ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.166.0/23
network10.167.166.0/23
broadcast10.167.167.255
first host10.167.166.1
last host10.167.167.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.166.0/23
address00001010.10100111.10100110.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.10100110.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.10100111.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa7a600
decimal178759168
reverse dns0.166.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:a600

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.166.0/3110.167.166.0 – 10.167.166.110.167.166.1
210.167.166.2/3110.167.166.2 – 10.167.166.310.167.166.3
310.167.166.4/3110.167.166.4 – 10.167.166.510.167.166.5
410.167.166.6/3110.167.166.6 – 10.167.166.710.167.166.7
510.167.166.8/3110.167.166.8 – 10.167.166.910.167.166.9
610.167.166.10/3110.167.166.10 – 10.167.166.1110.167.166.11
710.167.166.12/3110.167.166.12 – 10.167.166.1310.167.166.13
810.167.166.14/3110.167.166.14 – 10.167.166.1510.167.166.15
910.167.166.16/3110.167.166.16 – 10.167.166.1710.167.166.17
1010.167.166.18/3110.167.166.18 – 10.167.166.1910.167.166.19
1110.167.166.20/3110.167.166.20 – 10.167.166.2110.167.166.21
1210.167.166.22/3110.167.166.22 – 10.167.166.2310.167.166.23
1310.167.166.24/3110.167.166.24 – 10.167.166.2510.167.166.25
1410.167.166.26/3110.167.166.26 – 10.167.166.2710.167.166.27
1510.167.166.28/3110.167.166.28 – 10.167.166.2910.167.166.29
1610.167.166.30/3110.167.166.30 – 10.167.166.3110.167.166.31
1710.167.166.32/3110.167.166.32 – 10.167.166.3310.167.166.33
1810.167.166.34/3110.167.166.34 – 10.167.166.3510.167.166.35
1910.167.166.36/3110.167.166.36 – 10.167.166.3710.167.166.37
2010.167.166.38/3110.167.166.38 – 10.167.166.3910.167.166.39
2110.167.166.40/3110.167.166.40 – 10.167.166.4110.167.166.41
2210.167.166.42/3110.167.166.42 – 10.167.166.4310.167.166.43
2310.167.166.44/3110.167.166.44 – 10.167.166.4510.167.166.45
2410.167.166.46/3110.167.166.46 – 10.167.166.4710.167.166.47
2510.167.166.48/3110.167.166.48 – 10.167.166.4910.167.166.49
2610.167.166.50/3110.167.166.50 – 10.167.166.5110.167.166.51
2710.167.166.52/3110.167.166.52 – 10.167.166.5310.167.166.53
2810.167.166.54/3110.167.166.54 – 10.167.166.5510.167.166.55
2910.167.166.56/3110.167.166.56 – 10.167.166.5710.167.166.57
3010.167.166.58/3110.167.166.58 – 10.167.166.5910.167.166.59
3110.167.166.60/3110.167.166.60 – 10.167.166.6110.167.166.61
3210.167.166.62/3110.167.166.62 – 10.167.166.6310.167.166.63
3310.167.166.64/3110.167.166.64 – 10.167.166.6510.167.166.65
3410.167.166.66/3110.167.166.66 – 10.167.166.6710.167.166.67
3510.167.166.68/3110.167.166.68 – 10.167.166.6910.167.166.69
3610.167.166.70/3110.167.166.70 – 10.167.166.7110.167.166.71
3710.167.166.72/3110.167.166.72 – 10.167.166.7310.167.166.73
3810.167.166.74/3110.167.166.74 – 10.167.166.7510.167.166.75
3910.167.166.76/3110.167.166.76 – 10.167.166.7710.167.166.77
4010.167.166.78/3110.167.166.78 – 10.167.166.7910.167.166.79
4110.167.166.80/3110.167.166.80 – 10.167.166.8110.167.166.81
4210.167.166.82/3110.167.166.82 – 10.167.166.8310.167.166.83
4310.167.166.84/3110.167.166.84 – 10.167.166.8510.167.166.85
4410.167.166.86/3110.167.166.86 – 10.167.166.8710.167.166.87
4510.167.166.88/3110.167.166.88 – 10.167.166.8910.167.166.89
4610.167.166.90/3110.167.166.90 – 10.167.166.9110.167.166.91
4710.167.166.92/3110.167.166.92 – 10.167.166.9310.167.166.93
4810.167.166.94/3110.167.166.94 – 10.167.166.9510.167.166.95
4910.167.166.96/3110.167.166.96 – 10.167.166.9710.167.166.97
5010.167.166.98/3110.167.166.98 – 10.167.166.9910.167.166.99
5110.167.166.100/3110.167.166.100 – 10.167.166.10110.167.166.101
5210.167.166.102/3110.167.166.102 – 10.167.166.10310.167.166.103
5310.167.166.104/3110.167.166.104 – 10.167.166.10510.167.166.105
5410.167.166.106/3110.167.166.106 – 10.167.166.10710.167.166.107
5510.167.166.108/3110.167.166.108 – 10.167.166.10910.167.166.109
5610.167.166.110/3110.167.166.110 – 10.167.166.11110.167.166.111
5710.167.166.112/3110.167.166.112 – 10.167.166.11310.167.166.113
5810.167.166.114/3110.167.166.114 – 10.167.166.11510.167.166.115
5910.167.166.116/3110.167.166.116 – 10.167.166.11710.167.166.117
6010.167.166.118/3110.167.166.118 – 10.167.166.11910.167.166.119
6110.167.166.120/3110.167.166.120 – 10.167.166.12110.167.166.121
6210.167.166.122/3110.167.166.122 – 10.167.166.12310.167.166.123
6310.167.166.124/3110.167.166.124 – 10.167.166.12510.167.166.125
6410.167.166.126/3110.167.166.126 – 10.167.166.12710.167.166.127
6510.167.166.128/3110.167.166.128 – 10.167.166.12910.167.166.129
6610.167.166.130/3110.167.166.130 – 10.167.166.13110.167.166.131
6710.167.166.132/3110.167.166.132 – 10.167.166.13310.167.166.133
6810.167.166.134/3110.167.166.134 – 10.167.166.13510.167.166.135
6910.167.166.136/3110.167.166.136 – 10.167.166.13710.167.166.137
7010.167.166.138/3110.167.166.138 – 10.167.166.13910.167.166.139
7110.167.166.140/3110.167.166.140 – 10.167.166.14110.167.166.141
7210.167.166.142/3110.167.166.142 – 10.167.166.14310.167.166.143
7310.167.166.144/3110.167.166.144 – 10.167.166.14510.167.166.145
7410.167.166.146/3110.167.166.146 – 10.167.166.14710.167.166.147
7510.167.166.148/3110.167.166.148 – 10.167.166.14910.167.166.149
7610.167.166.150/3110.167.166.150 – 10.167.166.15110.167.166.151
7710.167.166.152/3110.167.166.152 – 10.167.166.15310.167.166.153
7810.167.166.154/3110.167.166.154 – 10.167.166.15510.167.166.155
7910.167.166.156/3110.167.166.156 – 10.167.166.15710.167.166.157
8010.167.166.158/3110.167.166.158 – 10.167.166.15910.167.166.159
8110.167.166.160/3110.167.166.160 – 10.167.166.16110.167.166.161
8210.167.166.162/3110.167.166.162 – 10.167.166.16310.167.166.163
8310.167.166.164/3110.167.166.164 – 10.167.166.16510.167.166.165
8410.167.166.166/3110.167.166.166 – 10.167.166.16710.167.166.167
8510.167.166.168/3110.167.166.168 – 10.167.166.16910.167.166.169
8610.167.166.170/3110.167.166.170 – 10.167.166.17110.167.166.171
8710.167.166.172/3110.167.166.172 – 10.167.166.17310.167.166.173
8810.167.166.174/3110.167.166.174 – 10.167.166.17510.167.166.175
8910.167.166.176/3110.167.166.176 – 10.167.166.17710.167.166.177
9010.167.166.178/3110.167.166.178 – 10.167.166.17910.167.166.179
9110.167.166.180/3110.167.166.180 – 10.167.166.18110.167.166.181
9210.167.166.182/3110.167.166.182 – 10.167.166.18310.167.166.183
9310.167.166.184/3110.167.166.184 – 10.167.166.18510.167.166.185
9410.167.166.186/3110.167.166.186 – 10.167.166.18710.167.166.187
9510.167.166.188/3110.167.166.188 – 10.167.166.18910.167.166.189
9610.167.166.190/3110.167.166.190 – 10.167.166.19110.167.166.191
9710.167.166.192/3110.167.166.192 – 10.167.166.19310.167.166.193
9810.167.166.194/3110.167.166.194 – 10.167.166.19510.167.166.195
9910.167.166.196/3110.167.166.196 – 10.167.166.19710.167.166.197
10010.167.166.198/3110.167.166.198 – 10.167.166.19910.167.166.199
10110.167.166.200/3110.167.166.200 – 10.167.166.20110.167.166.201
10210.167.166.202/3110.167.166.202 – 10.167.166.20310.167.166.203
10310.167.166.204/3110.167.166.204 – 10.167.166.20510.167.166.205
10410.167.166.206/3110.167.166.206 – 10.167.166.20710.167.166.207
10510.167.166.208/3110.167.166.208 – 10.167.166.20910.167.166.209
10610.167.166.210/3110.167.166.210 – 10.167.166.21110.167.166.211
10710.167.166.212/3110.167.166.212 – 10.167.166.21310.167.166.213
10810.167.166.214/3110.167.166.214 – 10.167.166.21510.167.166.215
10910.167.166.216/3110.167.166.216 – 10.167.166.21710.167.166.217
11010.167.166.218/3110.167.166.218 – 10.167.166.21910.167.166.219
11110.167.166.220/3110.167.166.220 – 10.167.166.22110.167.166.221
11210.167.166.222/3110.167.166.222 – 10.167.166.22310.167.166.223
11310.167.166.224/3110.167.166.224 – 10.167.166.22510.167.166.225
11410.167.166.226/3110.167.166.226 – 10.167.166.22710.167.166.227
11510.167.166.228/3110.167.166.228 – 10.167.166.22910.167.166.229
11610.167.166.230/3110.167.166.230 – 10.167.166.23110.167.166.231
11710.167.166.232/3110.167.166.232 – 10.167.166.23310.167.166.233
11810.167.166.234/3110.167.166.234 – 10.167.166.23510.167.166.235
11910.167.166.236/3110.167.166.236 – 10.167.166.23710.167.166.237
12010.167.166.238/3110.167.166.238 – 10.167.166.23910.167.166.239
12110.167.166.240/3110.167.166.240 – 10.167.166.24110.167.166.241
12210.167.166.242/3110.167.166.242 – 10.167.166.24310.167.166.243
12310.167.166.244/3110.167.166.244 – 10.167.166.24510.167.166.245
12410.167.166.246/3110.167.166.246 – 10.167.166.24710.167.166.247
12510.167.166.248/3110.167.166.248 – 10.167.166.24910.167.166.249
12610.167.166.250/3110.167.166.250 – 10.167.166.25110.167.166.251
12710.167.166.252/3110.167.166.252 – 10.167.166.25310.167.166.253
12810.167.166.254/3110.167.166.254 – 10.167.166.25510.167.166.255
12910.167.167.0/3110.167.167.0 – 10.167.167.110.167.167.1
13010.167.167.2/3110.167.167.2 – 10.167.167.310.167.167.3
13110.167.167.4/3110.167.167.4 – 10.167.167.510.167.167.5
13210.167.167.6/3110.167.167.6 – 10.167.167.710.167.167.7
13310.167.167.8/3110.167.167.8 – 10.167.167.910.167.167.9
13410.167.167.10/3110.167.167.10 – 10.167.167.1110.167.167.11
13510.167.167.12/3110.167.167.12 – 10.167.167.1310.167.167.13
13610.167.167.14/3110.167.167.14 – 10.167.167.1510.167.167.15
13710.167.167.16/3110.167.167.16 – 10.167.167.1710.167.167.17
13810.167.167.18/3110.167.167.18 – 10.167.167.1910.167.167.19
13910.167.167.20/3110.167.167.20 – 10.167.167.2110.167.167.21
14010.167.167.22/3110.167.167.22 – 10.167.167.2310.167.167.23
14110.167.167.24/3110.167.167.24 – 10.167.167.2510.167.167.25
14210.167.167.26/3110.167.167.26 – 10.167.167.2710.167.167.27
14310.167.167.28/3110.167.167.28 – 10.167.167.2910.167.167.29
14410.167.167.30/3110.167.167.30 – 10.167.167.3110.167.167.31
14510.167.167.32/3110.167.167.32 – 10.167.167.3310.167.167.33
14610.167.167.34/3110.167.167.34 – 10.167.167.3510.167.167.35
14710.167.167.36/3110.167.167.36 – 10.167.167.3710.167.167.37
14810.167.167.38/3110.167.167.38 – 10.167.167.3910.167.167.39
14910.167.167.40/3110.167.167.40 – 10.167.167.4110.167.167.41
15010.167.167.42/3110.167.167.42 – 10.167.167.4310.167.167.43
15110.167.167.44/3110.167.167.44 – 10.167.167.4510.167.167.45
15210.167.167.46/3110.167.167.46 – 10.167.167.4710.167.167.47
15310.167.167.48/3110.167.167.48 – 10.167.167.4910.167.167.49
15410.167.167.50/3110.167.167.50 – 10.167.167.5110.167.167.51
15510.167.167.52/3110.167.167.52 – 10.167.167.5310.167.167.53
15610.167.167.54/3110.167.167.54 – 10.167.167.5510.167.167.55
15710.167.167.56/3110.167.167.56 – 10.167.167.5710.167.167.57
15810.167.167.58/3110.167.167.58 – 10.167.167.5910.167.167.59
15910.167.167.60/3110.167.167.60 – 10.167.167.6110.167.167.61
16010.167.167.62/3110.167.167.62 – 10.167.167.6310.167.167.63
16110.167.167.64/3110.167.167.64 – 10.167.167.6510.167.167.65
16210.167.167.66/3110.167.167.66 – 10.167.167.6710.167.167.67
16310.167.167.68/3110.167.167.68 – 10.167.167.6910.167.167.69
16410.167.167.70/3110.167.167.70 – 10.167.167.7110.167.167.71
16510.167.167.72/3110.167.167.72 – 10.167.167.7310.167.167.73
16610.167.167.74/3110.167.167.74 – 10.167.167.7510.167.167.75
16710.167.167.76/3110.167.167.76 – 10.167.167.7710.167.167.77
16810.167.167.78/3110.167.167.78 – 10.167.167.7910.167.167.79
16910.167.167.80/3110.167.167.80 – 10.167.167.8110.167.167.81
17010.167.167.82/3110.167.167.82 – 10.167.167.8310.167.167.83
17110.167.167.84/3110.167.167.84 – 10.167.167.8510.167.167.85
17210.167.167.86/3110.167.167.86 – 10.167.167.8710.167.167.87
17310.167.167.88/3110.167.167.88 – 10.167.167.8910.167.167.89
17410.167.167.90/3110.167.167.90 – 10.167.167.9110.167.167.91
17510.167.167.92/3110.167.167.92 – 10.167.167.9310.167.167.93
17610.167.167.94/3110.167.167.94 – 10.167.167.9510.167.167.95
17710.167.167.96/3110.167.167.96 – 10.167.167.9710.167.167.97
17810.167.167.98/3110.167.167.98 – 10.167.167.9910.167.167.99
17910.167.167.100/3110.167.167.100 – 10.167.167.10110.167.167.101
18010.167.167.102/3110.167.167.102 – 10.167.167.10310.167.167.103
18110.167.167.104/3110.167.167.104 – 10.167.167.10510.167.167.105
18210.167.167.106/3110.167.167.106 – 10.167.167.10710.167.167.107
18310.167.167.108/3110.167.167.108 – 10.167.167.10910.167.167.109
18410.167.167.110/3110.167.167.110 – 10.167.167.11110.167.167.111
18510.167.167.112/3110.167.167.112 – 10.167.167.11310.167.167.113
18610.167.167.114/3110.167.167.114 – 10.167.167.11510.167.167.115
18710.167.167.116/3110.167.167.116 – 10.167.167.11710.167.167.117
18810.167.167.118/3110.167.167.118 – 10.167.167.11910.167.167.119
18910.167.167.120/3110.167.167.120 – 10.167.167.12110.167.167.121
19010.167.167.122/3110.167.167.122 – 10.167.167.12310.167.167.123
19110.167.167.124/3110.167.167.124 – 10.167.167.12510.167.167.125
19210.167.167.126/3110.167.167.126 – 10.167.167.12710.167.167.127
19310.167.167.128/3110.167.167.128 – 10.167.167.12910.167.167.129
19410.167.167.130/3110.167.167.130 – 10.167.167.13110.167.167.131
19510.167.167.132/3110.167.167.132 – 10.167.167.13310.167.167.133
19610.167.167.134/3110.167.167.134 – 10.167.167.13510.167.167.135
19710.167.167.136/3110.167.167.136 – 10.167.167.13710.167.167.137
19810.167.167.138/3110.167.167.138 – 10.167.167.13910.167.167.139
19910.167.167.140/3110.167.167.140 – 10.167.167.14110.167.167.141
20010.167.167.142/3110.167.167.142 – 10.167.167.14310.167.167.143
20110.167.167.144/3110.167.167.144 – 10.167.167.14510.167.167.145
20210.167.167.146/3110.167.167.146 – 10.167.167.14710.167.167.147
20310.167.167.148/3110.167.167.148 – 10.167.167.14910.167.167.149
20410.167.167.150/3110.167.167.150 – 10.167.167.15110.167.167.151
20510.167.167.152/3110.167.167.152 – 10.167.167.15310.167.167.153
20610.167.167.154/3110.167.167.154 – 10.167.167.15510.167.167.155
20710.167.167.156/3110.167.167.156 – 10.167.167.15710.167.167.157
20810.167.167.158/3110.167.167.158 – 10.167.167.15910.167.167.159
20910.167.167.160/3110.167.167.160 – 10.167.167.16110.167.167.161
21010.167.167.162/3110.167.167.162 – 10.167.167.16310.167.167.163
21110.167.167.164/3110.167.167.164 – 10.167.167.16510.167.167.165
21210.167.167.166/3110.167.167.166 – 10.167.167.16710.167.167.167
21310.167.167.168/3110.167.167.168 – 10.167.167.16910.167.167.169
21410.167.167.170/3110.167.167.170 – 10.167.167.17110.167.167.171
21510.167.167.172/3110.167.167.172 – 10.167.167.17310.167.167.173
21610.167.167.174/3110.167.167.174 – 10.167.167.17510.167.167.175
21710.167.167.176/3110.167.167.176 – 10.167.167.17710.167.167.177
21810.167.167.178/3110.167.167.178 – 10.167.167.17910.167.167.179
21910.167.167.180/3110.167.167.180 – 10.167.167.18110.167.167.181
22010.167.167.182/3110.167.167.182 – 10.167.167.18310.167.167.183
22110.167.167.184/3110.167.167.184 – 10.167.167.18510.167.167.185
22210.167.167.186/3110.167.167.186 – 10.167.167.18710.167.167.187
22310.167.167.188/3110.167.167.188 – 10.167.167.18910.167.167.189
22410.167.167.190/3110.167.167.190 – 10.167.167.19110.167.167.191
22510.167.167.192/3110.167.167.192 – 10.167.167.19310.167.167.193
22610.167.167.194/3110.167.167.194 – 10.167.167.19510.167.167.195
22710.167.167.196/3110.167.167.196 – 10.167.167.19710.167.167.197
22810.167.167.198/3110.167.167.198 – 10.167.167.19910.167.167.199
22910.167.167.200/3110.167.167.200 – 10.167.167.20110.167.167.201
23010.167.167.202/3110.167.167.202 – 10.167.167.20310.167.167.203
23110.167.167.204/3110.167.167.204 – 10.167.167.20510.167.167.205
23210.167.167.206/3110.167.167.206 – 10.167.167.20710.167.167.207
23310.167.167.208/3110.167.167.208 – 10.167.167.20910.167.167.209
23410.167.167.210/3110.167.167.210 – 10.167.167.21110.167.167.211
23510.167.167.212/3110.167.167.212 – 10.167.167.21310.167.167.213
23610.167.167.214/3110.167.167.214 – 10.167.167.21510.167.167.215
23710.167.167.216/3110.167.167.216 – 10.167.167.21710.167.167.217
23810.167.167.218/3110.167.167.218 – 10.167.167.21910.167.167.219
23910.167.167.220/3110.167.167.220 – 10.167.167.22110.167.167.221
24010.167.167.222/3110.167.167.222 – 10.167.167.22310.167.167.223
24110.167.167.224/3110.167.167.224 – 10.167.167.22510.167.167.225
24210.167.167.226/3110.167.167.226 – 10.167.167.22710.167.167.227
24310.167.167.228/3110.167.167.228 – 10.167.167.22910.167.167.229
24410.167.167.230/3110.167.167.230 – 10.167.167.23110.167.167.231
24510.167.167.232/3110.167.167.232 – 10.167.167.23310.167.167.233
24610.167.167.234/3110.167.167.234 – 10.167.167.23510.167.167.235
24710.167.167.236/3110.167.167.236 – 10.167.167.23710.167.167.237
24810.167.167.238/3110.167.167.238 – 10.167.167.23910.167.167.239
24910.167.167.240/3110.167.167.240 – 10.167.167.24110.167.167.241
25010.167.167.242/3110.167.167.242 – 10.167.167.24310.167.167.243
25110.167.167.244/3110.167.167.244 – 10.167.167.24510.167.167.245
25210.167.167.246/3110.167.167.246 – 10.167.167.24710.167.167.247
25310.167.167.248/3110.167.167.248 – 10.167.167.24910.167.167.249
25410.167.167.250/3110.167.167.250 – 10.167.167.25110.167.167.251
25510.167.167.252/3110.167.167.252 – 10.167.167.25310.167.167.253
25610.167.167.254/3110.167.167.254 – 10.167.167.25510.167.167.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →