6210.169.166.122/3110.169.166.122 – 10.169.166.12310.169.166.123
6310.169.166.124/3110.169.166.124 – 10.169.166.12510.169.166.125
6410.169.166.126/3110.169.166.126 – 10.169.166.12710.169.166.127
6510.169.166.128/3110.169.166.128 – 10.169.166.12910.169.166.129
6610.169.166.130/3110.169.166.130 – 10.169.166.13110.169.166.131
6710.169.166.132/3110.169.166.132 – 10.169.166.13310.169.166.133
6810.169.166.134/3110.169.166.134 – 10.169.166.13510.169.166.135
6910.169.166.136/3110.169.166.136 – 10.169.166.13710.169.166.137
7010.169.166.138/3110.169.166.138 – 10.169.166.13910.169.166.139
7110.169.166.140/3110.169.166.140 – 10.169.166.14110.169.166.141
7210.169.166.142/3110.169.166.142 – 10.169.166.14310.169.166.143
7310.169.166.144/3110.169.166.144 – 10.169.166.14510.169.166.145
7410.169.166.146/3110.169.166.146 – 10.169.166.14710.169.166.147
7510.169.166.148/3110.169.166.148 – 10.169.166.14910.169.166.149
7610.169.166.150/3110.169.166.150 – 10.169.166.15110.169.166.151
7710.169.166.152/3110.169.166.152 – 10.169.166.15310.169.166.153
7810.169.166.154/3110.169.166.154 – 10.169.166.15510.169.166.155
7910.169.166.156/3110.169.166.156 – 10.169.166.15710.169.166.157
8010.169.166.158/3110.169.166.158 – 10.169.166.15910.169.166.159
8110.169.166.160/3110.169.166.160 – 10.169.166.16110.169.166.161
8210.169.166.162/3110.169.166.162 – 10.169.166.16310.169.166.163
8310.169.166.164/3110.169.166.164 – 10.169.166.16510.169.166.165
8410.169.166.166/3110.169.166.166 – 10.169.166.16710.169.166.167
8510.169.166.168/3110.169.166.168 – 10.169.166.16910.169.166.169
8610.169.166.170/3110.169.166.170 – 10.169.166.17110.169.166.171
8710.169.166.172/3110.169.166.172 – 10.169.166.17310.169.166.173
8810.169.166.174/3110.169.166.174 – 10.169.166.17510.169.166.175
8910.169.166.176/3110.169.166.176 – 10.169.166.17710.169.166.177
9010.169.166.178/3110.169.166.178 – 10.169.166.17910.169.166.179
9110.169.166.180/3110.169.166.180 – 10.169.166.18110.169.166.181
9210.169.166.182/3110.169.166.182 – 10.169.166.18310.169.166.183
9310.169.166.184/3110.169.166.184 – 10.169.166.18510.169.166.185
9410.169.166.186/3110.169.166.186 – 10.169.166.18710.169.166.187
9510.169.166.188/3110.169.166.188 – 10.169.166.18910.169.166.189
9610.169.166.190/3110.169.166.190 – 10.169.166.19110.169.166.191
9710.169.166.192/3110.169.166.192 – 10.169.166.19310.169.166.193
9810.169.166.194/3110.169.166.194 – 10.169.166.19510.169.166.195
9910.169.166.196/3110.169.166.196 – 10.169.166.19710.169.166.197
10010.169.166.198/3110.169.166.198 – 10.169.166.19910.169.166.199
10110.169.166.200/3110.169.166.200 – 10.169.166.20110.169.166.201
10210.169.166.202/3110.169.166.202 – 10.169.166.20310.169.166.203
10310.169.166.204/3110.169.166.204 – 10.169.166.20510.169.166.205
10410.169.166.206/3110.169.166.206 – 10.169.166.20710.169.166.207
10510.169.166.208/3110.169.166.208 – 10.169.166.20910.169.166.209
10610.169.166.210/3110.169.166.210 – 10.169.166.21110.169.166.211
10710.169.166.212/3110.169.166.212 – 10.169.166.21310.169.166.213
10810.169.166.214/3110.169.166.214 – 10.169.166.21510.169.166.215
10910.169.166.216/3110.169.166.216 – 10.169.166.21710.169.166.217
11010.169.166.218/3110.169.166.218 – 10.169.166.21910.169.166.219
11110.169.166.220/3110.169.166.220 – 10.169.166.22110.169.166.221
11210.169.166.222/3110.169.166.222 – 10.169.166.22310.169.166.223
11310.169.166.224/3110.169.166.224 – 10.169.166.22510.169.166.225
11410.169.166.226/3110.169.166.226 – 10.169.166.22710.169.166.227
11510.169.166.228/3110.169.166.228 – 10.169.166.22910.169.166.229
11610.169.166.230/3110.169.166.230 – 10.169.166.23110.169.166.231
11710.169.166.232/3110.169.166.232 – 10.169.166.23310.169.166.233
11810.169.166.234/3110.169.166.234 – 10.169.166.23510.169.166.235
11910.169.166.236/3110.169.166.236 – 10.169.166.23710.169.166.237
12010.169.166.238/3110.169.166.238 – 10.169.166.23910.169.166.239
12110.169.166.240/3110.169.166.240 – 10.169.166.24110.169.166.241
12210.169.166.242/3110.169.166.242 – 10.169.166.24310.169.166.243
12310.169.166.244/3110.169.166.244 – 10.169.166.24510.169.166.245
12410.169.166.246/3110.169.166.246 – 10.169.166.24710.169.166.247
12510.169.166.248/3110.169.166.248 – 10.169.166.24910.169.166.249
12610.169.166.250/3110.169.166.250 – 10.169.166.25110.169.166.251
12710.169.166.252/3110.169.166.252 – 10.169.166.25310.169.166.253
12810.169.166.254/3110.169.166.254 – 10.169.166.25510.169.166.255
12910.169.167.0/3110.169.167.0 – 10.169.167.110.169.167.1
13010.169.167.2/3110.169.167.2 – 10.169.167.310.169.167.3
13110.169.167.4/3110.169.167.4 – 10.169.167.510.169.167.5
13210.169.167.6/3110.169.167.6 – 10.169.167.710.169.167.7
13310.169.167.8/3110.169.167.8 – 10.169.167.910.169.167.9
13410.169.167.10/3110.169.167.10 – 10.169.167.1110.169.167.11
13510.169.167.12/3110.169.167.12 – 10.169.167.1310.169.167.13
13610.169.167.14/3110.169.167.14 – 10.169.167.1510.169.167.15
13710.169.167.16/3110.169.167.16 – 10.169.167.1710.169.167.17
13810.169.167.18/3110.169.167.18 – 10.169.167.1910.169.167.19
13910.169.167.20/3110.169.167.20 – 10.169.167.2110.169.167.21
14010.169.167.22/3110.169.167.22 – 10.169.167.2310.169.167.23
14110.169.167.24/3110.169.167.24 – 10.169.167.2510.169.167.25
14210.169.167.26/3110.169.167.26 – 10.169.167.2710.169.167.27
14310.169.167.28/3110.169.167.28 – 10.169.167.2910.169.167.29
14410.169.167.30/3110.169.167.30 – 10.169.167.3110.169.167.31
14510.169.167.32/3110.169.167.32 – 10.169.167.3310.169.167.33
14610.169.167.34/3110.169.167.34 – 10.169.167.3510.169.167.35
14710.169.167.36/3110.169.167.36 – 10.169.167.3710.169.167.37
14810.169.167.38/3110.169.167.38 – 10.169.167.3910.169.167.39
14910.169.167.40/3110.169.167.40 – 10.169.167.4110.169.167.41
15010.169.167.42/3110.169.167.42 – 10.169.167.4310.169.167.43
15110.169.167.44/3110.169.167.44 – 10.169.167.4510.169.167.45
15210.169.167.46/3110.169.167.46 – 10.169.167.4710.169.167.47
15310.169.167.48/3110.169.167.48 – 10.169.167.4910.169.167.49
15410.169.167.50/3110.169.167.50 – 10.169.167.5110.169.167.51
15510.169.167.52/3110.169.167.52 – 10.169.167.5310.169.167.53
15610.169.167.54/3110.169.167.54 – 10.169.167.5510.169.167.55
15710.169.167.56/3110.169.167.56 – 10.169.167.5710.169.167.57
15810.169.167.58/3110.169.167.58 – 10.169.167.5910.169.167.59
15910.169.167.60/3110.169.167.60 – 10.169.167.6110.169.167.61
16010.169.167.62/3110.169.167.62 – 10.169.167.6310.169.167.63
16110.169.167.64/3110.169.167.64 – 10.169.167.6510.169.167.65
16210.169.167.66/3110.169.167.66 – 10.169.167.6710.169.167.67
16310.169.167.68/3110.169.167.68 – 10.169.167.6910.169.167.69
16410.169.167.70/3110.169.167.70 – 10.169.167.7110.169.167.71
16510.169.167.72/3110.169.167.72 – 10.169.167.7310.169.167.73
16610.169.167.74/3110.169.167.74 – 10.169.167.7510.169.167.75
16710.169.167.76/3110.169.167.76 – 10.169.167.7710.169.167.77
16810.169.167.78/3110.169.167.78 – 10.169.167.7910.169.167.79
16910.169.167.80/3110.169.167.80 – 10.169.167.8110.169.167.81
17010.169.167.82/3110.169.167.82 – 10.169.167.8310.169.167.83
17110.169.167.84/3110.169.167.84 – 10.169.167.8510.169.167.85
17210.169.167.86/3110.169.167.86 – 10.169.167.8710.169.167.87
17310.169.167.88/3110.169.167.88 – 10.169.167.8910.169.167.89
17410.169.167.90/3110.169.167.90 – 10.169.167.9110.169.167.91
17510.169.167.92/3110.169.167.92 – 10.169.167.9310.169.167.93
17610.169.167.94/3110.169.167.94 – 10.169.167.9510.169.167.95
17710.169.167.96/3110.169.167.96 – 10.169.167.9710.169.167.97
17810.169.167.98/3110.169.167.98 – 10.169.167.9910.169.167.99
17910.169.167.100/3110.169.167.100 – 10.169.167.10110.169.167.101
18010.169.167.102/3110.169.167.102 – 10.169.167.10310.169.167.103
18110.169.167.104/3110.169.167.104 – 10.169.167.10510.169.167.105
18210.169.167.106/3110.169.167.106 – 10.169.167.10710.169.167.107
18310.169.167.108/3110.169.167.108 – 10.169.167.10910.169.167.109
18410.169.167.110/3110.169.167.110 – 10.169.167.11110.169.167.111
18510.169.167.112/3110.169.167.112 – 10.169.167.11310.169.167.113
18610.169.167.114/3110.169.167.114 – 10.169.167.11510.169.167.115
18710.169.167.116/3110.169.167.116 – 10.169.167.11710.169.167.117
18810.169.167.118/3110.169.167.118 – 10.169.167.11910.169.167.119
18910.169.167.120/3110.169.167.120 – 10.169.167.12110.169.167.121
19010.169.167.122/3110.169.167.122 – 10.169.167.12310.169.167.123
19110.169.167.124/3110.169.167.124 – 10.169.167.12510.169.167.125
19210.169.167.126/3110.169.167.126 – 10.169.167.12710.169.167.127
19310.169.167.128/3110.169.167.128 – 10.169.167.12910.169.167.129
19410.169.167.130/3110.169.167.130 – 10.169.167.13110.169.167.131
19510.169.167.132/3110.169.167.132 – 10.169.167.13310.169.167.133
19610.169.167.134/3110.169.167.134 – 10.169.167.13510.169.167.135
19710.169.167.136/3110.169.167.136 – 10.169.167.13710.169.167.137
19810.169.167.138/3110.169.167.138 – 10.169.167.13910.169.167.139
19910.169.167.140/3110.169.167.140 – 10.169.167.14110.169.167.141
20010.169.167.142/3110.169.167.142 – 10.169.167.14310.169.167.143
20110.169.167.144/3110.169.167.144 – 10.169.167.14510.169.167.145
20210.169.167.146/3110.169.167.146 – 10.169.167.14710.169.167.147
20310.169.167.148/3110.169.167.148 – 10.169.167.14910.169.167.149
20410.169.167.150/3110.169.167.150 – 10.169.167.15110.169.167.151
20510.169.167.152/3110.169.167.152 – 10.169.167.15310.169.167.153
20610.169.167.154/3110.169.167.154 – 10.169.167.15510.169.167.155
20710.169.167.156/3110.169.167.156 – 10.169.167.15710.169.167.157
20810.169.167.158/3110.169.167.158 – 10.169.167.15910.169.167.159
20910.169.167.160/3110.169.167.160 – 10.169.167.16110.169.167.161
21010.169.167.162/3110.169.167.162 – 10.169.167.16310.169.167.163
21110.169.167.164/3110.169.167.164 – 10.169.167.16510.169.167.165
21210.169.167.166/3110.169.167.166 – 10.169.167.16710.169.167.167
21310.169.167.168/3110.169.167.168 – 10.169.167.16910.169.167.169
21410.169.167.170/3110.169.167.170 – 10.169.167.17110.169.167.171
21510.169.167.172/3110.169.167.172 – 10.169.167.17310.169.167.173
21610.169.167.174/3110.169.167.174 – 10.169.167.17510.169.167.175
21710.169.167.176/3110.169.167.176 – 10.169.167.17710.169.167.177
21810.169.167.178/3110.169.167.178 – 10.169.167.17910.169.167.179
21910.169.167.180/3110.169.167.180 – 10.169.167.18110.169.167.181
22010.169.167.182/3110.169.167.182 – 10.169.167.18310.169.167.183
22110.169.167.184/3110.169.167.184 – 10.169.167.18510.169.167.185
22210.169.167.186/3110.169.167.186 – 10.169.167.18710.169.167.187
22310.169.167.188/3110.169.167.188 – 10.169.167.18910.169.167.189
22410.169.167.190/3110.169.167.190 – 10.169.167.19110.169.167.191
22510.169.167.192/3110.169.167.192 – 10.169.167.19310.169.167.193
22610.169.167.194/3110.169.167.194 – 10.169.167.19510.169.167.195
22710.169.167.196/3110.169.167.196 – 10.169.167.19710.169.167.197
22810.169.167.198/3110.169.167.198 – 10.169.167.19910.169.167.199
22910.169.167.200/3110.169.167.200 – 10.169.167.20110.169.167.201
23010.169.167.202/3110.169.167.202 – 10.169.167.20310.169.167.203
23110.169.167.204/3110.169.167.204 – 10.169.167.20510.169.167.205
23210.169.167.206/3110.169.167.206 – 10.169.167.20710.169.167.207
23310.169.167.208/3110.169.167.208 – 10.169.167.20910.169.167.209
23410.169.167.210/3110.169.167.210 – 10.169.167.21110.169.167.211
23510.169.167.212/3110.169.167.212 – 10.169.167.21310.169.167.213
23610.169.167.214/3110.169.167.214 – 10.169.167.21510.169.167.215
23710.169.167.216/3110.169.167.216 – 10.169.167.21710.169.167.217
23810.169.167.218/3110.169.167.218 – 10.169.167.21910.169.167.219
23910.169.167.220/3110.169.167.220 – 10.169.167.22110.169.167.221
24010.169.167.222/3110.169.167.222 – 10.169.167.22310.169.167.223
24110.169.167.224/3110.169.167.224 – 10.169.167.22510.169.167.225
24210.169.167.226/3110.169.167.226 – 10.169.167.22710.169.167.227
24310.169.167.228/3110.169.167.228 – 10.169.167.22910.169.167.229
24410.169.167.230/3110.169.167.230 – 10.169.167.23110.169.167.231
24510.169.167.232/3110.169.167.232 – 10.169.167.23310.169.167.233
24610.169.167.234/3110.169.167.234 – 10.169.167.23510.169.167.235
24710.169.167.236/3110.169.167.236 – 10.169.167.23710.169.167.237
24810.169.167.238/3110.169.167.238 – 10.169.167.23910.169.167.239
24910.169.167.240/3110.169.167.240 – 10.169.167.24110.169.167.241
25010.169.167.242/3110.169.167.242 – 10.169.167.24310.169.167.243
25110.169.167.244/3110.169.167.244 – 10.169.167.24510.169.167.245
25210.169.167.246/3110.169.167.246 – 10.169.167.24710.169.167.247
25310.169.167.248/3110.169.167.248 – 10.169.167.24910.169.167.249
25410.169.167.250/3110.169.167.250 – 10.169.167.25110.169.167.251
25510.169.167.252/3110.169.167.252 – 10.169.167.25310.169.167.253
25610.169.167.254/3110.169.167.254 – 10.169.167.25510.169.167.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →