ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.160.0/23
network10.167.160.0/23
broadcast10.167.161.255
first host10.167.160.1
last host10.167.161.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.160.0/23
address00001010.10100111.10100000.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.10100000.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.10100001.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa7a000
decimal178757632
reverse dns0.160.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:a000

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.160.0/3110.167.160.0 – 10.167.160.110.167.160.1
210.167.160.2/3110.167.160.2 – 10.167.160.310.167.160.3
310.167.160.4/3110.167.160.4 – 10.167.160.510.167.160.5
410.167.160.6/3110.167.160.6 – 10.167.160.710.167.160.7
510.167.160.8/3110.167.160.8 – 10.167.160.910.167.160.9
610.167.160.10/3110.167.160.10 – 10.167.160.1110.167.160.11
710.167.160.12/3110.167.160.12 – 10.167.160.1310.167.160.13
810.167.160.14/3110.167.160.14 – 10.167.160.1510.167.160.15
910.167.160.16/3110.167.160.16 – 10.167.160.1710.167.160.17
1010.167.160.18/3110.167.160.18 – 10.167.160.1910.167.160.19
1110.167.160.20/3110.167.160.20 – 10.167.160.2110.167.160.21
1210.167.160.22/3110.167.160.22 – 10.167.160.2310.167.160.23
1310.167.160.24/3110.167.160.24 – 10.167.160.2510.167.160.25
1410.167.160.26/3110.167.160.26 – 10.167.160.2710.167.160.27
1510.167.160.28/3110.167.160.28 – 10.167.160.2910.167.160.29
1610.167.160.30/3110.167.160.30 – 10.167.160.3110.167.160.31
1710.167.160.32/3110.167.160.32 – 10.167.160.3310.167.160.33
1810.167.160.34/3110.167.160.34 – 10.167.160.3510.167.160.35
1910.167.160.36/3110.167.160.36 – 10.167.160.3710.167.160.37
2010.167.160.38/3110.167.160.38 – 10.167.160.3910.167.160.39
2110.167.160.40/3110.167.160.40 – 10.167.160.4110.167.160.41
2210.167.160.42/3110.167.160.42 – 10.167.160.4310.167.160.43
2310.167.160.44/3110.167.160.44 – 10.167.160.4510.167.160.45
2410.167.160.46/3110.167.160.46 – 10.167.160.4710.167.160.47
2510.167.160.48/3110.167.160.48 – 10.167.160.4910.167.160.49
2610.167.160.50/3110.167.160.50 – 10.167.160.5110.167.160.51
2710.167.160.52/3110.167.160.52 – 10.167.160.5310.167.160.53
2810.167.160.54/3110.167.160.54 – 10.167.160.5510.167.160.55
2910.167.160.56/3110.167.160.56 – 10.167.160.5710.167.160.57
3010.167.160.58/3110.167.160.58 – 10.167.160.5910.167.160.59
3110.167.160.60/3110.167.160.60 – 10.167.160.6110.167.160.61
3210.167.160.62/3110.167.160.62 – 10.167.160.6310.167.160.63
3310.167.160.64/3110.167.160.64 – 10.167.160.6510.167.160.65
3410.167.160.66/3110.167.160.66 – 10.167.160.6710.167.160.67
3510.167.160.68/3110.167.160.68 – 10.167.160.6910.167.160.69
3610.167.160.70/3110.167.160.70 – 10.167.160.7110.167.160.71
3710.167.160.72/3110.167.160.72 – 10.167.160.7310.167.160.73
3810.167.160.74/3110.167.160.74 – 10.167.160.7510.167.160.75
3910.167.160.76/3110.167.160.76 – 10.167.160.7710.167.160.77
4010.167.160.78/3110.167.160.78 – 10.167.160.7910.167.160.79
4110.167.160.80/3110.167.160.80 – 10.167.160.8110.167.160.81
4210.167.160.82/3110.167.160.82 – 10.167.160.8310.167.160.83
4310.167.160.84/3110.167.160.84 – 10.167.160.8510.167.160.85
4410.167.160.86/3110.167.160.86 – 10.167.160.8710.167.160.87
4510.167.160.88/3110.167.160.88 – 10.167.160.8910.167.160.89
4610.167.160.90/3110.167.160.90 – 10.167.160.9110.167.160.91
4710.167.160.92/3110.167.160.92 – 10.167.160.9310.167.160.93
4810.167.160.94/3110.167.160.94 – 10.167.160.9510.167.160.95
4910.167.160.96/3110.167.160.96 – 10.167.160.9710.167.160.97
5010.167.160.98/3110.167.160.98 – 10.167.160.9910.167.160.99
5110.167.160.100/3110.167.160.100 – 10.167.160.10110.167.160.101
5210.167.160.102/3110.167.160.102 – 10.167.160.10310.167.160.103
5310.167.160.104/3110.167.160.104 – 10.167.160.10510.167.160.105
5410.167.160.106/3110.167.160.106 – 10.167.160.10710.167.160.107
5510.167.160.108/3110.167.160.108 – 10.167.160.10910.167.160.109
5610.167.160.110/3110.167.160.110 – 10.167.160.11110.167.160.111
5710.167.160.112/3110.167.160.112 – 10.167.160.11310.167.160.113
5810.167.160.114/3110.167.160.114 – 10.167.160.11510.167.160.115
5910.167.160.116/3110.167.160.116 – 10.167.160.11710.167.160.117
6010.167.160.118/3110.167.160.118 – 10.167.160.11910.167.160.119
6110.167.160.120/3110.167.160.120 – 10.167.160.12110.167.160.121
6210.167.160.122/3110.167.160.122 – 10.167.160.12310.167.160.123
6310.167.160.124/3110.167.160.124 – 10.167.160.12510.167.160.125
6410.167.160.126/3110.167.160.126 – 10.167.160.12710.167.160.127
6510.167.160.128/3110.167.160.128 – 10.167.160.12910.167.160.129
6610.167.160.130/3110.167.160.130 – 10.167.160.13110.167.160.131
6710.167.160.132/3110.167.160.132 – 10.167.160.13310.167.160.133
6810.167.160.134/3110.167.160.134 – 10.167.160.13510.167.160.135
6910.167.160.136/3110.167.160.136 – 10.167.160.13710.167.160.137
7010.167.160.138/3110.167.160.138 – 10.167.160.13910.167.160.139
7110.167.160.140/3110.167.160.140 – 10.167.160.14110.167.160.141
7210.167.160.142/3110.167.160.142 – 10.167.160.14310.167.160.143
7310.167.160.144/3110.167.160.144 – 10.167.160.14510.167.160.145
7410.167.160.146/3110.167.160.146 – 10.167.160.14710.167.160.147
7510.167.160.148/3110.167.160.148 – 10.167.160.14910.167.160.149
7610.167.160.150/3110.167.160.150 – 10.167.160.15110.167.160.151
7710.167.160.152/3110.167.160.152 – 10.167.160.15310.167.160.153
7810.167.160.154/3110.167.160.154 – 10.167.160.15510.167.160.155
7910.167.160.156/3110.167.160.156 – 10.167.160.15710.167.160.157
8010.167.160.158/3110.167.160.158 – 10.167.160.15910.167.160.159
8110.167.160.160/3110.167.160.160 – 10.167.160.16110.167.160.161
8210.167.160.162/3110.167.160.162 – 10.167.160.16310.167.160.163
8310.167.160.164/3110.167.160.164 – 10.167.160.16510.167.160.165
8410.167.160.166/3110.167.160.166 – 10.167.160.16710.167.160.167
8510.167.160.168/3110.167.160.168 – 10.167.160.16910.167.160.169
8610.167.160.170/3110.167.160.170 – 10.167.160.17110.167.160.171
8710.167.160.172/3110.167.160.172 – 10.167.160.17310.167.160.173
8810.167.160.174/3110.167.160.174 – 10.167.160.17510.167.160.175
8910.167.160.176/3110.167.160.176 – 10.167.160.17710.167.160.177
9010.167.160.178/3110.167.160.178 – 10.167.160.17910.167.160.179
9110.167.160.180/3110.167.160.180 – 10.167.160.18110.167.160.181
9210.167.160.182/3110.167.160.182 – 10.167.160.18310.167.160.183
9310.167.160.184/3110.167.160.184 – 10.167.160.18510.167.160.185
9410.167.160.186/3110.167.160.186 – 10.167.160.18710.167.160.187
9510.167.160.188/3110.167.160.188 – 10.167.160.18910.167.160.189
9610.167.160.190/3110.167.160.190 – 10.167.160.19110.167.160.191
9710.167.160.192/3110.167.160.192 – 10.167.160.19310.167.160.193
9810.167.160.194/3110.167.160.194 – 10.167.160.19510.167.160.195
9910.167.160.196/3110.167.160.196 – 10.167.160.19710.167.160.197
10010.167.160.198/3110.167.160.198 – 10.167.160.19910.167.160.199
10110.167.160.200/3110.167.160.200 – 10.167.160.20110.167.160.201
10210.167.160.202/3110.167.160.202 – 10.167.160.20310.167.160.203
10310.167.160.204/3110.167.160.204 – 10.167.160.20510.167.160.205
10410.167.160.206/3110.167.160.206 – 10.167.160.20710.167.160.207
10510.167.160.208/3110.167.160.208 – 10.167.160.20910.167.160.209
10610.167.160.210/3110.167.160.210 – 10.167.160.21110.167.160.211
10710.167.160.212/3110.167.160.212 – 10.167.160.21310.167.160.213
10810.167.160.214/3110.167.160.214 – 10.167.160.21510.167.160.215
10910.167.160.216/3110.167.160.216 – 10.167.160.21710.167.160.217
11010.167.160.218/3110.167.160.218 – 10.167.160.21910.167.160.219
11110.167.160.220/3110.167.160.220 – 10.167.160.22110.167.160.221
11210.167.160.222/3110.167.160.222 – 10.167.160.22310.167.160.223
11310.167.160.224/3110.167.160.224 – 10.167.160.22510.167.160.225
11410.167.160.226/3110.167.160.226 – 10.167.160.22710.167.160.227
11510.167.160.228/3110.167.160.228 – 10.167.160.22910.167.160.229
11610.167.160.230/3110.167.160.230 – 10.167.160.23110.167.160.231
11710.167.160.232/3110.167.160.232 – 10.167.160.23310.167.160.233
11810.167.160.234/3110.167.160.234 – 10.167.160.23510.167.160.235
11910.167.160.236/3110.167.160.236 – 10.167.160.23710.167.160.237
12010.167.160.238/3110.167.160.238 – 10.167.160.23910.167.160.239
12110.167.160.240/3110.167.160.240 – 10.167.160.24110.167.160.241
12210.167.160.242/3110.167.160.242 – 10.167.160.24310.167.160.243
12310.167.160.244/3110.167.160.244 – 10.167.160.24510.167.160.245
12410.167.160.246/3110.167.160.246 – 10.167.160.24710.167.160.247
12510.167.160.248/3110.167.160.248 – 10.167.160.24910.167.160.249
12610.167.160.250/3110.167.160.250 – 10.167.160.25110.167.160.251
12710.167.160.252/3110.167.160.252 – 10.167.160.25310.167.160.253
12810.167.160.254/3110.167.160.254 – 10.167.160.25510.167.160.255
12910.167.161.0/3110.167.161.0 – 10.167.161.110.167.161.1
13010.167.161.2/3110.167.161.2 – 10.167.161.310.167.161.3
13110.167.161.4/3110.167.161.4 – 10.167.161.510.167.161.5
13210.167.161.6/3110.167.161.6 – 10.167.161.710.167.161.7
13310.167.161.8/3110.167.161.8 – 10.167.161.910.167.161.9
13410.167.161.10/3110.167.161.10 – 10.167.161.1110.167.161.11
13510.167.161.12/3110.167.161.12 – 10.167.161.1310.167.161.13
13610.167.161.14/3110.167.161.14 – 10.167.161.1510.167.161.15
13710.167.161.16/3110.167.161.16 – 10.167.161.1710.167.161.17
13810.167.161.18/3110.167.161.18 – 10.167.161.1910.167.161.19
13910.167.161.20/3110.167.161.20 – 10.167.161.2110.167.161.21
14010.167.161.22/3110.167.161.22 – 10.167.161.2310.167.161.23
14110.167.161.24/3110.167.161.24 – 10.167.161.2510.167.161.25
14210.167.161.26/3110.167.161.26 – 10.167.161.2710.167.161.27
14310.167.161.28/3110.167.161.28 – 10.167.161.2910.167.161.29
14410.167.161.30/3110.167.161.30 – 10.167.161.3110.167.161.31
14510.167.161.32/3110.167.161.32 – 10.167.161.3310.167.161.33
14610.167.161.34/3110.167.161.34 – 10.167.161.3510.167.161.35
14710.167.161.36/3110.167.161.36 – 10.167.161.3710.167.161.37
14810.167.161.38/3110.167.161.38 – 10.167.161.3910.167.161.39
14910.167.161.40/3110.167.161.40 – 10.167.161.4110.167.161.41
15010.167.161.42/3110.167.161.42 – 10.167.161.4310.167.161.43
15110.167.161.44/3110.167.161.44 – 10.167.161.4510.167.161.45
15210.167.161.46/3110.167.161.46 – 10.167.161.4710.167.161.47
15310.167.161.48/3110.167.161.48 – 10.167.161.4910.167.161.49
15410.167.161.50/3110.167.161.50 – 10.167.161.5110.167.161.51
15510.167.161.52/3110.167.161.52 – 10.167.161.5310.167.161.53
15610.167.161.54/3110.167.161.54 – 10.167.161.5510.167.161.55
15710.167.161.56/3110.167.161.56 – 10.167.161.5710.167.161.57
15810.167.161.58/3110.167.161.58 – 10.167.161.5910.167.161.59
15910.167.161.60/3110.167.161.60 – 10.167.161.6110.167.161.61
16010.167.161.62/3110.167.161.62 – 10.167.161.6310.167.161.63
16110.167.161.64/3110.167.161.64 – 10.167.161.6510.167.161.65
16210.167.161.66/3110.167.161.66 – 10.167.161.6710.167.161.67
16310.167.161.68/3110.167.161.68 – 10.167.161.6910.167.161.69
16410.167.161.70/3110.167.161.70 – 10.167.161.7110.167.161.71
16510.167.161.72/3110.167.161.72 – 10.167.161.7310.167.161.73
16610.167.161.74/3110.167.161.74 – 10.167.161.7510.167.161.75
16710.167.161.76/3110.167.161.76 – 10.167.161.7710.167.161.77
16810.167.161.78/3110.167.161.78 – 10.167.161.7910.167.161.79
16910.167.161.80/3110.167.161.80 – 10.167.161.8110.167.161.81
17010.167.161.82/3110.167.161.82 – 10.167.161.8310.167.161.83
17110.167.161.84/3110.167.161.84 – 10.167.161.8510.167.161.85
17210.167.161.86/3110.167.161.86 – 10.167.161.8710.167.161.87
17310.167.161.88/3110.167.161.88 – 10.167.161.8910.167.161.89
17410.167.161.90/3110.167.161.90 – 10.167.161.9110.167.161.91
17510.167.161.92/3110.167.161.92 – 10.167.161.9310.167.161.93
17610.167.161.94/3110.167.161.94 – 10.167.161.9510.167.161.95
17710.167.161.96/3110.167.161.96 – 10.167.161.9710.167.161.97
17810.167.161.98/3110.167.161.98 – 10.167.161.9910.167.161.99
17910.167.161.100/3110.167.161.100 – 10.167.161.10110.167.161.101
18010.167.161.102/3110.167.161.102 – 10.167.161.10310.167.161.103
18110.167.161.104/3110.167.161.104 – 10.167.161.10510.167.161.105
18210.167.161.106/3110.167.161.106 – 10.167.161.10710.167.161.107
18310.167.161.108/3110.167.161.108 – 10.167.161.10910.167.161.109
18410.167.161.110/3110.167.161.110 – 10.167.161.11110.167.161.111
18510.167.161.112/3110.167.161.112 – 10.167.161.11310.167.161.113
18610.167.161.114/3110.167.161.114 – 10.167.161.11510.167.161.115
18710.167.161.116/3110.167.161.116 – 10.167.161.11710.167.161.117
18810.167.161.118/3110.167.161.118 – 10.167.161.11910.167.161.119
18910.167.161.120/3110.167.161.120 – 10.167.161.12110.167.161.121
19010.167.161.122/3110.167.161.122 – 10.167.161.12310.167.161.123
19110.167.161.124/3110.167.161.124 – 10.167.161.12510.167.161.125
19210.167.161.126/3110.167.161.126 – 10.167.161.12710.167.161.127
19310.167.161.128/3110.167.161.128 – 10.167.161.12910.167.161.129
19410.167.161.130/3110.167.161.130 – 10.167.161.13110.167.161.131
19510.167.161.132/3110.167.161.132 – 10.167.161.13310.167.161.133
19610.167.161.134/3110.167.161.134 – 10.167.161.13510.167.161.135
19710.167.161.136/3110.167.161.136 – 10.167.161.13710.167.161.137
19810.167.161.138/3110.167.161.138 – 10.167.161.13910.167.161.139
19910.167.161.140/3110.167.161.140 – 10.167.161.14110.167.161.141
20010.167.161.142/3110.167.161.142 – 10.167.161.14310.167.161.143
20110.167.161.144/3110.167.161.144 – 10.167.161.14510.167.161.145
20210.167.161.146/3110.167.161.146 – 10.167.161.14710.167.161.147
20310.167.161.148/3110.167.161.148 – 10.167.161.14910.167.161.149
20410.167.161.150/3110.167.161.150 – 10.167.161.15110.167.161.151
20510.167.161.152/3110.167.161.152 – 10.167.161.15310.167.161.153
20610.167.161.154/3110.167.161.154 – 10.167.161.15510.167.161.155
20710.167.161.156/3110.167.161.156 – 10.167.161.15710.167.161.157
20810.167.161.158/3110.167.161.158 – 10.167.161.15910.167.161.159
20910.167.161.160/3110.167.161.160 – 10.167.161.16110.167.161.161
21010.167.161.162/3110.167.161.162 – 10.167.161.16310.167.161.163
21110.167.161.164/3110.167.161.164 – 10.167.161.16510.167.161.165
21210.167.161.166/3110.167.161.166 – 10.167.161.16710.167.161.167
21310.167.161.168/3110.167.161.168 – 10.167.161.16910.167.161.169
21410.167.161.170/3110.167.161.170 – 10.167.161.17110.167.161.171
21510.167.161.172/3110.167.161.172 – 10.167.161.17310.167.161.173
21610.167.161.174/3110.167.161.174 – 10.167.161.17510.167.161.175
21710.167.161.176/3110.167.161.176 – 10.167.161.17710.167.161.177
21810.167.161.178/3110.167.161.178 – 10.167.161.17910.167.161.179
21910.167.161.180/3110.167.161.180 – 10.167.161.18110.167.161.181
22010.167.161.182/3110.167.161.182 – 10.167.161.18310.167.161.183
22110.167.161.184/3110.167.161.184 – 10.167.161.18510.167.161.185
22210.167.161.186/3110.167.161.186 – 10.167.161.18710.167.161.187
22310.167.161.188/3110.167.161.188 – 10.167.161.18910.167.161.189
22410.167.161.190/3110.167.161.190 – 10.167.161.19110.167.161.191
22510.167.161.192/3110.167.161.192 – 10.167.161.19310.167.161.193
22610.167.161.194/3110.167.161.194 – 10.167.161.19510.167.161.195
22710.167.161.196/3110.167.161.196 – 10.167.161.19710.167.161.197
22810.167.161.198/3110.167.161.198 – 10.167.161.19910.167.161.199
22910.167.161.200/3110.167.161.200 – 10.167.161.20110.167.161.201
23010.167.161.202/3110.167.161.202 – 10.167.161.20310.167.161.203
23110.167.161.204/3110.167.161.204 – 10.167.161.20510.167.161.205
23210.167.161.206/3110.167.161.206 – 10.167.161.20710.167.161.207
23310.167.161.208/3110.167.161.208 – 10.167.161.20910.167.161.209
23410.167.161.210/3110.167.161.210 – 10.167.161.21110.167.161.211
23510.167.161.212/3110.167.161.212 – 10.167.161.21310.167.161.213
23610.167.161.214/3110.167.161.214 – 10.167.161.21510.167.161.215
23710.167.161.216/3110.167.161.216 – 10.167.161.21710.167.161.217
23810.167.161.218/3110.167.161.218 – 10.167.161.21910.167.161.219
23910.167.161.220/3110.167.161.220 – 10.167.161.22110.167.161.221
24010.167.161.222/3110.167.161.222 – 10.167.161.22310.167.161.223
24110.167.161.224/3110.167.161.224 – 10.167.161.22510.167.161.225
24210.167.161.226/3110.167.161.226 – 10.167.161.22710.167.161.227
24310.167.161.228/3110.167.161.228 – 10.167.161.22910.167.161.229
24410.167.161.230/3110.167.161.230 – 10.167.161.23110.167.161.231
24510.167.161.232/3110.167.161.232 – 10.167.161.23310.167.161.233
24610.167.161.234/3110.167.161.234 – 10.167.161.23510.167.161.235
24710.167.161.236/3110.167.161.236 – 10.167.161.23710.167.161.237
24810.167.161.238/3110.167.161.238 – 10.167.161.23910.167.161.239
24910.167.161.240/3110.167.161.240 – 10.167.161.24110.167.161.241
25010.167.161.242/3110.167.161.242 – 10.167.161.24310.167.161.243
25110.167.161.244/3110.167.161.244 – 10.167.161.24510.167.161.245
25210.167.161.246/3110.167.161.246 – 10.167.161.24710.167.161.247
25310.167.161.248/3110.167.161.248 – 10.167.161.24910.167.161.249
25410.167.161.250/3110.167.161.250 – 10.167.161.25110.167.161.251
25510.167.161.252/3110.167.161.252 – 10.167.161.25310.167.161.253
25610.167.161.254/3110.167.161.254 – 10.167.161.25510.167.161.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →