ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.162.0/23
network10.167.162.0/23
broadcast10.167.163.255
first host10.167.162.1
last host10.167.163.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.162.0/23
address00001010.10100111.10100010.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.10100010.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.10100011.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa7a200
decimal178758144
reverse dns0.162.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:a200

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.162.0/3110.167.162.0 – 10.167.162.110.167.162.1
210.167.162.2/3110.167.162.2 – 10.167.162.310.167.162.3
310.167.162.4/3110.167.162.4 – 10.167.162.510.167.162.5
410.167.162.6/3110.167.162.6 – 10.167.162.710.167.162.7
510.167.162.8/3110.167.162.8 – 10.167.162.910.167.162.9
610.167.162.10/3110.167.162.10 – 10.167.162.1110.167.162.11
710.167.162.12/3110.167.162.12 – 10.167.162.1310.167.162.13
810.167.162.14/3110.167.162.14 – 10.167.162.1510.167.162.15
910.167.162.16/3110.167.162.16 – 10.167.162.1710.167.162.17
1010.167.162.18/3110.167.162.18 – 10.167.162.1910.167.162.19
1110.167.162.20/3110.167.162.20 – 10.167.162.2110.167.162.21
1210.167.162.22/3110.167.162.22 – 10.167.162.2310.167.162.23
1310.167.162.24/3110.167.162.24 – 10.167.162.2510.167.162.25
1410.167.162.26/3110.167.162.26 – 10.167.162.2710.167.162.27
1510.167.162.28/3110.167.162.28 – 10.167.162.2910.167.162.29
1610.167.162.30/3110.167.162.30 – 10.167.162.3110.167.162.31
1710.167.162.32/3110.167.162.32 – 10.167.162.3310.167.162.33
1810.167.162.34/3110.167.162.34 – 10.167.162.3510.167.162.35
1910.167.162.36/3110.167.162.36 – 10.167.162.3710.167.162.37
2010.167.162.38/3110.167.162.38 – 10.167.162.3910.167.162.39
2110.167.162.40/3110.167.162.40 – 10.167.162.4110.167.162.41
2210.167.162.42/3110.167.162.42 – 10.167.162.4310.167.162.43
2310.167.162.44/3110.167.162.44 – 10.167.162.4510.167.162.45
2410.167.162.46/3110.167.162.46 – 10.167.162.4710.167.162.47
2510.167.162.48/3110.167.162.48 – 10.167.162.4910.167.162.49
2610.167.162.50/3110.167.162.50 – 10.167.162.5110.167.162.51
2710.167.162.52/3110.167.162.52 – 10.167.162.5310.167.162.53
2810.167.162.54/3110.167.162.54 – 10.167.162.5510.167.162.55
2910.167.162.56/3110.167.162.56 – 10.167.162.5710.167.162.57
3010.167.162.58/3110.167.162.58 – 10.167.162.5910.167.162.59
3110.167.162.60/3110.167.162.60 – 10.167.162.6110.167.162.61
3210.167.162.62/3110.167.162.62 – 10.167.162.6310.167.162.63
3310.167.162.64/3110.167.162.64 – 10.167.162.6510.167.162.65
3410.167.162.66/3110.167.162.66 – 10.167.162.6710.167.162.67
3510.167.162.68/3110.167.162.68 – 10.167.162.6910.167.162.69
3610.167.162.70/3110.167.162.70 – 10.167.162.7110.167.162.71
3710.167.162.72/3110.167.162.72 – 10.167.162.7310.167.162.73
3810.167.162.74/3110.167.162.74 – 10.167.162.7510.167.162.75
3910.167.162.76/3110.167.162.76 – 10.167.162.7710.167.162.77
4010.167.162.78/3110.167.162.78 – 10.167.162.7910.167.162.79
4110.167.162.80/3110.167.162.80 – 10.167.162.8110.167.162.81
4210.167.162.82/3110.167.162.82 – 10.167.162.8310.167.162.83
4310.167.162.84/3110.167.162.84 – 10.167.162.8510.167.162.85
4410.167.162.86/3110.167.162.86 – 10.167.162.8710.167.162.87
4510.167.162.88/3110.167.162.88 – 10.167.162.8910.167.162.89
4610.167.162.90/3110.167.162.90 – 10.167.162.9110.167.162.91
4710.167.162.92/3110.167.162.92 – 10.167.162.9310.167.162.93
4810.167.162.94/3110.167.162.94 – 10.167.162.9510.167.162.95
4910.167.162.96/3110.167.162.96 – 10.167.162.9710.167.162.97
5010.167.162.98/3110.167.162.98 – 10.167.162.9910.167.162.99
5110.167.162.100/3110.167.162.100 – 10.167.162.10110.167.162.101
5210.167.162.102/3110.167.162.102 – 10.167.162.10310.167.162.103
5310.167.162.104/3110.167.162.104 – 10.167.162.10510.167.162.105
5410.167.162.106/3110.167.162.106 – 10.167.162.10710.167.162.107
5510.167.162.108/3110.167.162.108 – 10.167.162.10910.167.162.109
5610.167.162.110/3110.167.162.110 – 10.167.162.11110.167.162.111
5710.167.162.112/3110.167.162.112 – 10.167.162.11310.167.162.113
5810.167.162.114/3110.167.162.114 – 10.167.162.11510.167.162.115
5910.167.162.116/3110.167.162.116 – 10.167.162.11710.167.162.117
6010.167.162.118/3110.167.162.118 – 10.167.162.11910.167.162.119
6110.167.162.120/3110.167.162.120 – 10.167.162.12110.167.162.121
6210.167.162.122/3110.167.162.122 – 10.167.162.12310.167.162.123
6310.167.162.124/3110.167.162.124 – 10.167.162.12510.167.162.125
6410.167.162.126/3110.167.162.126 – 10.167.162.12710.167.162.127
6510.167.162.128/3110.167.162.128 – 10.167.162.12910.167.162.129
6610.167.162.130/3110.167.162.130 – 10.167.162.13110.167.162.131
6710.167.162.132/3110.167.162.132 – 10.167.162.13310.167.162.133
6810.167.162.134/3110.167.162.134 – 10.167.162.13510.167.162.135
6910.167.162.136/3110.167.162.136 – 10.167.162.13710.167.162.137
7010.167.162.138/3110.167.162.138 – 10.167.162.13910.167.162.139
7110.167.162.140/3110.167.162.140 – 10.167.162.14110.167.162.141
7210.167.162.142/3110.167.162.142 – 10.167.162.14310.167.162.143
7310.167.162.144/3110.167.162.144 – 10.167.162.14510.167.162.145
7410.167.162.146/3110.167.162.146 – 10.167.162.14710.167.162.147
7510.167.162.148/3110.167.162.148 – 10.167.162.14910.167.162.149
7610.167.162.150/3110.167.162.150 – 10.167.162.15110.167.162.151
7710.167.162.152/3110.167.162.152 – 10.167.162.15310.167.162.153
7810.167.162.154/3110.167.162.154 – 10.167.162.15510.167.162.155
7910.167.162.156/3110.167.162.156 – 10.167.162.15710.167.162.157
8010.167.162.158/3110.167.162.158 – 10.167.162.15910.167.162.159
8110.167.162.160/3110.167.162.160 – 10.167.162.16110.167.162.161
8210.167.162.162/3110.167.162.162 – 10.167.162.16310.167.162.163
8310.167.162.164/3110.167.162.164 – 10.167.162.16510.167.162.165
8410.167.162.166/3110.167.162.166 – 10.167.162.16710.167.162.167
8510.167.162.168/3110.167.162.168 – 10.167.162.16910.167.162.169
8610.167.162.170/3110.167.162.170 – 10.167.162.17110.167.162.171
8710.167.162.172/3110.167.162.172 – 10.167.162.17310.167.162.173
8810.167.162.174/3110.167.162.174 – 10.167.162.17510.167.162.175
8910.167.162.176/3110.167.162.176 – 10.167.162.17710.167.162.177
9010.167.162.178/3110.167.162.178 – 10.167.162.17910.167.162.179
9110.167.162.180/3110.167.162.180 – 10.167.162.18110.167.162.181
9210.167.162.182/3110.167.162.182 – 10.167.162.18310.167.162.183
9310.167.162.184/3110.167.162.184 – 10.167.162.18510.167.162.185
9410.167.162.186/3110.167.162.186 – 10.167.162.18710.167.162.187
9510.167.162.188/3110.167.162.188 – 10.167.162.18910.167.162.189
9610.167.162.190/3110.167.162.190 – 10.167.162.19110.167.162.191
9710.167.162.192/3110.167.162.192 – 10.167.162.19310.167.162.193
9810.167.162.194/3110.167.162.194 – 10.167.162.19510.167.162.195
9910.167.162.196/3110.167.162.196 – 10.167.162.19710.167.162.197
10010.167.162.198/3110.167.162.198 – 10.167.162.19910.167.162.199
10110.167.162.200/3110.167.162.200 – 10.167.162.20110.167.162.201
10210.167.162.202/3110.167.162.202 – 10.167.162.20310.167.162.203
10310.167.162.204/3110.167.162.204 – 10.167.162.20510.167.162.205
10410.167.162.206/3110.167.162.206 – 10.167.162.20710.167.162.207
10510.167.162.208/3110.167.162.208 – 10.167.162.20910.167.162.209
10610.167.162.210/3110.167.162.210 – 10.167.162.21110.167.162.211
10710.167.162.212/3110.167.162.212 – 10.167.162.21310.167.162.213
10810.167.162.214/3110.167.162.214 – 10.167.162.21510.167.162.215
10910.167.162.216/3110.167.162.216 – 10.167.162.21710.167.162.217
11010.167.162.218/3110.167.162.218 – 10.167.162.21910.167.162.219
11110.167.162.220/3110.167.162.220 – 10.167.162.22110.167.162.221
11210.167.162.222/3110.167.162.222 – 10.167.162.22310.167.162.223
11310.167.162.224/3110.167.162.224 – 10.167.162.22510.167.162.225
11410.167.162.226/3110.167.162.226 – 10.167.162.22710.167.162.227
11510.167.162.228/3110.167.162.228 – 10.167.162.22910.167.162.229
11610.167.162.230/3110.167.162.230 – 10.167.162.23110.167.162.231
11710.167.162.232/3110.167.162.232 – 10.167.162.23310.167.162.233
11810.167.162.234/3110.167.162.234 – 10.167.162.23510.167.162.235
11910.167.162.236/3110.167.162.236 – 10.167.162.23710.167.162.237
12010.167.162.238/3110.167.162.238 – 10.167.162.23910.167.162.239
12110.167.162.240/3110.167.162.240 – 10.167.162.24110.167.162.241
12210.167.162.242/3110.167.162.242 – 10.167.162.24310.167.162.243
12310.167.162.244/3110.167.162.244 – 10.167.162.24510.167.162.245
12410.167.162.246/3110.167.162.246 – 10.167.162.24710.167.162.247
12510.167.162.248/3110.167.162.248 – 10.167.162.24910.167.162.249
12610.167.162.250/3110.167.162.250 – 10.167.162.25110.167.162.251
12710.167.162.252/3110.167.162.252 – 10.167.162.25310.167.162.253
12810.167.162.254/3110.167.162.254 – 10.167.162.25510.167.162.255
12910.167.163.0/3110.167.163.0 – 10.167.163.110.167.163.1
13010.167.163.2/3110.167.163.2 – 10.167.163.310.167.163.3
13110.167.163.4/3110.167.163.4 – 10.167.163.510.167.163.5
13210.167.163.6/3110.167.163.6 – 10.167.163.710.167.163.7
13310.167.163.8/3110.167.163.8 – 10.167.163.910.167.163.9
13410.167.163.10/3110.167.163.10 – 10.167.163.1110.167.163.11
13510.167.163.12/3110.167.163.12 – 10.167.163.1310.167.163.13
13610.167.163.14/3110.167.163.14 – 10.167.163.1510.167.163.15
13710.167.163.16/3110.167.163.16 – 10.167.163.1710.167.163.17
13810.167.163.18/3110.167.163.18 – 10.167.163.1910.167.163.19
13910.167.163.20/3110.167.163.20 – 10.167.163.2110.167.163.21
14010.167.163.22/3110.167.163.22 – 10.167.163.2310.167.163.23
14110.167.163.24/3110.167.163.24 – 10.167.163.2510.167.163.25
14210.167.163.26/3110.167.163.26 – 10.167.163.2710.167.163.27
14310.167.163.28/3110.167.163.28 – 10.167.163.2910.167.163.29
14410.167.163.30/3110.167.163.30 – 10.167.163.3110.167.163.31
14510.167.163.32/3110.167.163.32 – 10.167.163.3310.167.163.33
14610.167.163.34/3110.167.163.34 – 10.167.163.3510.167.163.35
14710.167.163.36/3110.167.163.36 – 10.167.163.3710.167.163.37
14810.167.163.38/3110.167.163.38 – 10.167.163.3910.167.163.39
14910.167.163.40/3110.167.163.40 – 10.167.163.4110.167.163.41
15010.167.163.42/3110.167.163.42 – 10.167.163.4310.167.163.43
15110.167.163.44/3110.167.163.44 – 10.167.163.4510.167.163.45
15210.167.163.46/3110.167.163.46 – 10.167.163.4710.167.163.47
15310.167.163.48/3110.167.163.48 – 10.167.163.4910.167.163.49
15410.167.163.50/3110.167.163.50 – 10.167.163.5110.167.163.51
15510.167.163.52/3110.167.163.52 – 10.167.163.5310.167.163.53
15610.167.163.54/3110.167.163.54 – 10.167.163.5510.167.163.55
15710.167.163.56/3110.167.163.56 – 10.167.163.5710.167.163.57
15810.167.163.58/3110.167.163.58 – 10.167.163.5910.167.163.59
15910.167.163.60/3110.167.163.60 – 10.167.163.6110.167.163.61
16010.167.163.62/3110.167.163.62 – 10.167.163.6310.167.163.63
16110.167.163.64/3110.167.163.64 – 10.167.163.6510.167.163.65
16210.167.163.66/3110.167.163.66 – 10.167.163.6710.167.163.67
16310.167.163.68/3110.167.163.68 – 10.167.163.6910.167.163.69
16410.167.163.70/3110.167.163.70 – 10.167.163.7110.167.163.71
16510.167.163.72/3110.167.163.72 – 10.167.163.7310.167.163.73
16610.167.163.74/3110.167.163.74 – 10.167.163.7510.167.163.75
16710.167.163.76/3110.167.163.76 – 10.167.163.7710.167.163.77
16810.167.163.78/3110.167.163.78 – 10.167.163.7910.167.163.79
16910.167.163.80/3110.167.163.80 – 10.167.163.8110.167.163.81
17010.167.163.82/3110.167.163.82 – 10.167.163.8310.167.163.83
17110.167.163.84/3110.167.163.84 – 10.167.163.8510.167.163.85
17210.167.163.86/3110.167.163.86 – 10.167.163.8710.167.163.87
17310.167.163.88/3110.167.163.88 – 10.167.163.8910.167.163.89
17410.167.163.90/3110.167.163.90 – 10.167.163.9110.167.163.91
17510.167.163.92/3110.167.163.92 – 10.167.163.9310.167.163.93
17610.167.163.94/3110.167.163.94 – 10.167.163.9510.167.163.95
17710.167.163.96/3110.167.163.96 – 10.167.163.9710.167.163.97
17810.167.163.98/3110.167.163.98 – 10.167.163.9910.167.163.99
17910.167.163.100/3110.167.163.100 – 10.167.163.10110.167.163.101
18010.167.163.102/3110.167.163.102 – 10.167.163.10310.167.163.103
18110.167.163.104/3110.167.163.104 – 10.167.163.10510.167.163.105
18210.167.163.106/3110.167.163.106 – 10.167.163.10710.167.163.107
18310.167.163.108/3110.167.163.108 – 10.167.163.10910.167.163.109
18410.167.163.110/3110.167.163.110 – 10.167.163.11110.167.163.111
18510.167.163.112/3110.167.163.112 – 10.167.163.11310.167.163.113
18610.167.163.114/3110.167.163.114 – 10.167.163.11510.167.163.115
18710.167.163.116/3110.167.163.116 – 10.167.163.11710.167.163.117
18810.167.163.118/3110.167.163.118 – 10.167.163.11910.167.163.119
18910.167.163.120/3110.167.163.120 – 10.167.163.12110.167.163.121
19010.167.163.122/3110.167.163.122 – 10.167.163.12310.167.163.123
19110.167.163.124/3110.167.163.124 – 10.167.163.12510.167.163.125
19210.167.163.126/3110.167.163.126 – 10.167.163.12710.167.163.127
19310.167.163.128/3110.167.163.128 – 10.167.163.12910.167.163.129
19410.167.163.130/3110.167.163.130 – 10.167.163.13110.167.163.131
19510.167.163.132/3110.167.163.132 – 10.167.163.13310.167.163.133
19610.167.163.134/3110.167.163.134 – 10.167.163.13510.167.163.135
19710.167.163.136/3110.167.163.136 – 10.167.163.13710.167.163.137
19810.167.163.138/3110.167.163.138 – 10.167.163.13910.167.163.139
19910.167.163.140/3110.167.163.140 – 10.167.163.14110.167.163.141
20010.167.163.142/3110.167.163.142 – 10.167.163.14310.167.163.143
20110.167.163.144/3110.167.163.144 – 10.167.163.14510.167.163.145
20210.167.163.146/3110.167.163.146 – 10.167.163.14710.167.163.147
20310.167.163.148/3110.167.163.148 – 10.167.163.14910.167.163.149
20410.167.163.150/3110.167.163.150 – 10.167.163.15110.167.163.151
20510.167.163.152/3110.167.163.152 – 10.167.163.15310.167.163.153
20610.167.163.154/3110.167.163.154 – 10.167.163.15510.167.163.155
20710.167.163.156/3110.167.163.156 – 10.167.163.15710.167.163.157
20810.167.163.158/3110.167.163.158 – 10.167.163.15910.167.163.159
20910.167.163.160/3110.167.163.160 – 10.167.163.16110.167.163.161
21010.167.163.162/3110.167.163.162 – 10.167.163.16310.167.163.163
21110.167.163.164/3110.167.163.164 – 10.167.163.16510.167.163.165
21210.167.163.166/3110.167.163.166 – 10.167.163.16710.167.163.167
21310.167.163.168/3110.167.163.168 – 10.167.163.16910.167.163.169
21410.167.163.170/3110.167.163.170 – 10.167.163.17110.167.163.171
21510.167.163.172/3110.167.163.172 – 10.167.163.17310.167.163.173
21610.167.163.174/3110.167.163.174 – 10.167.163.17510.167.163.175
21710.167.163.176/3110.167.163.176 – 10.167.163.17710.167.163.177
21810.167.163.178/3110.167.163.178 – 10.167.163.17910.167.163.179
21910.167.163.180/3110.167.163.180 – 10.167.163.18110.167.163.181
22010.167.163.182/3110.167.163.182 – 10.167.163.18310.167.163.183
22110.167.163.184/3110.167.163.184 – 10.167.163.18510.167.163.185
22210.167.163.186/3110.167.163.186 – 10.167.163.18710.167.163.187
22310.167.163.188/3110.167.163.188 – 10.167.163.18910.167.163.189
22410.167.163.190/3110.167.163.190 – 10.167.163.19110.167.163.191
22510.167.163.192/3110.167.163.192 – 10.167.163.19310.167.163.193
22610.167.163.194/3110.167.163.194 – 10.167.163.19510.167.163.195
22710.167.163.196/3110.167.163.196 – 10.167.163.19710.167.163.197
22810.167.163.198/3110.167.163.198 – 10.167.163.19910.167.163.199
22910.167.163.200/3110.167.163.200 – 10.167.163.20110.167.163.201
23010.167.163.202/3110.167.163.202 – 10.167.163.20310.167.163.203
23110.167.163.204/3110.167.163.204 – 10.167.163.20510.167.163.205
23210.167.163.206/3110.167.163.206 – 10.167.163.20710.167.163.207
23310.167.163.208/3110.167.163.208 – 10.167.163.20910.167.163.209
23410.167.163.210/3110.167.163.210 – 10.167.163.21110.167.163.211
23510.167.163.212/3110.167.163.212 – 10.167.163.21310.167.163.213
23610.167.163.214/3110.167.163.214 – 10.167.163.21510.167.163.215
23710.167.163.216/3110.167.163.216 – 10.167.163.21710.167.163.217
23810.167.163.218/3110.167.163.218 – 10.167.163.21910.167.163.219
23910.167.163.220/3110.167.163.220 – 10.167.163.22110.167.163.221
24010.167.163.222/3110.167.163.222 – 10.167.163.22310.167.163.223
24110.167.163.224/3110.167.163.224 – 10.167.163.22510.167.163.225
24210.167.163.226/3110.167.163.226 – 10.167.163.22710.167.163.227
24310.167.163.228/3110.167.163.228 – 10.167.163.22910.167.163.229
24410.167.163.230/3110.167.163.230 – 10.167.163.23110.167.163.231
24510.167.163.232/3110.167.163.232 – 10.167.163.23310.167.163.233
24610.167.163.234/3110.167.163.234 – 10.167.163.23510.167.163.235
24710.167.163.236/3110.167.163.236 – 10.167.163.23710.167.163.237
24810.167.163.238/3110.167.163.238 – 10.167.163.23910.167.163.239
24910.167.163.240/3110.167.163.240 – 10.167.163.24110.167.163.241
25010.167.163.242/3110.167.163.242 – 10.167.163.24310.167.163.243
25110.167.163.244/3110.167.163.244 – 10.167.163.24510.167.163.245
25210.167.163.246/3110.167.163.246 – 10.167.163.24710.167.163.247
25310.167.163.248/3110.167.163.248 – 10.167.163.24910.167.163.249
25410.167.163.250/3110.167.163.250 – 10.167.163.25110.167.163.251
25510.167.163.252/3110.167.163.252 – 10.167.163.25310.167.163.253
25610.167.163.254/3110.167.163.254 – 10.167.163.25510.167.163.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →