ip
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IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.168.0/23
network10.167.168.0/23
broadcast10.167.169.255
first host10.167.168.1
last host10.167.169.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.168.0/23
address00001010.10100111.10101000.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.10101000.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.10101001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa7a800
decimal178759680
reverse dns0.168.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:a800

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.168.0/3110.167.168.0 – 10.167.168.110.167.168.1
210.167.168.2/3110.167.168.2 – 10.167.168.310.167.168.3
310.167.168.4/3110.167.168.4 – 10.167.168.510.167.168.5
410.167.168.6/3110.167.168.6 – 10.167.168.710.167.168.7
510.167.168.8/3110.167.168.8 – 10.167.168.910.167.168.9
610.167.168.10/3110.167.168.10 – 10.167.168.1110.167.168.11
710.167.168.12/3110.167.168.12 – 10.167.168.1310.167.168.13
810.167.168.14/3110.167.168.14 – 10.167.168.1510.167.168.15
910.167.168.16/3110.167.168.16 – 10.167.168.1710.167.168.17
1010.167.168.18/3110.167.168.18 – 10.167.168.1910.167.168.19
1110.167.168.20/3110.167.168.20 – 10.167.168.2110.167.168.21
1210.167.168.22/3110.167.168.22 – 10.167.168.2310.167.168.23
1310.167.168.24/3110.167.168.24 – 10.167.168.2510.167.168.25
1410.167.168.26/3110.167.168.26 – 10.167.168.2710.167.168.27
1510.167.168.28/3110.167.168.28 – 10.167.168.2910.167.168.29
1610.167.168.30/3110.167.168.30 – 10.167.168.3110.167.168.31
1710.167.168.32/3110.167.168.32 – 10.167.168.3310.167.168.33
1810.167.168.34/3110.167.168.34 – 10.167.168.3510.167.168.35
1910.167.168.36/3110.167.168.36 – 10.167.168.3710.167.168.37
2010.167.168.38/3110.167.168.38 – 10.167.168.3910.167.168.39
2110.167.168.40/3110.167.168.40 – 10.167.168.4110.167.168.41
2210.167.168.42/3110.167.168.42 – 10.167.168.4310.167.168.43
2310.167.168.44/3110.167.168.44 – 10.167.168.4510.167.168.45
2410.167.168.46/3110.167.168.46 – 10.167.168.4710.167.168.47
2510.167.168.48/3110.167.168.48 – 10.167.168.4910.167.168.49
2610.167.168.50/3110.167.168.50 – 10.167.168.5110.167.168.51
2710.167.168.52/3110.167.168.52 – 10.167.168.5310.167.168.53
2810.167.168.54/3110.167.168.54 – 10.167.168.5510.167.168.55
2910.167.168.56/3110.167.168.56 – 10.167.168.5710.167.168.57
3010.167.168.58/3110.167.168.58 – 10.167.168.5910.167.168.59
3110.167.168.60/3110.167.168.60 – 10.167.168.6110.167.168.61
3210.167.168.62/3110.167.168.62 – 10.167.168.6310.167.168.63
3310.167.168.64/3110.167.168.64 – 10.167.168.6510.167.168.65
3410.167.168.66/3110.167.168.66 – 10.167.168.6710.167.168.67
3510.167.168.68/3110.167.168.68 – 10.167.168.6910.167.168.69
3610.167.168.70/3110.167.168.70 – 10.167.168.7110.167.168.71
3710.167.168.72/3110.167.168.72 – 10.167.168.7310.167.168.73
3810.167.168.74/3110.167.168.74 – 10.167.168.7510.167.168.75
3910.167.168.76/3110.167.168.76 – 10.167.168.7710.167.168.77
4010.167.168.78/3110.167.168.78 – 10.167.168.7910.167.168.79
4110.167.168.80/3110.167.168.80 – 10.167.168.8110.167.168.81
4210.167.168.82/3110.167.168.82 – 10.167.168.8310.167.168.83
4310.167.168.84/3110.167.168.84 – 10.167.168.8510.167.168.85
4410.167.168.86/3110.167.168.86 – 10.167.168.8710.167.168.87
4510.167.168.88/3110.167.168.88 – 10.167.168.8910.167.168.89
4610.167.168.90/3110.167.168.90 – 10.167.168.9110.167.168.91
4710.167.168.92/3110.167.168.92 – 10.167.168.9310.167.168.93
4810.167.168.94/3110.167.168.94 – 10.167.168.9510.167.168.95
4910.167.168.96/3110.167.168.96 – 10.167.168.9710.167.168.97
5010.167.168.98/3110.167.168.98 – 10.167.168.9910.167.168.99
5110.167.168.100/3110.167.168.100 – 10.167.168.10110.167.168.101
5210.167.168.102/3110.167.168.102 – 10.167.168.10310.167.168.103
5310.167.168.104/3110.167.168.104 – 10.167.168.10510.167.168.105
5410.167.168.106/3110.167.168.106 – 10.167.168.10710.167.168.107
5510.167.168.108/3110.167.168.108 – 10.167.168.10910.167.168.109
5610.167.168.110/3110.167.168.110 – 10.167.168.11110.167.168.111
5710.167.168.112/3110.167.168.112 – 10.167.168.11310.167.168.113
5810.167.168.114/3110.167.168.114 – 10.167.168.11510.167.168.115
5910.167.168.116/3110.167.168.116 – 10.167.168.11710.167.168.117
6010.167.168.118/3110.167.168.118 – 10.167.168.11910.167.168.119
6110.167.168.120/3110.167.168.120 – 10.167.168.12110.167.168.121
6210.167.168.122/3110.167.168.122 – 10.167.168.12310.167.168.123
6310.167.168.124/3110.167.168.124 – 10.167.168.12510.167.168.125
6410.167.168.126/3110.167.168.126 – 10.167.168.12710.167.168.127
6510.167.168.128/3110.167.168.128 – 10.167.168.12910.167.168.129
6610.167.168.130/3110.167.168.130 – 10.167.168.13110.167.168.131
6710.167.168.132/3110.167.168.132 – 10.167.168.13310.167.168.133
6810.167.168.134/3110.167.168.134 – 10.167.168.13510.167.168.135
6910.167.168.136/3110.167.168.136 – 10.167.168.13710.167.168.137
7010.167.168.138/3110.167.168.138 – 10.167.168.13910.167.168.139
7110.167.168.140/3110.167.168.140 – 10.167.168.14110.167.168.141
7210.167.168.142/3110.167.168.142 – 10.167.168.14310.167.168.143
7310.167.168.144/3110.167.168.144 – 10.167.168.14510.167.168.145
7410.167.168.146/3110.167.168.146 – 10.167.168.14710.167.168.147
7510.167.168.148/3110.167.168.148 – 10.167.168.14910.167.168.149
7610.167.168.150/3110.167.168.150 – 10.167.168.15110.167.168.151
7710.167.168.152/3110.167.168.152 – 10.167.168.15310.167.168.153
7810.167.168.154/3110.167.168.154 – 10.167.168.15510.167.168.155
7910.167.168.156/3110.167.168.156 – 10.167.168.15710.167.168.157
8010.167.168.158/3110.167.168.158 – 10.167.168.15910.167.168.159
8110.167.168.160/3110.167.168.160 – 10.167.168.16110.167.168.161
8210.167.168.162/3110.167.168.162 – 10.167.168.16310.167.168.163
8310.167.168.164/3110.167.168.164 – 10.167.168.16510.167.168.165
8410.167.168.166/3110.167.168.166 – 10.167.168.16710.167.168.167
8510.167.168.168/3110.167.168.168 – 10.167.168.16910.167.168.169
8610.167.168.170/3110.167.168.170 – 10.167.168.17110.167.168.171
8710.167.168.172/3110.167.168.172 – 10.167.168.17310.167.168.173
8810.167.168.174/3110.167.168.174 – 10.167.168.17510.167.168.175
8910.167.168.176/3110.167.168.176 – 10.167.168.17710.167.168.177
9010.167.168.178/3110.167.168.178 – 10.167.168.17910.167.168.179
9110.167.168.180/3110.167.168.180 – 10.167.168.18110.167.168.181
9210.167.168.182/3110.167.168.182 – 10.167.168.18310.167.168.183
9310.167.168.184/3110.167.168.184 – 10.167.168.18510.167.168.185
9410.167.168.186/3110.167.168.186 – 10.167.168.18710.167.168.187
9510.167.168.188/3110.167.168.188 – 10.167.168.18910.167.168.189
9610.167.168.190/3110.167.168.190 – 10.167.168.19110.167.168.191
9710.167.168.192/3110.167.168.192 – 10.167.168.19310.167.168.193
9810.167.168.194/3110.167.168.194 – 10.167.168.19510.167.168.195
9910.167.168.196/3110.167.168.196 – 10.167.168.19710.167.168.197
10010.167.168.198/3110.167.168.198 – 10.167.168.19910.167.168.199
10110.167.168.200/3110.167.168.200 – 10.167.168.20110.167.168.201
10210.167.168.202/3110.167.168.202 – 10.167.168.20310.167.168.203
10310.167.168.204/3110.167.168.204 – 10.167.168.20510.167.168.205
10410.167.168.206/3110.167.168.206 – 10.167.168.20710.167.168.207
10510.167.168.208/3110.167.168.208 – 10.167.168.20910.167.168.209
10610.167.168.210/3110.167.168.210 – 10.167.168.21110.167.168.211
10710.167.168.212/3110.167.168.212 – 10.167.168.21310.167.168.213
10810.167.168.214/3110.167.168.214 – 10.167.168.21510.167.168.215
10910.167.168.216/3110.167.168.216 – 10.167.168.21710.167.168.217
11010.167.168.218/3110.167.168.218 – 10.167.168.21910.167.168.219
11110.167.168.220/3110.167.168.220 – 10.167.168.22110.167.168.221
11210.167.168.222/3110.167.168.222 – 10.167.168.22310.167.168.223
11310.167.168.224/3110.167.168.224 – 10.167.168.22510.167.168.225
11410.167.168.226/3110.167.168.226 – 10.167.168.22710.167.168.227
11510.167.168.228/3110.167.168.228 – 10.167.168.22910.167.168.229
11610.167.168.230/3110.167.168.230 – 10.167.168.23110.167.168.231
11710.167.168.232/3110.167.168.232 – 10.167.168.23310.167.168.233
11810.167.168.234/3110.167.168.234 – 10.167.168.23510.167.168.235
11910.167.168.236/3110.167.168.236 – 10.167.168.23710.167.168.237
12010.167.168.238/3110.167.168.238 – 10.167.168.23910.167.168.239
12110.167.168.240/3110.167.168.240 – 10.167.168.24110.167.168.241
12210.167.168.242/3110.167.168.242 – 10.167.168.24310.167.168.243
12310.167.168.244/3110.167.168.244 – 10.167.168.24510.167.168.245
12410.167.168.246/3110.167.168.246 – 10.167.168.24710.167.168.247
12510.167.168.248/3110.167.168.248 – 10.167.168.24910.167.168.249
12610.167.168.250/3110.167.168.250 – 10.167.168.25110.167.168.251
12710.167.168.252/3110.167.168.252 – 10.167.168.25310.167.168.253
12810.167.168.254/3110.167.168.254 – 10.167.168.25510.167.168.255
12910.167.169.0/3110.167.169.0 – 10.167.169.110.167.169.1
13010.167.169.2/3110.167.169.2 – 10.167.169.310.167.169.3
13110.167.169.4/3110.167.169.4 – 10.167.169.510.167.169.5
13210.167.169.6/3110.167.169.6 – 10.167.169.710.167.169.7
13310.167.169.8/3110.167.169.8 – 10.167.169.910.167.169.9
13410.167.169.10/3110.167.169.10 – 10.167.169.1110.167.169.11
13510.167.169.12/3110.167.169.12 – 10.167.169.1310.167.169.13
13610.167.169.14/3110.167.169.14 – 10.167.169.1510.167.169.15
13710.167.169.16/3110.167.169.16 – 10.167.169.1710.167.169.17
13810.167.169.18/3110.167.169.18 – 10.167.169.1910.167.169.19
13910.167.169.20/3110.167.169.20 – 10.167.169.2110.167.169.21
14010.167.169.22/3110.167.169.22 – 10.167.169.2310.167.169.23
14110.167.169.24/3110.167.169.24 – 10.167.169.2510.167.169.25
14210.167.169.26/3110.167.169.26 – 10.167.169.2710.167.169.27
14310.167.169.28/3110.167.169.28 – 10.167.169.2910.167.169.29
14410.167.169.30/3110.167.169.30 – 10.167.169.3110.167.169.31
14510.167.169.32/3110.167.169.32 – 10.167.169.3310.167.169.33
14610.167.169.34/3110.167.169.34 – 10.167.169.3510.167.169.35
14710.167.169.36/3110.167.169.36 – 10.167.169.3710.167.169.37
14810.167.169.38/3110.167.169.38 – 10.167.169.3910.167.169.39
14910.167.169.40/3110.167.169.40 – 10.167.169.4110.167.169.41
15010.167.169.42/3110.167.169.42 – 10.167.169.4310.167.169.43
15110.167.169.44/3110.167.169.44 – 10.167.169.4510.167.169.45
15210.167.169.46/3110.167.169.46 – 10.167.169.4710.167.169.47
15310.167.169.48/3110.167.169.48 – 10.167.169.4910.167.169.49
15410.167.169.50/3110.167.169.50 – 10.167.169.5110.167.169.51
15510.167.169.52/3110.167.169.52 – 10.167.169.5310.167.169.53
15610.167.169.54/3110.167.169.54 – 10.167.169.5510.167.169.55
15710.167.169.56/3110.167.169.56 – 10.167.169.5710.167.169.57
15810.167.169.58/3110.167.169.58 – 10.167.169.5910.167.169.59
15910.167.169.60/3110.167.169.60 – 10.167.169.6110.167.169.61
16010.167.169.62/3110.167.169.62 – 10.167.169.6310.167.169.63
16110.167.169.64/3110.167.169.64 – 10.167.169.6510.167.169.65
16210.167.169.66/3110.167.169.66 – 10.167.169.6710.167.169.67
16310.167.169.68/3110.167.169.68 – 10.167.169.6910.167.169.69
16410.167.169.70/3110.167.169.70 – 10.167.169.7110.167.169.71
16510.167.169.72/3110.167.169.72 – 10.167.169.7310.167.169.73
16610.167.169.74/3110.167.169.74 – 10.167.169.7510.167.169.75
16710.167.169.76/3110.167.169.76 – 10.167.169.7710.167.169.77
16810.167.169.78/3110.167.169.78 – 10.167.169.7910.167.169.79
16910.167.169.80/3110.167.169.80 – 10.167.169.8110.167.169.81
17010.167.169.82/3110.167.169.82 – 10.167.169.8310.167.169.83
17110.167.169.84/3110.167.169.84 – 10.167.169.8510.167.169.85
17210.167.169.86/3110.167.169.86 – 10.167.169.8710.167.169.87
17310.167.169.88/3110.167.169.88 – 10.167.169.8910.167.169.89
17410.167.169.90/3110.167.169.90 – 10.167.169.9110.167.169.91
17510.167.169.92/3110.167.169.92 – 10.167.169.9310.167.169.93
17610.167.169.94/3110.167.169.94 – 10.167.169.9510.167.169.95
17710.167.169.96/3110.167.169.96 – 10.167.169.9710.167.169.97
17810.167.169.98/3110.167.169.98 – 10.167.169.9910.167.169.99
17910.167.169.100/3110.167.169.100 – 10.167.169.10110.167.169.101
18010.167.169.102/3110.167.169.102 – 10.167.169.10310.167.169.103
18110.167.169.104/3110.167.169.104 – 10.167.169.10510.167.169.105
18210.167.169.106/3110.167.169.106 – 10.167.169.10710.167.169.107
18310.167.169.108/3110.167.169.108 – 10.167.169.10910.167.169.109
18410.167.169.110/3110.167.169.110 – 10.167.169.11110.167.169.111
18510.167.169.112/3110.167.169.112 – 10.167.169.11310.167.169.113
18610.167.169.114/3110.167.169.114 – 10.167.169.11510.167.169.115
18710.167.169.116/3110.167.169.116 – 10.167.169.11710.167.169.117
18810.167.169.118/3110.167.169.118 – 10.167.169.11910.167.169.119
18910.167.169.120/3110.167.169.120 – 10.167.169.12110.167.169.121
19010.167.169.122/3110.167.169.122 – 10.167.169.12310.167.169.123
19110.167.169.124/3110.167.169.124 – 10.167.169.12510.167.169.125
19210.167.169.126/3110.167.169.126 – 10.167.169.12710.167.169.127
19310.167.169.128/3110.167.169.128 – 10.167.169.12910.167.169.129
19410.167.169.130/3110.167.169.130 – 10.167.169.13110.167.169.131
19510.167.169.132/3110.167.169.132 – 10.167.169.13310.167.169.133
19610.167.169.134/3110.167.169.134 – 10.167.169.13510.167.169.135
19710.167.169.136/3110.167.169.136 – 10.167.169.13710.167.169.137
19810.167.169.138/3110.167.169.138 – 10.167.169.13910.167.169.139
19910.167.169.140/3110.167.169.140 – 10.167.169.14110.167.169.141
20010.167.169.142/3110.167.169.142 – 10.167.169.14310.167.169.143
20110.167.169.144/3110.167.169.144 – 10.167.169.14510.167.169.145
20210.167.169.146/3110.167.169.146 – 10.167.169.14710.167.169.147
20310.167.169.148/3110.167.169.148 – 10.167.169.14910.167.169.149
20410.167.169.150/3110.167.169.150 – 10.167.169.15110.167.169.151
20510.167.169.152/3110.167.169.152 – 10.167.169.15310.167.169.153
20610.167.169.154/3110.167.169.154 – 10.167.169.15510.167.169.155
20710.167.169.156/3110.167.169.156 – 10.167.169.15710.167.169.157
20810.167.169.158/3110.167.169.158 – 10.167.169.15910.167.169.159
20910.167.169.160/3110.167.169.160 – 10.167.169.16110.167.169.161
21010.167.169.162/3110.167.169.162 – 10.167.169.16310.167.169.163
21110.167.169.164/3110.167.169.164 – 10.167.169.16510.167.169.165
21210.167.169.166/3110.167.169.166 – 10.167.169.16710.167.169.167
21310.167.169.168/3110.167.169.168 – 10.167.169.16910.167.169.169
21410.167.169.170/3110.167.169.170 – 10.167.169.17110.167.169.171
21510.167.169.172/3110.167.169.172 – 10.167.169.17310.167.169.173
21610.167.169.174/3110.167.169.174 – 10.167.169.17510.167.169.175
21710.167.169.176/3110.167.169.176 – 10.167.169.17710.167.169.177
21810.167.169.178/3110.167.169.178 – 10.167.169.17910.167.169.179
21910.167.169.180/3110.167.169.180 – 10.167.169.18110.167.169.181
22010.167.169.182/3110.167.169.182 – 10.167.169.18310.167.169.183
22110.167.169.184/3110.167.169.184 – 10.167.169.18510.167.169.185
22210.167.169.186/3110.167.169.186 – 10.167.169.18710.167.169.187
22310.167.169.188/3110.167.169.188 – 10.167.169.18910.167.169.189
22410.167.169.190/3110.167.169.190 – 10.167.169.19110.167.169.191
22510.167.169.192/3110.167.169.192 – 10.167.169.19310.167.169.193
22610.167.169.194/3110.167.169.194 – 10.167.169.19510.167.169.195
22710.167.169.196/3110.167.169.196 – 10.167.169.19710.167.169.197
22810.167.169.198/3110.167.169.198 – 10.167.169.19910.167.169.199
22910.167.169.200/3110.167.169.200 – 10.167.169.20110.167.169.201
23010.167.169.202/3110.167.169.202 – 10.167.169.20310.167.169.203
23110.167.169.204/3110.167.169.204 – 10.167.169.20510.167.169.205
23210.167.169.206/3110.167.169.206 – 10.167.169.20710.167.169.207
23310.167.169.208/3110.167.169.208 – 10.167.169.20910.167.169.209
23410.167.169.210/3110.167.169.210 – 10.167.169.21110.167.169.211
23510.167.169.212/3110.167.169.212 – 10.167.169.21310.167.169.213
23610.167.169.214/3110.167.169.214 – 10.167.169.21510.167.169.215
23710.167.169.216/3110.167.169.216 – 10.167.169.21710.167.169.217
23810.167.169.218/3110.167.169.218 – 10.167.169.21910.167.169.219
23910.167.169.220/3110.167.169.220 – 10.167.169.22110.167.169.221
24010.167.169.222/3110.167.169.222 – 10.167.169.22310.167.169.223
24110.167.169.224/3110.167.169.224 – 10.167.169.22510.167.169.225
24210.167.169.226/3110.167.169.226 – 10.167.169.22710.167.169.227
24310.167.169.228/3110.167.169.228 – 10.167.169.22910.167.169.229
24410.167.169.230/3110.167.169.230 – 10.167.169.23110.167.169.231
24510.167.169.232/3110.167.169.232 – 10.167.169.23310.167.169.233
24610.167.169.234/3110.167.169.234 – 10.167.169.23510.167.169.235
24710.167.169.236/3110.167.169.236 – 10.167.169.23710.167.169.237
24810.167.169.238/3110.167.169.238 – 10.167.169.23910.167.169.239
24910.167.169.240/3110.167.169.240 – 10.167.169.24110.167.169.241
25010.167.169.242/3110.167.169.242 – 10.167.169.24310.167.169.243
25110.167.169.244/3110.167.169.244 – 10.167.169.24510.167.169.245
25210.167.169.246/3110.167.169.246 – 10.167.169.24710.167.169.247
25310.167.169.248/3110.167.169.248 – 10.167.169.24910.167.169.249
25410.167.169.250/3110.167.169.250 – 10.167.169.25110.167.169.251
25510.167.169.252/3110.167.169.252 – 10.167.169.25310.167.169.253
25610.167.169.254/3110.167.169.254 – 10.167.169.25510.167.169.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →