ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.156.0/23
network10.167.156.0/23
broadcast10.167.157.255
first host10.167.156.1
last host10.167.157.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.156.0/23
address00001010.10100111.10011100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.10011100.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.10011101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa79c00
decimal178756608
reverse dns0.156.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:9c00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.156.0/3110.167.156.0 – 10.167.156.110.167.156.1
210.167.156.2/3110.167.156.2 – 10.167.156.310.167.156.3
310.167.156.4/3110.167.156.4 – 10.167.156.510.167.156.5
410.167.156.6/3110.167.156.6 – 10.167.156.710.167.156.7
510.167.156.8/3110.167.156.8 – 10.167.156.910.167.156.9
610.167.156.10/3110.167.156.10 – 10.167.156.1110.167.156.11
710.167.156.12/3110.167.156.12 – 10.167.156.1310.167.156.13
810.167.156.14/3110.167.156.14 – 10.167.156.1510.167.156.15
910.167.156.16/3110.167.156.16 – 10.167.156.1710.167.156.17
1010.167.156.18/3110.167.156.18 – 10.167.156.1910.167.156.19
1110.167.156.20/3110.167.156.20 – 10.167.156.2110.167.156.21
1210.167.156.22/3110.167.156.22 – 10.167.156.2310.167.156.23
1310.167.156.24/3110.167.156.24 – 10.167.156.2510.167.156.25
1410.167.156.26/3110.167.156.26 – 10.167.156.2710.167.156.27
1510.167.156.28/3110.167.156.28 – 10.167.156.2910.167.156.29
1610.167.156.30/3110.167.156.30 – 10.167.156.3110.167.156.31
1710.167.156.32/3110.167.156.32 – 10.167.156.3310.167.156.33
1810.167.156.34/3110.167.156.34 – 10.167.156.3510.167.156.35
1910.167.156.36/3110.167.156.36 – 10.167.156.3710.167.156.37
2010.167.156.38/3110.167.156.38 – 10.167.156.3910.167.156.39
2110.167.156.40/3110.167.156.40 – 10.167.156.4110.167.156.41
2210.167.156.42/3110.167.156.42 – 10.167.156.4310.167.156.43
2310.167.156.44/3110.167.156.44 – 10.167.156.4510.167.156.45
2410.167.156.46/3110.167.156.46 – 10.167.156.4710.167.156.47
2510.167.156.48/3110.167.156.48 – 10.167.156.4910.167.156.49
2610.167.156.50/3110.167.156.50 – 10.167.156.5110.167.156.51
2710.167.156.52/3110.167.156.52 – 10.167.156.5310.167.156.53
2810.167.156.54/3110.167.156.54 – 10.167.156.5510.167.156.55
2910.167.156.56/3110.167.156.56 – 10.167.156.5710.167.156.57
3010.167.156.58/3110.167.156.58 – 10.167.156.5910.167.156.59
3110.167.156.60/3110.167.156.60 – 10.167.156.6110.167.156.61
3210.167.156.62/3110.167.156.62 – 10.167.156.6310.167.156.63
3310.167.156.64/3110.167.156.64 – 10.167.156.6510.167.156.65
3410.167.156.66/3110.167.156.66 – 10.167.156.6710.167.156.67
3510.167.156.68/3110.167.156.68 – 10.167.156.6910.167.156.69
3610.167.156.70/3110.167.156.70 – 10.167.156.7110.167.156.71
3710.167.156.72/3110.167.156.72 – 10.167.156.7310.167.156.73
3810.167.156.74/3110.167.156.74 – 10.167.156.7510.167.156.75
3910.167.156.76/3110.167.156.76 – 10.167.156.7710.167.156.77
4010.167.156.78/3110.167.156.78 – 10.167.156.7910.167.156.79
4110.167.156.80/3110.167.156.80 – 10.167.156.8110.167.156.81
4210.167.156.82/3110.167.156.82 – 10.167.156.8310.167.156.83
4310.167.156.84/3110.167.156.84 – 10.167.156.8510.167.156.85
4410.167.156.86/3110.167.156.86 – 10.167.156.8710.167.156.87
4510.167.156.88/3110.167.156.88 – 10.167.156.8910.167.156.89
4610.167.156.90/3110.167.156.90 – 10.167.156.9110.167.156.91
4710.167.156.92/3110.167.156.92 – 10.167.156.9310.167.156.93
4810.167.156.94/3110.167.156.94 – 10.167.156.9510.167.156.95
4910.167.156.96/3110.167.156.96 – 10.167.156.9710.167.156.97
5010.167.156.98/3110.167.156.98 – 10.167.156.9910.167.156.99
5110.167.156.100/3110.167.156.100 – 10.167.156.10110.167.156.101
5210.167.156.102/3110.167.156.102 – 10.167.156.10310.167.156.103
5310.167.156.104/3110.167.156.104 – 10.167.156.10510.167.156.105
5410.167.156.106/3110.167.156.106 – 10.167.156.10710.167.156.107
5510.167.156.108/3110.167.156.108 – 10.167.156.10910.167.156.109
5610.167.156.110/3110.167.156.110 – 10.167.156.11110.167.156.111
5710.167.156.112/3110.167.156.112 – 10.167.156.11310.167.156.113
5810.167.156.114/3110.167.156.114 – 10.167.156.11510.167.156.115
5910.167.156.116/3110.167.156.116 – 10.167.156.11710.167.156.117
6010.167.156.118/3110.167.156.118 – 10.167.156.11910.167.156.119
6110.167.156.120/3110.167.156.120 – 10.167.156.12110.167.156.121
6210.167.156.122/3110.167.156.122 – 10.167.156.12310.167.156.123
6310.167.156.124/3110.167.156.124 – 10.167.156.12510.167.156.125
6410.167.156.126/3110.167.156.126 – 10.167.156.12710.167.156.127
6510.167.156.128/3110.167.156.128 – 10.167.156.12910.167.156.129
6610.167.156.130/3110.167.156.130 – 10.167.156.13110.167.156.131
6710.167.156.132/3110.167.156.132 – 10.167.156.13310.167.156.133
6810.167.156.134/3110.167.156.134 – 10.167.156.13510.167.156.135
6910.167.156.136/3110.167.156.136 – 10.167.156.13710.167.156.137
7010.167.156.138/3110.167.156.138 – 10.167.156.13910.167.156.139
7110.167.156.140/3110.167.156.140 – 10.167.156.14110.167.156.141
7210.167.156.142/3110.167.156.142 – 10.167.156.14310.167.156.143
7310.167.156.144/3110.167.156.144 – 10.167.156.14510.167.156.145
7410.167.156.146/3110.167.156.146 – 10.167.156.14710.167.156.147
7510.167.156.148/3110.167.156.148 – 10.167.156.14910.167.156.149
7610.167.156.150/3110.167.156.150 – 10.167.156.15110.167.156.151
7710.167.156.152/3110.167.156.152 – 10.167.156.15310.167.156.153
7810.167.156.154/3110.167.156.154 – 10.167.156.15510.167.156.155
7910.167.156.156/3110.167.156.156 – 10.167.156.15710.167.156.157
8010.167.156.158/3110.167.156.158 – 10.167.156.15910.167.156.159
8110.167.156.160/3110.167.156.160 – 10.167.156.16110.167.156.161
8210.167.156.162/3110.167.156.162 – 10.167.156.16310.167.156.163
8310.167.156.164/3110.167.156.164 – 10.167.156.16510.167.156.165
8410.167.156.166/3110.167.156.166 – 10.167.156.16710.167.156.167
8510.167.156.168/3110.167.156.168 – 10.167.156.16910.167.156.169
8610.167.156.170/3110.167.156.170 – 10.167.156.17110.167.156.171
8710.167.156.172/3110.167.156.172 – 10.167.156.17310.167.156.173
8810.167.156.174/3110.167.156.174 – 10.167.156.17510.167.156.175
8910.167.156.176/3110.167.156.176 – 10.167.156.17710.167.156.177
9010.167.156.178/3110.167.156.178 – 10.167.156.17910.167.156.179
9110.167.156.180/3110.167.156.180 – 10.167.156.18110.167.156.181
9210.167.156.182/3110.167.156.182 – 10.167.156.18310.167.156.183
9310.167.156.184/3110.167.156.184 – 10.167.156.18510.167.156.185
9410.167.156.186/3110.167.156.186 – 10.167.156.18710.167.156.187
9510.167.156.188/3110.167.156.188 – 10.167.156.18910.167.156.189
9610.167.156.190/3110.167.156.190 – 10.167.156.19110.167.156.191
9710.167.156.192/3110.167.156.192 – 10.167.156.19310.167.156.193
9810.167.156.194/3110.167.156.194 – 10.167.156.19510.167.156.195
9910.167.156.196/3110.167.156.196 – 10.167.156.19710.167.156.197
10010.167.156.198/3110.167.156.198 – 10.167.156.19910.167.156.199
10110.167.156.200/3110.167.156.200 – 10.167.156.20110.167.156.201
10210.167.156.202/3110.167.156.202 – 10.167.156.20310.167.156.203
10310.167.156.204/3110.167.156.204 – 10.167.156.20510.167.156.205
10410.167.156.206/3110.167.156.206 – 10.167.156.20710.167.156.207
10510.167.156.208/3110.167.156.208 – 10.167.156.20910.167.156.209
10610.167.156.210/3110.167.156.210 – 10.167.156.21110.167.156.211
10710.167.156.212/3110.167.156.212 – 10.167.156.21310.167.156.213
10810.167.156.214/3110.167.156.214 – 10.167.156.21510.167.156.215
10910.167.156.216/3110.167.156.216 – 10.167.156.21710.167.156.217
11010.167.156.218/3110.167.156.218 – 10.167.156.21910.167.156.219
11110.167.156.220/3110.167.156.220 – 10.167.156.22110.167.156.221
11210.167.156.222/3110.167.156.222 – 10.167.156.22310.167.156.223
11310.167.156.224/3110.167.156.224 – 10.167.156.22510.167.156.225
11410.167.156.226/3110.167.156.226 – 10.167.156.22710.167.156.227
11510.167.156.228/3110.167.156.228 – 10.167.156.22910.167.156.229
11610.167.156.230/3110.167.156.230 – 10.167.156.23110.167.156.231
11710.167.156.232/3110.167.156.232 – 10.167.156.23310.167.156.233
11810.167.156.234/3110.167.156.234 – 10.167.156.23510.167.156.235
11910.167.156.236/3110.167.156.236 – 10.167.156.23710.167.156.237
12010.167.156.238/3110.167.156.238 – 10.167.156.23910.167.156.239
12110.167.156.240/3110.167.156.240 – 10.167.156.24110.167.156.241
12210.167.156.242/3110.167.156.242 – 10.167.156.24310.167.156.243
12310.167.156.244/3110.167.156.244 – 10.167.156.24510.167.156.245
12410.167.156.246/3110.167.156.246 – 10.167.156.24710.167.156.247
12510.167.156.248/3110.167.156.248 – 10.167.156.24910.167.156.249
12610.167.156.250/3110.167.156.250 – 10.167.156.25110.167.156.251
12710.167.156.252/3110.167.156.252 – 10.167.156.25310.167.156.253
12810.167.156.254/3110.167.156.254 – 10.167.156.25510.167.156.255
12910.167.157.0/3110.167.157.0 – 10.167.157.110.167.157.1
13010.167.157.2/3110.167.157.2 – 10.167.157.310.167.157.3
13110.167.157.4/3110.167.157.4 – 10.167.157.510.167.157.5
13210.167.157.6/3110.167.157.6 – 10.167.157.710.167.157.7
13310.167.157.8/3110.167.157.8 – 10.167.157.910.167.157.9
13410.167.157.10/3110.167.157.10 – 10.167.157.1110.167.157.11
13510.167.157.12/3110.167.157.12 – 10.167.157.1310.167.157.13
13610.167.157.14/3110.167.157.14 – 10.167.157.1510.167.157.15
13710.167.157.16/3110.167.157.16 – 10.167.157.1710.167.157.17
13810.167.157.18/3110.167.157.18 – 10.167.157.1910.167.157.19
13910.167.157.20/3110.167.157.20 – 10.167.157.2110.167.157.21
14010.167.157.22/3110.167.157.22 – 10.167.157.2310.167.157.23
14110.167.157.24/3110.167.157.24 – 10.167.157.2510.167.157.25
14210.167.157.26/3110.167.157.26 – 10.167.157.2710.167.157.27
14310.167.157.28/3110.167.157.28 – 10.167.157.2910.167.157.29
14410.167.157.30/3110.167.157.30 – 10.167.157.3110.167.157.31
14510.167.157.32/3110.167.157.32 – 10.167.157.3310.167.157.33
14610.167.157.34/3110.167.157.34 – 10.167.157.3510.167.157.35
14710.167.157.36/3110.167.157.36 – 10.167.157.3710.167.157.37
14810.167.157.38/3110.167.157.38 – 10.167.157.3910.167.157.39
14910.167.157.40/3110.167.157.40 – 10.167.157.4110.167.157.41
15010.167.157.42/3110.167.157.42 – 10.167.157.4310.167.157.43
15110.167.157.44/3110.167.157.44 – 10.167.157.4510.167.157.45
15210.167.157.46/3110.167.157.46 – 10.167.157.4710.167.157.47
15310.167.157.48/3110.167.157.48 – 10.167.157.4910.167.157.49
15410.167.157.50/3110.167.157.50 – 10.167.157.5110.167.157.51
15510.167.157.52/3110.167.157.52 – 10.167.157.5310.167.157.53
15610.167.157.54/3110.167.157.54 – 10.167.157.5510.167.157.55
15710.167.157.56/3110.167.157.56 – 10.167.157.5710.167.157.57
15810.167.157.58/3110.167.157.58 – 10.167.157.5910.167.157.59
15910.167.157.60/3110.167.157.60 – 10.167.157.6110.167.157.61
16010.167.157.62/3110.167.157.62 – 10.167.157.6310.167.157.63
16110.167.157.64/3110.167.157.64 – 10.167.157.6510.167.157.65
16210.167.157.66/3110.167.157.66 – 10.167.157.6710.167.157.67
16310.167.157.68/3110.167.157.68 – 10.167.157.6910.167.157.69
16410.167.157.70/3110.167.157.70 – 10.167.157.7110.167.157.71
16510.167.157.72/3110.167.157.72 – 10.167.157.7310.167.157.73
16610.167.157.74/3110.167.157.74 – 10.167.157.7510.167.157.75
16710.167.157.76/3110.167.157.76 – 10.167.157.7710.167.157.77
16810.167.157.78/3110.167.157.78 – 10.167.157.7910.167.157.79
16910.167.157.80/3110.167.157.80 – 10.167.157.8110.167.157.81
17010.167.157.82/3110.167.157.82 – 10.167.157.8310.167.157.83
17110.167.157.84/3110.167.157.84 – 10.167.157.8510.167.157.85
17210.167.157.86/3110.167.157.86 – 10.167.157.8710.167.157.87
17310.167.157.88/3110.167.157.88 – 10.167.157.8910.167.157.89
17410.167.157.90/3110.167.157.90 – 10.167.157.9110.167.157.91
17510.167.157.92/3110.167.157.92 – 10.167.157.9310.167.157.93
17610.167.157.94/3110.167.157.94 – 10.167.157.9510.167.157.95
17710.167.157.96/3110.167.157.96 – 10.167.157.9710.167.157.97
17810.167.157.98/3110.167.157.98 – 10.167.157.9910.167.157.99
17910.167.157.100/3110.167.157.100 – 10.167.157.10110.167.157.101
18010.167.157.102/3110.167.157.102 – 10.167.157.10310.167.157.103
18110.167.157.104/3110.167.157.104 – 10.167.157.10510.167.157.105
18210.167.157.106/3110.167.157.106 – 10.167.157.10710.167.157.107
18310.167.157.108/3110.167.157.108 – 10.167.157.10910.167.157.109
18410.167.157.110/3110.167.157.110 – 10.167.157.11110.167.157.111
18510.167.157.112/3110.167.157.112 – 10.167.157.11310.167.157.113
18610.167.157.114/3110.167.157.114 – 10.167.157.11510.167.157.115
18710.167.157.116/3110.167.157.116 – 10.167.157.11710.167.157.117
18810.167.157.118/3110.167.157.118 – 10.167.157.11910.167.157.119
18910.167.157.120/3110.167.157.120 – 10.167.157.12110.167.157.121
19010.167.157.122/3110.167.157.122 – 10.167.157.12310.167.157.123
19110.167.157.124/3110.167.157.124 – 10.167.157.12510.167.157.125
19210.167.157.126/3110.167.157.126 – 10.167.157.12710.167.157.127
19310.167.157.128/3110.167.157.128 – 10.167.157.12910.167.157.129
19410.167.157.130/3110.167.157.130 – 10.167.157.13110.167.157.131
19510.167.157.132/3110.167.157.132 – 10.167.157.13310.167.157.133
19610.167.157.134/3110.167.157.134 – 10.167.157.13510.167.157.135
19710.167.157.136/3110.167.157.136 – 10.167.157.13710.167.157.137
19810.167.157.138/3110.167.157.138 – 10.167.157.13910.167.157.139
19910.167.157.140/3110.167.157.140 – 10.167.157.14110.167.157.141
20010.167.157.142/3110.167.157.142 – 10.167.157.14310.167.157.143
20110.167.157.144/3110.167.157.144 – 10.167.157.14510.167.157.145
20210.167.157.146/3110.167.157.146 – 10.167.157.14710.167.157.147
20310.167.157.148/3110.167.157.148 – 10.167.157.14910.167.157.149
20410.167.157.150/3110.167.157.150 – 10.167.157.15110.167.157.151
20510.167.157.152/3110.167.157.152 – 10.167.157.15310.167.157.153
20610.167.157.154/3110.167.157.154 – 10.167.157.15510.167.157.155
20710.167.157.156/3110.167.157.156 – 10.167.157.15710.167.157.157
20810.167.157.158/3110.167.157.158 – 10.167.157.15910.167.157.159
20910.167.157.160/3110.167.157.160 – 10.167.157.16110.167.157.161
21010.167.157.162/3110.167.157.162 – 10.167.157.16310.167.157.163
21110.167.157.164/3110.167.157.164 – 10.167.157.16510.167.157.165
21210.167.157.166/3110.167.157.166 – 10.167.157.16710.167.157.167
21310.167.157.168/3110.167.157.168 – 10.167.157.16910.167.157.169
21410.167.157.170/3110.167.157.170 – 10.167.157.17110.167.157.171
21510.167.157.172/3110.167.157.172 – 10.167.157.17310.167.157.173
21610.167.157.174/3110.167.157.174 – 10.167.157.17510.167.157.175
21710.167.157.176/3110.167.157.176 – 10.167.157.17710.167.157.177
21810.167.157.178/3110.167.157.178 – 10.167.157.17910.167.157.179
21910.167.157.180/3110.167.157.180 – 10.167.157.18110.167.157.181
22010.167.157.182/3110.167.157.182 – 10.167.157.18310.167.157.183
22110.167.157.184/3110.167.157.184 – 10.167.157.18510.167.157.185
22210.167.157.186/3110.167.157.186 – 10.167.157.18710.167.157.187
22310.167.157.188/3110.167.157.188 – 10.167.157.18910.167.157.189
22410.167.157.190/3110.167.157.190 – 10.167.157.19110.167.157.191
22510.167.157.192/3110.167.157.192 – 10.167.157.19310.167.157.193
22610.167.157.194/3110.167.157.194 – 10.167.157.19510.167.157.195
22710.167.157.196/3110.167.157.196 – 10.167.157.19710.167.157.197
22810.167.157.198/3110.167.157.198 – 10.167.157.19910.167.157.199
22910.167.157.200/3110.167.157.200 – 10.167.157.20110.167.157.201
23010.167.157.202/3110.167.157.202 – 10.167.157.20310.167.157.203
23110.167.157.204/3110.167.157.204 – 10.167.157.20510.167.157.205
23210.167.157.206/3110.167.157.206 – 10.167.157.20710.167.157.207
23310.167.157.208/3110.167.157.208 – 10.167.157.20910.167.157.209
23410.167.157.210/3110.167.157.210 – 10.167.157.21110.167.157.211
23510.167.157.212/3110.167.157.212 – 10.167.157.21310.167.157.213
23610.167.157.214/3110.167.157.214 – 10.167.157.21510.167.157.215
23710.167.157.216/3110.167.157.216 – 10.167.157.21710.167.157.217
23810.167.157.218/3110.167.157.218 – 10.167.157.21910.167.157.219
23910.167.157.220/3110.167.157.220 – 10.167.157.22110.167.157.221
24010.167.157.222/3110.167.157.222 – 10.167.157.22310.167.157.223
24110.167.157.224/3110.167.157.224 – 10.167.157.22510.167.157.225
24210.167.157.226/3110.167.157.226 – 10.167.157.22710.167.157.227
24310.167.157.228/3110.167.157.228 – 10.167.157.22910.167.157.229
24410.167.157.230/3110.167.157.230 – 10.167.157.23110.167.157.231
24510.167.157.232/3110.167.157.232 – 10.167.157.23310.167.157.233
24610.167.157.234/3110.167.157.234 – 10.167.157.23510.167.157.235
24710.167.157.236/3110.167.157.236 – 10.167.157.23710.167.157.237
24810.167.157.238/3110.167.157.238 – 10.167.157.23910.167.157.239
24910.167.157.240/3110.167.157.240 – 10.167.157.24110.167.157.241
25010.167.157.242/3110.167.157.242 – 10.167.157.24310.167.157.243
25110.167.157.244/3110.167.157.244 – 10.167.157.24510.167.157.245
25210.167.157.246/3110.167.157.246 – 10.167.157.24710.167.157.247
25310.167.157.248/3110.167.157.248 – 10.167.157.24910.167.157.249
25410.167.157.250/3110.167.157.250 – 10.167.157.25110.167.157.251
25510.167.157.252/3110.167.157.252 – 10.167.157.25310.167.157.253
25610.167.157.254/3110.167.157.254 – 10.167.157.25510.167.157.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →