ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.196.0/23
network10.167.196.0/23
broadcast10.167.197.255
first host10.167.196.1
last host10.167.197.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.196.0/23
address00001010.10100111.11000100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.11000100.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.11000101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa7c400
decimal178766848
reverse dns0.196.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:c400

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.196.0/3110.167.196.0 – 10.167.196.110.167.196.1
210.167.196.2/3110.167.196.2 – 10.167.196.310.167.196.3
310.167.196.4/3110.167.196.4 – 10.167.196.510.167.196.5
410.167.196.6/3110.167.196.6 – 10.167.196.710.167.196.7
510.167.196.8/3110.167.196.8 – 10.167.196.910.167.196.9
610.167.196.10/3110.167.196.10 – 10.167.196.1110.167.196.11
710.167.196.12/3110.167.196.12 – 10.167.196.1310.167.196.13
810.167.196.14/3110.167.196.14 – 10.167.196.1510.167.196.15
910.167.196.16/3110.167.196.16 – 10.167.196.1710.167.196.17
1010.167.196.18/3110.167.196.18 – 10.167.196.1910.167.196.19
1110.167.196.20/3110.167.196.20 – 10.167.196.2110.167.196.21
1210.167.196.22/3110.167.196.22 – 10.167.196.2310.167.196.23
1310.167.196.24/3110.167.196.24 – 10.167.196.2510.167.196.25
1410.167.196.26/3110.167.196.26 – 10.167.196.2710.167.196.27
1510.167.196.28/3110.167.196.28 – 10.167.196.2910.167.196.29
1610.167.196.30/3110.167.196.30 – 10.167.196.3110.167.196.31
1710.167.196.32/3110.167.196.32 – 10.167.196.3310.167.196.33
1810.167.196.34/3110.167.196.34 – 10.167.196.3510.167.196.35
1910.167.196.36/3110.167.196.36 – 10.167.196.3710.167.196.37
2010.167.196.38/3110.167.196.38 – 10.167.196.3910.167.196.39
2110.167.196.40/3110.167.196.40 – 10.167.196.4110.167.196.41
2210.167.196.42/3110.167.196.42 – 10.167.196.4310.167.196.43
2310.167.196.44/3110.167.196.44 – 10.167.196.4510.167.196.45
2410.167.196.46/3110.167.196.46 – 10.167.196.4710.167.196.47
2510.167.196.48/3110.167.196.48 – 10.167.196.4910.167.196.49
2610.167.196.50/3110.167.196.50 – 10.167.196.5110.167.196.51
2710.167.196.52/3110.167.196.52 – 10.167.196.5310.167.196.53
2810.167.196.54/3110.167.196.54 – 10.167.196.5510.167.196.55
2910.167.196.56/3110.167.196.56 – 10.167.196.5710.167.196.57
3010.167.196.58/3110.167.196.58 – 10.167.196.5910.167.196.59
3110.167.196.60/3110.167.196.60 – 10.167.196.6110.167.196.61
3210.167.196.62/3110.167.196.62 – 10.167.196.6310.167.196.63
3310.167.196.64/3110.167.196.64 – 10.167.196.6510.167.196.65
3410.167.196.66/3110.167.196.66 – 10.167.196.6710.167.196.67
3510.167.196.68/3110.167.196.68 – 10.167.196.6910.167.196.69
3610.167.196.70/3110.167.196.70 – 10.167.196.7110.167.196.71
3710.167.196.72/3110.167.196.72 – 10.167.196.7310.167.196.73
3810.167.196.74/3110.167.196.74 – 10.167.196.7510.167.196.75
3910.167.196.76/3110.167.196.76 – 10.167.196.7710.167.196.77
4010.167.196.78/3110.167.196.78 – 10.167.196.7910.167.196.79
4110.167.196.80/3110.167.196.80 – 10.167.196.8110.167.196.81
4210.167.196.82/3110.167.196.82 – 10.167.196.8310.167.196.83
4310.167.196.84/3110.167.196.84 – 10.167.196.8510.167.196.85
4410.167.196.86/3110.167.196.86 – 10.167.196.8710.167.196.87
4510.167.196.88/3110.167.196.88 – 10.167.196.8910.167.196.89
4610.167.196.90/3110.167.196.90 – 10.167.196.9110.167.196.91
4710.167.196.92/3110.167.196.92 – 10.167.196.9310.167.196.93
4810.167.196.94/3110.167.196.94 – 10.167.196.9510.167.196.95
4910.167.196.96/3110.167.196.96 – 10.167.196.9710.167.196.97
5010.167.196.98/3110.167.196.98 – 10.167.196.9910.167.196.99
5110.167.196.100/3110.167.196.100 – 10.167.196.10110.167.196.101
5210.167.196.102/3110.167.196.102 – 10.167.196.10310.167.196.103
5310.167.196.104/3110.167.196.104 – 10.167.196.10510.167.196.105
5410.167.196.106/3110.167.196.106 – 10.167.196.10710.167.196.107
5510.167.196.108/3110.167.196.108 – 10.167.196.10910.167.196.109
5610.167.196.110/3110.167.196.110 – 10.167.196.11110.167.196.111
5710.167.196.112/3110.167.196.112 – 10.167.196.11310.167.196.113
5810.167.196.114/3110.167.196.114 – 10.167.196.11510.167.196.115
5910.167.196.116/3110.167.196.116 – 10.167.196.11710.167.196.117
6010.167.196.118/3110.167.196.118 – 10.167.196.11910.167.196.119
6110.167.196.120/3110.167.196.120 – 10.167.196.12110.167.196.121
6210.167.196.122/3110.167.196.122 – 10.167.196.12310.167.196.123
6310.167.196.124/3110.167.196.124 – 10.167.196.12510.167.196.125
6410.167.196.126/3110.167.196.126 – 10.167.196.12710.167.196.127
6510.167.196.128/3110.167.196.128 – 10.167.196.12910.167.196.129
6610.167.196.130/3110.167.196.130 – 10.167.196.13110.167.196.131
6710.167.196.132/3110.167.196.132 – 10.167.196.13310.167.196.133
6810.167.196.134/3110.167.196.134 – 10.167.196.13510.167.196.135
6910.167.196.136/3110.167.196.136 – 10.167.196.13710.167.196.137
7010.167.196.138/3110.167.196.138 – 10.167.196.13910.167.196.139
7110.167.196.140/3110.167.196.140 – 10.167.196.14110.167.196.141
7210.167.196.142/3110.167.196.142 – 10.167.196.14310.167.196.143
7310.167.196.144/3110.167.196.144 – 10.167.196.14510.167.196.145
7410.167.196.146/3110.167.196.146 – 10.167.196.14710.167.196.147
7510.167.196.148/3110.167.196.148 – 10.167.196.14910.167.196.149
7610.167.196.150/3110.167.196.150 – 10.167.196.15110.167.196.151
7710.167.196.152/3110.167.196.152 – 10.167.196.15310.167.196.153
7810.167.196.154/3110.167.196.154 – 10.167.196.15510.167.196.155
7910.167.196.156/3110.167.196.156 – 10.167.196.15710.167.196.157
8010.167.196.158/3110.167.196.158 – 10.167.196.15910.167.196.159
8110.167.196.160/3110.167.196.160 – 10.167.196.16110.167.196.161
8210.167.196.162/3110.167.196.162 – 10.167.196.16310.167.196.163
8310.167.196.164/3110.167.196.164 – 10.167.196.16510.167.196.165
8410.167.196.166/3110.167.196.166 – 10.167.196.16710.167.196.167
8510.167.196.168/3110.167.196.168 – 10.167.196.16910.167.196.169
8610.167.196.170/3110.167.196.170 – 10.167.196.17110.167.196.171
8710.167.196.172/3110.167.196.172 – 10.167.196.17310.167.196.173
8810.167.196.174/3110.167.196.174 – 10.167.196.17510.167.196.175
8910.167.196.176/3110.167.196.176 – 10.167.196.17710.167.196.177
9010.167.196.178/3110.167.196.178 – 10.167.196.17910.167.196.179
9110.167.196.180/3110.167.196.180 – 10.167.196.18110.167.196.181
9210.167.196.182/3110.167.196.182 – 10.167.196.18310.167.196.183
9310.167.196.184/3110.167.196.184 – 10.167.196.18510.167.196.185
9410.167.196.186/3110.167.196.186 – 10.167.196.18710.167.196.187
9510.167.196.188/3110.167.196.188 – 10.167.196.18910.167.196.189
9610.167.196.190/3110.167.196.190 – 10.167.196.19110.167.196.191
9710.167.196.192/3110.167.196.192 – 10.167.196.19310.167.196.193
9810.167.196.194/3110.167.196.194 – 10.167.196.19510.167.196.195
9910.167.196.196/3110.167.196.196 – 10.167.196.19710.167.196.197
10010.167.196.198/3110.167.196.198 – 10.167.196.19910.167.196.199
10110.167.196.200/3110.167.196.200 – 10.167.196.20110.167.196.201
10210.167.196.202/3110.167.196.202 – 10.167.196.20310.167.196.203
10310.167.196.204/3110.167.196.204 – 10.167.196.20510.167.196.205
10410.167.196.206/3110.167.196.206 – 10.167.196.20710.167.196.207
10510.167.196.208/3110.167.196.208 – 10.167.196.20910.167.196.209
10610.167.196.210/3110.167.196.210 – 10.167.196.21110.167.196.211
10710.167.196.212/3110.167.196.212 – 10.167.196.21310.167.196.213
10810.167.196.214/3110.167.196.214 – 10.167.196.21510.167.196.215
10910.167.196.216/3110.167.196.216 – 10.167.196.21710.167.196.217
11010.167.196.218/3110.167.196.218 – 10.167.196.21910.167.196.219
11110.167.196.220/3110.167.196.220 – 10.167.196.22110.167.196.221
11210.167.196.222/3110.167.196.222 – 10.167.196.22310.167.196.223
11310.167.196.224/3110.167.196.224 – 10.167.196.22510.167.196.225
11410.167.196.226/3110.167.196.226 – 10.167.196.22710.167.196.227
11510.167.196.228/3110.167.196.228 – 10.167.196.22910.167.196.229
11610.167.196.230/3110.167.196.230 – 10.167.196.23110.167.196.231
11710.167.196.232/3110.167.196.232 – 10.167.196.23310.167.196.233
11810.167.196.234/3110.167.196.234 – 10.167.196.23510.167.196.235
11910.167.196.236/3110.167.196.236 – 10.167.196.23710.167.196.237
12010.167.196.238/3110.167.196.238 – 10.167.196.23910.167.196.239
12110.167.196.240/3110.167.196.240 – 10.167.196.24110.167.196.241
12210.167.196.242/3110.167.196.242 – 10.167.196.24310.167.196.243
12310.167.196.244/3110.167.196.244 – 10.167.196.24510.167.196.245
12410.167.196.246/3110.167.196.246 – 10.167.196.24710.167.196.247
12510.167.196.248/3110.167.196.248 – 10.167.196.24910.167.196.249
12610.167.196.250/3110.167.196.250 – 10.167.196.25110.167.196.251
12710.167.196.252/3110.167.196.252 – 10.167.196.25310.167.196.253
12810.167.196.254/3110.167.196.254 – 10.167.196.25510.167.196.255
12910.167.197.0/3110.167.197.0 – 10.167.197.110.167.197.1
13010.167.197.2/3110.167.197.2 – 10.167.197.310.167.197.3
13110.167.197.4/3110.167.197.4 – 10.167.197.510.167.197.5
13210.167.197.6/3110.167.197.6 – 10.167.197.710.167.197.7
13310.167.197.8/3110.167.197.8 – 10.167.197.910.167.197.9
13410.167.197.10/3110.167.197.10 – 10.167.197.1110.167.197.11
13510.167.197.12/3110.167.197.12 – 10.167.197.1310.167.197.13
13610.167.197.14/3110.167.197.14 – 10.167.197.1510.167.197.15
13710.167.197.16/3110.167.197.16 – 10.167.197.1710.167.197.17
13810.167.197.18/3110.167.197.18 – 10.167.197.1910.167.197.19
13910.167.197.20/3110.167.197.20 – 10.167.197.2110.167.197.21
14010.167.197.22/3110.167.197.22 – 10.167.197.2310.167.197.23
14110.167.197.24/3110.167.197.24 – 10.167.197.2510.167.197.25
14210.167.197.26/3110.167.197.26 – 10.167.197.2710.167.197.27
14310.167.197.28/3110.167.197.28 – 10.167.197.2910.167.197.29
14410.167.197.30/3110.167.197.30 – 10.167.197.3110.167.197.31
14510.167.197.32/3110.167.197.32 – 10.167.197.3310.167.197.33
14610.167.197.34/3110.167.197.34 – 10.167.197.3510.167.197.35
14710.167.197.36/3110.167.197.36 – 10.167.197.3710.167.197.37
14810.167.197.38/3110.167.197.38 – 10.167.197.3910.167.197.39
14910.167.197.40/3110.167.197.40 – 10.167.197.4110.167.197.41
15010.167.197.42/3110.167.197.42 – 10.167.197.4310.167.197.43
15110.167.197.44/3110.167.197.44 – 10.167.197.4510.167.197.45
15210.167.197.46/3110.167.197.46 – 10.167.197.4710.167.197.47
15310.167.197.48/3110.167.197.48 – 10.167.197.4910.167.197.49
15410.167.197.50/3110.167.197.50 – 10.167.197.5110.167.197.51
15510.167.197.52/3110.167.197.52 – 10.167.197.5310.167.197.53
15610.167.197.54/3110.167.197.54 – 10.167.197.5510.167.197.55
15710.167.197.56/3110.167.197.56 – 10.167.197.5710.167.197.57
15810.167.197.58/3110.167.197.58 – 10.167.197.5910.167.197.59
15910.167.197.60/3110.167.197.60 – 10.167.197.6110.167.197.61
16010.167.197.62/3110.167.197.62 – 10.167.197.6310.167.197.63
16110.167.197.64/3110.167.197.64 – 10.167.197.6510.167.197.65
16210.167.197.66/3110.167.197.66 – 10.167.197.6710.167.197.67
16310.167.197.68/3110.167.197.68 – 10.167.197.6910.167.197.69
16410.167.197.70/3110.167.197.70 – 10.167.197.7110.167.197.71
16510.167.197.72/3110.167.197.72 – 10.167.197.7310.167.197.73
16610.167.197.74/3110.167.197.74 – 10.167.197.7510.167.197.75
16710.167.197.76/3110.167.197.76 – 10.167.197.7710.167.197.77
16810.167.197.78/3110.167.197.78 – 10.167.197.7910.167.197.79
16910.167.197.80/3110.167.197.80 – 10.167.197.8110.167.197.81
17010.167.197.82/3110.167.197.82 – 10.167.197.8310.167.197.83
17110.167.197.84/3110.167.197.84 – 10.167.197.8510.167.197.85
17210.167.197.86/3110.167.197.86 – 10.167.197.8710.167.197.87
17310.167.197.88/3110.167.197.88 – 10.167.197.8910.167.197.89
17410.167.197.90/3110.167.197.90 – 10.167.197.9110.167.197.91
17510.167.197.92/3110.167.197.92 – 10.167.197.9310.167.197.93
17610.167.197.94/3110.167.197.94 – 10.167.197.9510.167.197.95
17710.167.197.96/3110.167.197.96 – 10.167.197.9710.167.197.97
17810.167.197.98/3110.167.197.98 – 10.167.197.9910.167.197.99
17910.167.197.100/3110.167.197.100 – 10.167.197.10110.167.197.101
18010.167.197.102/3110.167.197.102 – 10.167.197.10310.167.197.103
18110.167.197.104/3110.167.197.104 – 10.167.197.10510.167.197.105
18210.167.197.106/3110.167.197.106 – 10.167.197.10710.167.197.107
18310.167.197.108/3110.167.197.108 – 10.167.197.10910.167.197.109
18410.167.197.110/3110.167.197.110 – 10.167.197.11110.167.197.111
18510.167.197.112/3110.167.197.112 – 10.167.197.11310.167.197.113
18610.167.197.114/3110.167.197.114 – 10.167.197.11510.167.197.115
18710.167.197.116/3110.167.197.116 – 10.167.197.11710.167.197.117
18810.167.197.118/3110.167.197.118 – 10.167.197.11910.167.197.119
18910.167.197.120/3110.167.197.120 – 10.167.197.12110.167.197.121
19010.167.197.122/3110.167.197.122 – 10.167.197.12310.167.197.123
19110.167.197.124/3110.167.197.124 – 10.167.197.12510.167.197.125
19210.167.197.126/3110.167.197.126 – 10.167.197.12710.167.197.127
19310.167.197.128/3110.167.197.128 – 10.167.197.12910.167.197.129
19410.167.197.130/3110.167.197.130 – 10.167.197.13110.167.197.131
19510.167.197.132/3110.167.197.132 – 10.167.197.13310.167.197.133
19610.167.197.134/3110.167.197.134 – 10.167.197.13510.167.197.135
19710.167.197.136/3110.167.197.136 – 10.167.197.13710.167.197.137
19810.167.197.138/3110.167.197.138 – 10.167.197.13910.167.197.139
19910.167.197.140/3110.167.197.140 – 10.167.197.14110.167.197.141
20010.167.197.142/3110.167.197.142 – 10.167.197.14310.167.197.143
20110.167.197.144/3110.167.197.144 – 10.167.197.14510.167.197.145
20210.167.197.146/3110.167.197.146 – 10.167.197.14710.167.197.147
20310.167.197.148/3110.167.197.148 – 10.167.197.14910.167.197.149
20410.167.197.150/3110.167.197.150 – 10.167.197.15110.167.197.151
20510.167.197.152/3110.167.197.152 – 10.167.197.15310.167.197.153
20610.167.197.154/3110.167.197.154 – 10.167.197.15510.167.197.155
20710.167.197.156/3110.167.197.156 – 10.167.197.15710.167.197.157
20810.167.197.158/3110.167.197.158 – 10.167.197.15910.167.197.159
20910.167.197.160/3110.167.197.160 – 10.167.197.16110.167.197.161
21010.167.197.162/3110.167.197.162 – 10.167.197.16310.167.197.163
21110.167.197.164/3110.167.197.164 – 10.167.197.16510.167.197.165
21210.167.197.166/3110.167.197.166 – 10.167.197.16710.167.197.167
21310.167.197.168/3110.167.197.168 – 10.167.197.16910.167.197.169
21410.167.197.170/3110.167.197.170 – 10.167.197.17110.167.197.171
21510.167.197.172/3110.167.197.172 – 10.167.197.17310.167.197.173
21610.167.197.174/3110.167.197.174 – 10.167.197.17510.167.197.175
21710.167.197.176/3110.167.197.176 – 10.167.197.17710.167.197.177
21810.167.197.178/3110.167.197.178 – 10.167.197.17910.167.197.179
21910.167.197.180/3110.167.197.180 – 10.167.197.18110.167.197.181
22010.167.197.182/3110.167.197.182 – 10.167.197.18310.167.197.183
22110.167.197.184/3110.167.197.184 – 10.167.197.18510.167.197.185
22210.167.197.186/3110.167.197.186 – 10.167.197.18710.167.197.187
22310.167.197.188/3110.167.197.188 – 10.167.197.18910.167.197.189
22410.167.197.190/3110.167.197.190 – 10.167.197.19110.167.197.191
22510.167.197.192/3110.167.197.192 – 10.167.197.19310.167.197.193
22610.167.197.194/3110.167.197.194 – 10.167.197.19510.167.197.195
22710.167.197.196/3110.167.197.196 – 10.167.197.19710.167.197.197
22810.167.197.198/3110.167.197.198 – 10.167.197.19910.167.197.199
22910.167.197.200/3110.167.197.200 – 10.167.197.20110.167.197.201
23010.167.197.202/3110.167.197.202 – 10.167.197.20310.167.197.203
23110.167.197.204/3110.167.197.204 – 10.167.197.20510.167.197.205
23210.167.197.206/3110.167.197.206 – 10.167.197.20710.167.197.207
23310.167.197.208/3110.167.197.208 – 10.167.197.20910.167.197.209
23410.167.197.210/3110.167.197.210 – 10.167.197.21110.167.197.211
23510.167.197.212/3110.167.197.212 – 10.167.197.21310.167.197.213
23610.167.197.214/3110.167.197.214 – 10.167.197.21510.167.197.215
23710.167.197.216/3110.167.197.216 – 10.167.197.21710.167.197.217
23810.167.197.218/3110.167.197.218 – 10.167.197.21910.167.197.219
23910.167.197.220/3110.167.197.220 – 10.167.197.22110.167.197.221
24010.167.197.222/3110.167.197.222 – 10.167.197.22310.167.197.223
24110.167.197.224/3110.167.197.224 – 10.167.197.22510.167.197.225
24210.167.197.226/3110.167.197.226 – 10.167.197.22710.167.197.227
24310.167.197.228/3110.167.197.228 – 10.167.197.22910.167.197.229
24410.167.197.230/3110.167.197.230 – 10.167.197.23110.167.197.231
24510.167.197.232/3110.167.197.232 – 10.167.197.23310.167.197.233
24610.167.197.234/3110.167.197.234 – 10.167.197.23510.167.197.235
24710.167.197.236/3110.167.197.236 – 10.167.197.23710.167.197.237
24810.167.197.238/3110.167.197.238 – 10.167.197.23910.167.197.239
24910.167.197.240/3110.167.197.240 – 10.167.197.24110.167.197.241
25010.167.197.242/3110.167.197.242 – 10.167.197.24310.167.197.243
25110.167.197.244/3110.167.197.244 – 10.167.197.24510.167.197.245
25210.167.197.246/3110.167.197.246 – 10.167.197.24710.167.197.247
25310.167.197.248/3110.167.197.248 – 10.167.197.24910.167.197.249
25410.167.197.250/3110.167.197.250 – 10.167.197.25110.167.197.251
25510.167.197.252/3110.167.197.252 – 10.167.197.25310.167.197.253
25610.167.197.254/3110.167.197.254 – 10.167.197.25510.167.197.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →