ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.180.0/23
network10.167.180.0/23
broadcast10.167.181.255
first host10.167.180.1
last host10.167.181.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.180.0/23
address00001010.10100111.10110100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.10110100.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.10110101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa7b400
decimal178762752
reverse dns0.180.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:b400

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.180.0/3110.167.180.0 – 10.167.180.110.167.180.1
210.167.180.2/3110.167.180.2 – 10.167.180.310.167.180.3
310.167.180.4/3110.167.180.4 – 10.167.180.510.167.180.5
410.167.180.6/3110.167.180.6 – 10.167.180.710.167.180.7
510.167.180.8/3110.167.180.8 – 10.167.180.910.167.180.9
610.167.180.10/3110.167.180.10 – 10.167.180.1110.167.180.11
710.167.180.12/3110.167.180.12 – 10.167.180.1310.167.180.13
810.167.180.14/3110.167.180.14 – 10.167.180.1510.167.180.15
910.167.180.16/3110.167.180.16 – 10.167.180.1710.167.180.17
1010.167.180.18/3110.167.180.18 – 10.167.180.1910.167.180.19
1110.167.180.20/3110.167.180.20 – 10.167.180.2110.167.180.21
1210.167.180.22/3110.167.180.22 – 10.167.180.2310.167.180.23
1310.167.180.24/3110.167.180.24 – 10.167.180.2510.167.180.25
1410.167.180.26/3110.167.180.26 – 10.167.180.2710.167.180.27
1510.167.180.28/3110.167.180.28 – 10.167.180.2910.167.180.29
1610.167.180.30/3110.167.180.30 – 10.167.180.3110.167.180.31
1710.167.180.32/3110.167.180.32 – 10.167.180.3310.167.180.33
1810.167.180.34/3110.167.180.34 – 10.167.180.3510.167.180.35
1910.167.180.36/3110.167.180.36 – 10.167.180.3710.167.180.37
2010.167.180.38/3110.167.180.38 – 10.167.180.3910.167.180.39
2110.167.180.40/3110.167.180.40 – 10.167.180.4110.167.180.41
2210.167.180.42/3110.167.180.42 – 10.167.180.4310.167.180.43
2310.167.180.44/3110.167.180.44 – 10.167.180.4510.167.180.45
2410.167.180.46/3110.167.180.46 – 10.167.180.4710.167.180.47
2510.167.180.48/3110.167.180.48 – 10.167.180.4910.167.180.49
2610.167.180.50/3110.167.180.50 – 10.167.180.5110.167.180.51
2710.167.180.52/3110.167.180.52 – 10.167.180.5310.167.180.53
2810.167.180.54/3110.167.180.54 – 10.167.180.5510.167.180.55
2910.167.180.56/3110.167.180.56 – 10.167.180.5710.167.180.57
3010.167.180.58/3110.167.180.58 – 10.167.180.5910.167.180.59
3110.167.180.60/3110.167.180.60 – 10.167.180.6110.167.180.61
3210.167.180.62/3110.167.180.62 – 10.167.180.6310.167.180.63
3310.167.180.64/3110.167.180.64 – 10.167.180.6510.167.180.65
3410.167.180.66/3110.167.180.66 – 10.167.180.6710.167.180.67
3510.167.180.68/3110.167.180.68 – 10.167.180.6910.167.180.69
3610.167.180.70/3110.167.180.70 – 10.167.180.7110.167.180.71
3710.167.180.72/3110.167.180.72 – 10.167.180.7310.167.180.73
3810.167.180.74/3110.167.180.74 – 10.167.180.7510.167.180.75
3910.167.180.76/3110.167.180.76 – 10.167.180.7710.167.180.77
4010.167.180.78/3110.167.180.78 – 10.167.180.7910.167.180.79
4110.167.180.80/3110.167.180.80 – 10.167.180.8110.167.180.81
4210.167.180.82/3110.167.180.82 – 10.167.180.8310.167.180.83
4310.167.180.84/3110.167.180.84 – 10.167.180.8510.167.180.85
4410.167.180.86/3110.167.180.86 – 10.167.180.8710.167.180.87
4510.167.180.88/3110.167.180.88 – 10.167.180.8910.167.180.89
4610.167.180.90/3110.167.180.90 – 10.167.180.9110.167.180.91
4710.167.180.92/3110.167.180.92 – 10.167.180.9310.167.180.93
4810.167.180.94/3110.167.180.94 – 10.167.180.9510.167.180.95
4910.167.180.96/3110.167.180.96 – 10.167.180.9710.167.180.97
5010.167.180.98/3110.167.180.98 – 10.167.180.9910.167.180.99
5110.167.180.100/3110.167.180.100 – 10.167.180.10110.167.180.101
5210.167.180.102/3110.167.180.102 – 10.167.180.10310.167.180.103
5310.167.180.104/3110.167.180.104 – 10.167.180.10510.167.180.105
5410.167.180.106/3110.167.180.106 – 10.167.180.10710.167.180.107
5510.167.180.108/3110.167.180.108 – 10.167.180.10910.167.180.109
5610.167.180.110/3110.167.180.110 – 10.167.180.11110.167.180.111
5710.167.180.112/3110.167.180.112 – 10.167.180.11310.167.180.113
5810.167.180.114/3110.167.180.114 – 10.167.180.11510.167.180.115
5910.167.180.116/3110.167.180.116 – 10.167.180.11710.167.180.117
6010.167.180.118/3110.167.180.118 – 10.167.180.11910.167.180.119
6110.167.180.120/3110.167.180.120 – 10.167.180.12110.167.180.121
6210.167.180.122/3110.167.180.122 – 10.167.180.12310.167.180.123
6310.167.180.124/3110.167.180.124 – 10.167.180.12510.167.180.125
6410.167.180.126/3110.167.180.126 – 10.167.180.12710.167.180.127
6510.167.180.128/3110.167.180.128 – 10.167.180.12910.167.180.129
6610.167.180.130/3110.167.180.130 – 10.167.180.13110.167.180.131
6710.167.180.132/3110.167.180.132 – 10.167.180.13310.167.180.133
6810.167.180.134/3110.167.180.134 – 10.167.180.13510.167.180.135
6910.167.180.136/3110.167.180.136 – 10.167.180.13710.167.180.137
7010.167.180.138/3110.167.180.138 – 10.167.180.13910.167.180.139
7110.167.180.140/3110.167.180.140 – 10.167.180.14110.167.180.141
7210.167.180.142/3110.167.180.142 – 10.167.180.14310.167.180.143
7310.167.180.144/3110.167.180.144 – 10.167.180.14510.167.180.145
7410.167.180.146/3110.167.180.146 – 10.167.180.14710.167.180.147
7510.167.180.148/3110.167.180.148 – 10.167.180.14910.167.180.149
7610.167.180.150/3110.167.180.150 – 10.167.180.15110.167.180.151
7710.167.180.152/3110.167.180.152 – 10.167.180.15310.167.180.153
7810.167.180.154/3110.167.180.154 – 10.167.180.15510.167.180.155
7910.167.180.156/3110.167.180.156 – 10.167.180.15710.167.180.157
8010.167.180.158/3110.167.180.158 – 10.167.180.15910.167.180.159
8110.167.180.160/3110.167.180.160 – 10.167.180.16110.167.180.161
8210.167.180.162/3110.167.180.162 – 10.167.180.16310.167.180.163
8310.167.180.164/3110.167.180.164 – 10.167.180.16510.167.180.165
8410.167.180.166/3110.167.180.166 – 10.167.180.16710.167.180.167
8510.167.180.168/3110.167.180.168 – 10.167.180.16910.167.180.169
8610.167.180.170/3110.167.180.170 – 10.167.180.17110.167.180.171
8710.167.180.172/3110.167.180.172 – 10.167.180.17310.167.180.173
8810.167.180.174/3110.167.180.174 – 10.167.180.17510.167.180.175
8910.167.180.176/3110.167.180.176 – 10.167.180.17710.167.180.177
9010.167.180.178/3110.167.180.178 – 10.167.180.17910.167.180.179
9110.167.180.180/3110.167.180.180 – 10.167.180.18110.167.180.181
9210.167.180.182/3110.167.180.182 – 10.167.180.18310.167.180.183
9310.167.180.184/3110.167.180.184 – 10.167.180.18510.167.180.185
9410.167.180.186/3110.167.180.186 – 10.167.180.18710.167.180.187
9510.167.180.188/3110.167.180.188 – 10.167.180.18910.167.180.189
9610.167.180.190/3110.167.180.190 – 10.167.180.19110.167.180.191
9710.167.180.192/3110.167.180.192 – 10.167.180.19310.167.180.193
9810.167.180.194/3110.167.180.194 – 10.167.180.19510.167.180.195
9910.167.180.196/3110.167.180.196 – 10.167.180.19710.167.180.197
10010.167.180.198/3110.167.180.198 – 10.167.180.19910.167.180.199
10110.167.180.200/3110.167.180.200 – 10.167.180.20110.167.180.201
10210.167.180.202/3110.167.180.202 – 10.167.180.20310.167.180.203
10310.167.180.204/3110.167.180.204 – 10.167.180.20510.167.180.205
10410.167.180.206/3110.167.180.206 – 10.167.180.20710.167.180.207
10510.167.180.208/3110.167.180.208 – 10.167.180.20910.167.180.209
10610.167.180.210/3110.167.180.210 – 10.167.180.21110.167.180.211
10710.167.180.212/3110.167.180.212 – 10.167.180.21310.167.180.213
10810.167.180.214/3110.167.180.214 – 10.167.180.21510.167.180.215
10910.167.180.216/3110.167.180.216 – 10.167.180.21710.167.180.217
11010.167.180.218/3110.167.180.218 – 10.167.180.21910.167.180.219
11110.167.180.220/3110.167.180.220 – 10.167.180.22110.167.180.221
11210.167.180.222/3110.167.180.222 – 10.167.180.22310.167.180.223
11310.167.180.224/3110.167.180.224 – 10.167.180.22510.167.180.225
11410.167.180.226/3110.167.180.226 – 10.167.180.22710.167.180.227
11510.167.180.228/3110.167.180.228 – 10.167.180.22910.167.180.229
11610.167.180.230/3110.167.180.230 – 10.167.180.23110.167.180.231
11710.167.180.232/3110.167.180.232 – 10.167.180.23310.167.180.233
11810.167.180.234/3110.167.180.234 – 10.167.180.23510.167.180.235
11910.167.180.236/3110.167.180.236 – 10.167.180.23710.167.180.237
12010.167.180.238/3110.167.180.238 – 10.167.180.23910.167.180.239
12110.167.180.240/3110.167.180.240 – 10.167.180.24110.167.180.241
12210.167.180.242/3110.167.180.242 – 10.167.180.24310.167.180.243
12310.167.180.244/3110.167.180.244 – 10.167.180.24510.167.180.245
12410.167.180.246/3110.167.180.246 – 10.167.180.24710.167.180.247
12510.167.180.248/3110.167.180.248 – 10.167.180.24910.167.180.249
12610.167.180.250/3110.167.180.250 – 10.167.180.25110.167.180.251
12710.167.180.252/3110.167.180.252 – 10.167.180.25310.167.180.253
12810.167.180.254/3110.167.180.254 – 10.167.180.25510.167.180.255
12910.167.181.0/3110.167.181.0 – 10.167.181.110.167.181.1
13010.167.181.2/3110.167.181.2 – 10.167.181.310.167.181.3
13110.167.181.4/3110.167.181.4 – 10.167.181.510.167.181.5
13210.167.181.6/3110.167.181.6 – 10.167.181.710.167.181.7
13310.167.181.8/3110.167.181.8 – 10.167.181.910.167.181.9
13410.167.181.10/3110.167.181.10 – 10.167.181.1110.167.181.11
13510.167.181.12/3110.167.181.12 – 10.167.181.1310.167.181.13
13610.167.181.14/3110.167.181.14 – 10.167.181.1510.167.181.15
13710.167.181.16/3110.167.181.16 – 10.167.181.1710.167.181.17
13810.167.181.18/3110.167.181.18 – 10.167.181.1910.167.181.19
13910.167.181.20/3110.167.181.20 – 10.167.181.2110.167.181.21
14010.167.181.22/3110.167.181.22 – 10.167.181.2310.167.181.23
14110.167.181.24/3110.167.181.24 – 10.167.181.2510.167.181.25
14210.167.181.26/3110.167.181.26 – 10.167.181.2710.167.181.27
14310.167.181.28/3110.167.181.28 – 10.167.181.2910.167.181.29
14410.167.181.30/3110.167.181.30 – 10.167.181.3110.167.181.31
14510.167.181.32/3110.167.181.32 – 10.167.181.3310.167.181.33
14610.167.181.34/3110.167.181.34 – 10.167.181.3510.167.181.35
14710.167.181.36/3110.167.181.36 – 10.167.181.3710.167.181.37
14810.167.181.38/3110.167.181.38 – 10.167.181.3910.167.181.39
14910.167.181.40/3110.167.181.40 – 10.167.181.4110.167.181.41
15010.167.181.42/3110.167.181.42 – 10.167.181.4310.167.181.43
15110.167.181.44/3110.167.181.44 – 10.167.181.4510.167.181.45
15210.167.181.46/3110.167.181.46 – 10.167.181.4710.167.181.47
15310.167.181.48/3110.167.181.48 – 10.167.181.4910.167.181.49
15410.167.181.50/3110.167.181.50 – 10.167.181.5110.167.181.51
15510.167.181.52/3110.167.181.52 – 10.167.181.5310.167.181.53
15610.167.181.54/3110.167.181.54 – 10.167.181.5510.167.181.55
15710.167.181.56/3110.167.181.56 – 10.167.181.5710.167.181.57
15810.167.181.58/3110.167.181.58 – 10.167.181.5910.167.181.59
15910.167.181.60/3110.167.181.60 – 10.167.181.6110.167.181.61
16010.167.181.62/3110.167.181.62 – 10.167.181.6310.167.181.63
16110.167.181.64/3110.167.181.64 – 10.167.181.6510.167.181.65
16210.167.181.66/3110.167.181.66 – 10.167.181.6710.167.181.67
16310.167.181.68/3110.167.181.68 – 10.167.181.6910.167.181.69
16410.167.181.70/3110.167.181.70 – 10.167.181.7110.167.181.71
16510.167.181.72/3110.167.181.72 – 10.167.181.7310.167.181.73
16610.167.181.74/3110.167.181.74 – 10.167.181.7510.167.181.75
16710.167.181.76/3110.167.181.76 – 10.167.181.7710.167.181.77
16810.167.181.78/3110.167.181.78 – 10.167.181.7910.167.181.79
16910.167.181.80/3110.167.181.80 – 10.167.181.8110.167.181.81
17010.167.181.82/3110.167.181.82 – 10.167.181.8310.167.181.83
17110.167.181.84/3110.167.181.84 – 10.167.181.8510.167.181.85
17210.167.181.86/3110.167.181.86 – 10.167.181.8710.167.181.87
17310.167.181.88/3110.167.181.88 – 10.167.181.8910.167.181.89
17410.167.181.90/3110.167.181.90 – 10.167.181.9110.167.181.91
17510.167.181.92/3110.167.181.92 – 10.167.181.9310.167.181.93
17610.167.181.94/3110.167.181.94 – 10.167.181.9510.167.181.95
17710.167.181.96/3110.167.181.96 – 10.167.181.9710.167.181.97
17810.167.181.98/3110.167.181.98 – 10.167.181.9910.167.181.99
17910.167.181.100/3110.167.181.100 – 10.167.181.10110.167.181.101
18010.167.181.102/3110.167.181.102 – 10.167.181.10310.167.181.103
18110.167.181.104/3110.167.181.104 – 10.167.181.10510.167.181.105
18210.167.181.106/3110.167.181.106 – 10.167.181.10710.167.181.107
18310.167.181.108/3110.167.181.108 – 10.167.181.10910.167.181.109
18410.167.181.110/3110.167.181.110 – 10.167.181.11110.167.181.111
18510.167.181.112/3110.167.181.112 – 10.167.181.11310.167.181.113
18610.167.181.114/3110.167.181.114 – 10.167.181.11510.167.181.115
18710.167.181.116/3110.167.181.116 – 10.167.181.11710.167.181.117
18810.167.181.118/3110.167.181.118 – 10.167.181.11910.167.181.119
18910.167.181.120/3110.167.181.120 – 10.167.181.12110.167.181.121
19010.167.181.122/3110.167.181.122 – 10.167.181.12310.167.181.123
19110.167.181.124/3110.167.181.124 – 10.167.181.12510.167.181.125
19210.167.181.126/3110.167.181.126 – 10.167.181.12710.167.181.127
19310.167.181.128/3110.167.181.128 – 10.167.181.12910.167.181.129
19410.167.181.130/3110.167.181.130 – 10.167.181.13110.167.181.131
19510.167.181.132/3110.167.181.132 – 10.167.181.13310.167.181.133
19610.167.181.134/3110.167.181.134 – 10.167.181.13510.167.181.135
19710.167.181.136/3110.167.181.136 – 10.167.181.13710.167.181.137
19810.167.181.138/3110.167.181.138 – 10.167.181.13910.167.181.139
19910.167.181.140/3110.167.181.140 – 10.167.181.14110.167.181.141
20010.167.181.142/3110.167.181.142 – 10.167.181.14310.167.181.143
20110.167.181.144/3110.167.181.144 – 10.167.181.14510.167.181.145
20210.167.181.146/3110.167.181.146 – 10.167.181.14710.167.181.147
20310.167.181.148/3110.167.181.148 – 10.167.181.14910.167.181.149
20410.167.181.150/3110.167.181.150 – 10.167.181.15110.167.181.151
20510.167.181.152/3110.167.181.152 – 10.167.181.15310.167.181.153
20610.167.181.154/3110.167.181.154 – 10.167.181.15510.167.181.155
20710.167.181.156/3110.167.181.156 – 10.167.181.15710.167.181.157
20810.167.181.158/3110.167.181.158 – 10.167.181.15910.167.181.159
20910.167.181.160/3110.167.181.160 – 10.167.181.16110.167.181.161
21010.167.181.162/3110.167.181.162 – 10.167.181.16310.167.181.163
21110.167.181.164/3110.167.181.164 – 10.167.181.16510.167.181.165
21210.167.181.166/3110.167.181.166 – 10.167.181.16710.167.181.167
21310.167.181.168/3110.167.181.168 – 10.167.181.16910.167.181.169
21410.167.181.170/3110.167.181.170 – 10.167.181.17110.167.181.171
21510.167.181.172/3110.167.181.172 – 10.167.181.17310.167.181.173
21610.167.181.174/3110.167.181.174 – 10.167.181.17510.167.181.175
21710.167.181.176/3110.167.181.176 – 10.167.181.17710.167.181.177
21810.167.181.178/3110.167.181.178 – 10.167.181.17910.167.181.179
21910.167.181.180/3110.167.181.180 – 10.167.181.18110.167.181.181
22010.167.181.182/3110.167.181.182 – 10.167.181.18310.167.181.183
22110.167.181.184/3110.167.181.184 – 10.167.181.18510.167.181.185
22210.167.181.186/3110.167.181.186 – 10.167.181.18710.167.181.187
22310.167.181.188/3110.167.181.188 – 10.167.181.18910.167.181.189
22410.167.181.190/3110.167.181.190 – 10.167.181.19110.167.181.191
22510.167.181.192/3110.167.181.192 – 10.167.181.19310.167.181.193
22610.167.181.194/3110.167.181.194 – 10.167.181.19510.167.181.195
22710.167.181.196/3110.167.181.196 – 10.167.181.19710.167.181.197
22810.167.181.198/3110.167.181.198 – 10.167.181.19910.167.181.199
22910.167.181.200/3110.167.181.200 – 10.167.181.20110.167.181.201
23010.167.181.202/3110.167.181.202 – 10.167.181.20310.167.181.203
23110.167.181.204/3110.167.181.204 – 10.167.181.20510.167.181.205
23210.167.181.206/3110.167.181.206 – 10.167.181.20710.167.181.207
23310.167.181.208/3110.167.181.208 – 10.167.181.20910.167.181.209
23410.167.181.210/3110.167.181.210 – 10.167.181.21110.167.181.211
23510.167.181.212/3110.167.181.212 – 10.167.181.21310.167.181.213
23610.167.181.214/3110.167.181.214 – 10.167.181.21510.167.181.215
23710.167.181.216/3110.167.181.216 – 10.167.181.21710.167.181.217
23810.167.181.218/3110.167.181.218 – 10.167.181.21910.167.181.219
23910.167.181.220/3110.167.181.220 – 10.167.181.22110.167.181.221
24010.167.181.222/3110.167.181.222 – 10.167.181.22310.167.181.223
24110.167.181.224/3110.167.181.224 – 10.167.181.22510.167.181.225
24210.167.181.226/3110.167.181.226 – 10.167.181.22710.167.181.227
24310.167.181.228/3110.167.181.228 – 10.167.181.22910.167.181.229
24410.167.181.230/3110.167.181.230 – 10.167.181.23110.167.181.231
24510.167.181.232/3110.167.181.232 – 10.167.181.23310.167.181.233
24610.167.181.234/3110.167.181.234 – 10.167.181.23510.167.181.235
24710.167.181.236/3110.167.181.236 – 10.167.181.23710.167.181.237
24810.167.181.238/3110.167.181.238 – 10.167.181.23910.167.181.239
24910.167.181.240/3110.167.181.240 – 10.167.181.24110.167.181.241
25010.167.181.242/3110.167.181.242 – 10.167.181.24310.167.181.243
25110.167.181.244/3110.167.181.244 – 10.167.181.24510.167.181.245
25210.167.181.246/3110.167.181.246 – 10.167.181.24710.167.181.247
25310.167.181.248/3110.167.181.248 – 10.167.181.24910.167.181.249
25410.167.181.250/3110.167.181.250 – 10.167.181.25110.167.181.251
25510.167.181.252/3110.167.181.252 – 10.167.181.25310.167.181.253
25610.167.181.254/3110.167.181.254 – 10.167.181.25510.167.181.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →