ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.12.0/23
network10.167.12.0/23
broadcast10.167.13.255
first host10.167.12.1
last host10.167.13.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.12.0/23
address00001010.10100111.00001100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.00001100.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.00001101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa70c00
decimal178719744
reverse dns0.12.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:c00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.12.0/3110.167.12.0 – 10.167.12.110.167.12.1
210.167.12.2/3110.167.12.2 – 10.167.12.310.167.12.3
310.167.12.4/3110.167.12.4 – 10.167.12.510.167.12.5
410.167.12.6/3110.167.12.6 – 10.167.12.710.167.12.7
510.167.12.8/3110.167.12.8 – 10.167.12.910.167.12.9
610.167.12.10/3110.167.12.10 – 10.167.12.1110.167.12.11
710.167.12.12/3110.167.12.12 – 10.167.12.1310.167.12.13
810.167.12.14/3110.167.12.14 – 10.167.12.1510.167.12.15
910.167.12.16/3110.167.12.16 – 10.167.12.1710.167.12.17
1010.167.12.18/3110.167.12.18 – 10.167.12.1910.167.12.19
1110.167.12.20/3110.167.12.20 – 10.167.12.2110.167.12.21
1210.167.12.22/3110.167.12.22 – 10.167.12.2310.167.12.23
1310.167.12.24/3110.167.12.24 – 10.167.12.2510.167.12.25
1410.167.12.26/3110.167.12.26 – 10.167.12.2710.167.12.27
1510.167.12.28/3110.167.12.28 – 10.167.12.2910.167.12.29
1610.167.12.30/3110.167.12.30 – 10.167.12.3110.167.12.31
1710.167.12.32/3110.167.12.32 – 10.167.12.3310.167.12.33
1810.167.12.34/3110.167.12.34 – 10.167.12.3510.167.12.35
1910.167.12.36/3110.167.12.36 – 10.167.12.3710.167.12.37
2010.167.12.38/3110.167.12.38 – 10.167.12.3910.167.12.39
2110.167.12.40/3110.167.12.40 – 10.167.12.4110.167.12.41
2210.167.12.42/3110.167.12.42 – 10.167.12.4310.167.12.43
2310.167.12.44/3110.167.12.44 – 10.167.12.4510.167.12.45
2410.167.12.46/3110.167.12.46 – 10.167.12.4710.167.12.47
2510.167.12.48/3110.167.12.48 – 10.167.12.4910.167.12.49
2610.167.12.50/3110.167.12.50 – 10.167.12.5110.167.12.51
2710.167.12.52/3110.167.12.52 – 10.167.12.5310.167.12.53
2810.167.12.54/3110.167.12.54 – 10.167.12.5510.167.12.55
2910.167.12.56/3110.167.12.56 – 10.167.12.5710.167.12.57
3010.167.12.58/3110.167.12.58 – 10.167.12.5910.167.12.59
3110.167.12.60/3110.167.12.60 – 10.167.12.6110.167.12.61
3210.167.12.62/3110.167.12.62 – 10.167.12.6310.167.12.63
3310.167.12.64/3110.167.12.64 – 10.167.12.6510.167.12.65
3410.167.12.66/3110.167.12.66 – 10.167.12.6710.167.12.67
3510.167.12.68/3110.167.12.68 – 10.167.12.6910.167.12.69
3610.167.12.70/3110.167.12.70 – 10.167.12.7110.167.12.71
3710.167.12.72/3110.167.12.72 – 10.167.12.7310.167.12.73
3810.167.12.74/3110.167.12.74 – 10.167.12.7510.167.12.75
3910.167.12.76/3110.167.12.76 – 10.167.12.7710.167.12.77
4010.167.12.78/3110.167.12.78 – 10.167.12.7910.167.12.79
4110.167.12.80/3110.167.12.80 – 10.167.12.8110.167.12.81
4210.167.12.82/3110.167.12.82 – 10.167.12.8310.167.12.83
4310.167.12.84/3110.167.12.84 – 10.167.12.8510.167.12.85
4410.167.12.86/3110.167.12.86 – 10.167.12.8710.167.12.87
4510.167.12.88/3110.167.12.88 – 10.167.12.8910.167.12.89
4610.167.12.90/3110.167.12.90 – 10.167.12.9110.167.12.91
4710.167.12.92/3110.167.12.92 – 10.167.12.9310.167.12.93
4810.167.12.94/3110.167.12.94 – 10.167.12.9510.167.12.95
4910.167.12.96/3110.167.12.96 – 10.167.12.9710.167.12.97
5010.167.12.98/3110.167.12.98 – 10.167.12.9910.167.12.99
5110.167.12.100/3110.167.12.100 – 10.167.12.10110.167.12.101
5210.167.12.102/3110.167.12.102 – 10.167.12.10310.167.12.103
5310.167.12.104/3110.167.12.104 – 10.167.12.10510.167.12.105
5410.167.12.106/3110.167.12.106 – 10.167.12.10710.167.12.107
5510.167.12.108/3110.167.12.108 – 10.167.12.10910.167.12.109
5610.167.12.110/3110.167.12.110 – 10.167.12.11110.167.12.111
5710.167.12.112/3110.167.12.112 – 10.167.12.11310.167.12.113
5810.167.12.114/3110.167.12.114 – 10.167.12.11510.167.12.115
5910.167.12.116/3110.167.12.116 – 10.167.12.11710.167.12.117
6010.167.12.118/3110.167.12.118 – 10.167.12.11910.167.12.119
6110.167.12.120/3110.167.12.120 – 10.167.12.12110.167.12.121
6210.167.12.122/3110.167.12.122 – 10.167.12.12310.167.12.123
6310.167.12.124/3110.167.12.124 – 10.167.12.12510.167.12.125
6410.167.12.126/3110.167.12.126 – 10.167.12.12710.167.12.127
6510.167.12.128/3110.167.12.128 – 10.167.12.12910.167.12.129
6610.167.12.130/3110.167.12.130 – 10.167.12.13110.167.12.131
6710.167.12.132/3110.167.12.132 – 10.167.12.13310.167.12.133
6810.167.12.134/3110.167.12.134 – 10.167.12.13510.167.12.135
6910.167.12.136/3110.167.12.136 – 10.167.12.13710.167.12.137
7010.167.12.138/3110.167.12.138 – 10.167.12.13910.167.12.139
7110.167.12.140/3110.167.12.140 – 10.167.12.14110.167.12.141
7210.167.12.142/3110.167.12.142 – 10.167.12.14310.167.12.143
7310.167.12.144/3110.167.12.144 – 10.167.12.14510.167.12.145
7410.167.12.146/3110.167.12.146 – 10.167.12.14710.167.12.147
7510.167.12.148/3110.167.12.148 – 10.167.12.14910.167.12.149
7610.167.12.150/3110.167.12.150 – 10.167.12.15110.167.12.151
7710.167.12.152/3110.167.12.152 – 10.167.12.15310.167.12.153
7810.167.12.154/3110.167.12.154 – 10.167.12.15510.167.12.155
7910.167.12.156/3110.167.12.156 – 10.167.12.15710.167.12.157
8010.167.12.158/3110.167.12.158 – 10.167.12.15910.167.12.159
8110.167.12.160/3110.167.12.160 – 10.167.12.16110.167.12.161
8210.167.12.162/3110.167.12.162 – 10.167.12.16310.167.12.163
8310.167.12.164/3110.167.12.164 – 10.167.12.16510.167.12.165
8410.167.12.166/3110.167.12.166 – 10.167.12.16710.167.12.167
8510.167.12.168/3110.167.12.168 – 10.167.12.16910.167.12.169
8610.167.12.170/3110.167.12.170 – 10.167.12.17110.167.12.171
8710.167.12.172/3110.167.12.172 – 10.167.12.17310.167.12.173
8810.167.12.174/3110.167.12.174 – 10.167.12.17510.167.12.175
8910.167.12.176/3110.167.12.176 – 10.167.12.17710.167.12.177
9010.167.12.178/3110.167.12.178 – 10.167.12.17910.167.12.179
9110.167.12.180/3110.167.12.180 – 10.167.12.18110.167.12.181
9210.167.12.182/3110.167.12.182 – 10.167.12.18310.167.12.183
9310.167.12.184/3110.167.12.184 – 10.167.12.18510.167.12.185
9410.167.12.186/3110.167.12.186 – 10.167.12.18710.167.12.187
9510.167.12.188/3110.167.12.188 – 10.167.12.18910.167.12.189
9610.167.12.190/3110.167.12.190 – 10.167.12.19110.167.12.191
9710.167.12.192/3110.167.12.192 – 10.167.12.19310.167.12.193
9810.167.12.194/3110.167.12.194 – 10.167.12.19510.167.12.195
9910.167.12.196/3110.167.12.196 – 10.167.12.19710.167.12.197
10010.167.12.198/3110.167.12.198 – 10.167.12.19910.167.12.199
10110.167.12.200/3110.167.12.200 – 10.167.12.20110.167.12.201
10210.167.12.202/3110.167.12.202 – 10.167.12.20310.167.12.203
10310.167.12.204/3110.167.12.204 – 10.167.12.20510.167.12.205
10410.167.12.206/3110.167.12.206 – 10.167.12.20710.167.12.207
10510.167.12.208/3110.167.12.208 – 10.167.12.20910.167.12.209
10610.167.12.210/3110.167.12.210 – 10.167.12.21110.167.12.211
10710.167.12.212/3110.167.12.212 – 10.167.12.21310.167.12.213
10810.167.12.214/3110.167.12.214 – 10.167.12.21510.167.12.215
10910.167.12.216/3110.167.12.216 – 10.167.12.21710.167.12.217
11010.167.12.218/3110.167.12.218 – 10.167.12.21910.167.12.219
11110.167.12.220/3110.167.12.220 – 10.167.12.22110.167.12.221
11210.167.12.222/3110.167.12.222 – 10.167.12.22310.167.12.223
11310.167.12.224/3110.167.12.224 – 10.167.12.22510.167.12.225
11410.167.12.226/3110.167.12.226 – 10.167.12.22710.167.12.227
11510.167.12.228/3110.167.12.228 – 10.167.12.22910.167.12.229
11610.167.12.230/3110.167.12.230 – 10.167.12.23110.167.12.231
11710.167.12.232/3110.167.12.232 – 10.167.12.23310.167.12.233
11810.167.12.234/3110.167.12.234 – 10.167.12.23510.167.12.235
11910.167.12.236/3110.167.12.236 – 10.167.12.23710.167.12.237
12010.167.12.238/3110.167.12.238 – 10.167.12.23910.167.12.239
12110.167.12.240/3110.167.12.240 – 10.167.12.24110.167.12.241
12210.167.12.242/3110.167.12.242 – 10.167.12.24310.167.12.243
12310.167.12.244/3110.167.12.244 – 10.167.12.24510.167.12.245
12410.167.12.246/3110.167.12.246 – 10.167.12.24710.167.12.247
12510.167.12.248/3110.167.12.248 – 10.167.12.24910.167.12.249
12610.167.12.250/3110.167.12.250 – 10.167.12.25110.167.12.251
12710.167.12.252/3110.167.12.252 – 10.167.12.25310.167.12.253
12810.167.12.254/3110.167.12.254 – 10.167.12.25510.167.12.255
12910.167.13.0/3110.167.13.0 – 10.167.13.110.167.13.1
13010.167.13.2/3110.167.13.2 – 10.167.13.310.167.13.3
13110.167.13.4/3110.167.13.4 – 10.167.13.510.167.13.5
13210.167.13.6/3110.167.13.6 – 10.167.13.710.167.13.7
13310.167.13.8/3110.167.13.8 – 10.167.13.910.167.13.9
13410.167.13.10/3110.167.13.10 – 10.167.13.1110.167.13.11
13510.167.13.12/3110.167.13.12 – 10.167.13.1310.167.13.13
13610.167.13.14/3110.167.13.14 – 10.167.13.1510.167.13.15
13710.167.13.16/3110.167.13.16 – 10.167.13.1710.167.13.17
13810.167.13.18/3110.167.13.18 – 10.167.13.1910.167.13.19
13910.167.13.20/3110.167.13.20 – 10.167.13.2110.167.13.21
14010.167.13.22/3110.167.13.22 – 10.167.13.2310.167.13.23
14110.167.13.24/3110.167.13.24 – 10.167.13.2510.167.13.25
14210.167.13.26/3110.167.13.26 – 10.167.13.2710.167.13.27
14310.167.13.28/3110.167.13.28 – 10.167.13.2910.167.13.29
14410.167.13.30/3110.167.13.30 – 10.167.13.3110.167.13.31
14510.167.13.32/3110.167.13.32 – 10.167.13.3310.167.13.33
14610.167.13.34/3110.167.13.34 – 10.167.13.3510.167.13.35
14710.167.13.36/3110.167.13.36 – 10.167.13.3710.167.13.37
14810.167.13.38/3110.167.13.38 – 10.167.13.3910.167.13.39
14910.167.13.40/3110.167.13.40 – 10.167.13.4110.167.13.41
15010.167.13.42/3110.167.13.42 – 10.167.13.4310.167.13.43
15110.167.13.44/3110.167.13.44 – 10.167.13.4510.167.13.45
15210.167.13.46/3110.167.13.46 – 10.167.13.4710.167.13.47
15310.167.13.48/3110.167.13.48 – 10.167.13.4910.167.13.49
15410.167.13.50/3110.167.13.50 – 10.167.13.5110.167.13.51
15510.167.13.52/3110.167.13.52 – 10.167.13.5310.167.13.53
15610.167.13.54/3110.167.13.54 – 10.167.13.5510.167.13.55
15710.167.13.56/3110.167.13.56 – 10.167.13.5710.167.13.57
15810.167.13.58/3110.167.13.58 – 10.167.13.5910.167.13.59
15910.167.13.60/3110.167.13.60 – 10.167.13.6110.167.13.61
16010.167.13.62/3110.167.13.62 – 10.167.13.6310.167.13.63
16110.167.13.64/3110.167.13.64 – 10.167.13.6510.167.13.65
16210.167.13.66/3110.167.13.66 – 10.167.13.6710.167.13.67
16310.167.13.68/3110.167.13.68 – 10.167.13.6910.167.13.69
16410.167.13.70/3110.167.13.70 – 10.167.13.7110.167.13.71
16510.167.13.72/3110.167.13.72 – 10.167.13.7310.167.13.73
16610.167.13.74/3110.167.13.74 – 10.167.13.7510.167.13.75
16710.167.13.76/3110.167.13.76 – 10.167.13.7710.167.13.77
16810.167.13.78/3110.167.13.78 – 10.167.13.7910.167.13.79
16910.167.13.80/3110.167.13.80 – 10.167.13.8110.167.13.81
17010.167.13.82/3110.167.13.82 – 10.167.13.8310.167.13.83
17110.167.13.84/3110.167.13.84 – 10.167.13.8510.167.13.85
17210.167.13.86/3110.167.13.86 – 10.167.13.8710.167.13.87
17310.167.13.88/3110.167.13.88 – 10.167.13.8910.167.13.89
17410.167.13.90/3110.167.13.90 – 10.167.13.9110.167.13.91
17510.167.13.92/3110.167.13.92 – 10.167.13.9310.167.13.93
17610.167.13.94/3110.167.13.94 – 10.167.13.9510.167.13.95
17710.167.13.96/3110.167.13.96 – 10.167.13.9710.167.13.97
17810.167.13.98/3110.167.13.98 – 10.167.13.9910.167.13.99
17910.167.13.100/3110.167.13.100 – 10.167.13.10110.167.13.101
18010.167.13.102/3110.167.13.102 – 10.167.13.10310.167.13.103
18110.167.13.104/3110.167.13.104 – 10.167.13.10510.167.13.105
18210.167.13.106/3110.167.13.106 – 10.167.13.10710.167.13.107
18310.167.13.108/3110.167.13.108 – 10.167.13.10910.167.13.109
18410.167.13.110/3110.167.13.110 – 10.167.13.11110.167.13.111
18510.167.13.112/3110.167.13.112 – 10.167.13.11310.167.13.113
18610.167.13.114/3110.167.13.114 – 10.167.13.11510.167.13.115
18710.167.13.116/3110.167.13.116 – 10.167.13.11710.167.13.117
18810.167.13.118/3110.167.13.118 – 10.167.13.11910.167.13.119
18910.167.13.120/3110.167.13.120 – 10.167.13.12110.167.13.121
19010.167.13.122/3110.167.13.122 – 10.167.13.12310.167.13.123
19110.167.13.124/3110.167.13.124 – 10.167.13.12510.167.13.125
19210.167.13.126/3110.167.13.126 – 10.167.13.12710.167.13.127
19310.167.13.128/3110.167.13.128 – 10.167.13.12910.167.13.129
19410.167.13.130/3110.167.13.130 – 10.167.13.13110.167.13.131
19510.167.13.132/3110.167.13.132 – 10.167.13.13310.167.13.133
19610.167.13.134/3110.167.13.134 – 10.167.13.13510.167.13.135
19710.167.13.136/3110.167.13.136 – 10.167.13.13710.167.13.137
19810.167.13.138/3110.167.13.138 – 10.167.13.13910.167.13.139
19910.167.13.140/3110.167.13.140 – 10.167.13.14110.167.13.141
20010.167.13.142/3110.167.13.142 – 10.167.13.14310.167.13.143
20110.167.13.144/3110.167.13.144 – 10.167.13.14510.167.13.145
20210.167.13.146/3110.167.13.146 – 10.167.13.14710.167.13.147
20310.167.13.148/3110.167.13.148 – 10.167.13.14910.167.13.149
20410.167.13.150/3110.167.13.150 – 10.167.13.15110.167.13.151
20510.167.13.152/3110.167.13.152 – 10.167.13.15310.167.13.153
20610.167.13.154/3110.167.13.154 – 10.167.13.15510.167.13.155
20710.167.13.156/3110.167.13.156 – 10.167.13.15710.167.13.157
20810.167.13.158/3110.167.13.158 – 10.167.13.15910.167.13.159
20910.167.13.160/3110.167.13.160 – 10.167.13.16110.167.13.161
21010.167.13.162/3110.167.13.162 – 10.167.13.16310.167.13.163
21110.167.13.164/3110.167.13.164 – 10.167.13.16510.167.13.165
21210.167.13.166/3110.167.13.166 – 10.167.13.16710.167.13.167
21310.167.13.168/3110.167.13.168 – 10.167.13.16910.167.13.169
21410.167.13.170/3110.167.13.170 – 10.167.13.17110.167.13.171
21510.167.13.172/3110.167.13.172 – 10.167.13.17310.167.13.173
21610.167.13.174/3110.167.13.174 – 10.167.13.17510.167.13.175
21710.167.13.176/3110.167.13.176 – 10.167.13.17710.167.13.177
21810.167.13.178/3110.167.13.178 – 10.167.13.17910.167.13.179
21910.167.13.180/3110.167.13.180 – 10.167.13.18110.167.13.181
22010.167.13.182/3110.167.13.182 – 10.167.13.18310.167.13.183
22110.167.13.184/3110.167.13.184 – 10.167.13.18510.167.13.185
22210.167.13.186/3110.167.13.186 – 10.167.13.18710.167.13.187
22310.167.13.188/3110.167.13.188 – 10.167.13.18910.167.13.189
22410.167.13.190/3110.167.13.190 – 10.167.13.19110.167.13.191
22510.167.13.192/3110.167.13.192 – 10.167.13.19310.167.13.193
22610.167.13.194/3110.167.13.194 – 10.167.13.19510.167.13.195
22710.167.13.196/3110.167.13.196 – 10.167.13.19710.167.13.197
22810.167.13.198/3110.167.13.198 – 10.167.13.19910.167.13.199
22910.167.13.200/3110.167.13.200 – 10.167.13.20110.167.13.201
23010.167.13.202/3110.167.13.202 – 10.167.13.20310.167.13.203
23110.167.13.204/3110.167.13.204 – 10.167.13.20510.167.13.205
23210.167.13.206/3110.167.13.206 – 10.167.13.20710.167.13.207
23310.167.13.208/3110.167.13.208 – 10.167.13.20910.167.13.209
23410.167.13.210/3110.167.13.210 – 10.167.13.21110.167.13.211
23510.167.13.212/3110.167.13.212 – 10.167.13.21310.167.13.213
23610.167.13.214/3110.167.13.214 – 10.167.13.21510.167.13.215
23710.167.13.216/3110.167.13.216 – 10.167.13.21710.167.13.217
23810.167.13.218/3110.167.13.218 – 10.167.13.21910.167.13.219
23910.167.13.220/3110.167.13.220 – 10.167.13.22110.167.13.221
24010.167.13.222/3110.167.13.222 – 10.167.13.22310.167.13.223
24110.167.13.224/3110.167.13.224 – 10.167.13.22510.167.13.225
24210.167.13.226/3110.167.13.226 – 10.167.13.22710.167.13.227
24310.167.13.228/3110.167.13.228 – 10.167.13.22910.167.13.229
24410.167.13.230/3110.167.13.230 – 10.167.13.23110.167.13.231
24510.167.13.232/3110.167.13.232 – 10.167.13.23310.167.13.233
24610.167.13.234/3110.167.13.234 – 10.167.13.23510.167.13.235
24710.167.13.236/3110.167.13.236 – 10.167.13.23710.167.13.237
24810.167.13.238/3110.167.13.238 – 10.167.13.23910.167.13.239
24910.167.13.240/3110.167.13.240 – 10.167.13.24110.167.13.241
25010.167.13.242/3110.167.13.242 – 10.167.13.24310.167.13.243
25110.167.13.244/3110.167.13.244 – 10.167.13.24510.167.13.245
25210.167.13.246/3110.167.13.246 – 10.167.13.24710.167.13.247
25310.167.13.248/3110.167.13.248 – 10.167.13.24910.167.13.249
25410.167.13.250/3110.167.13.250 – 10.167.13.25110.167.13.251
25510.167.13.252/3110.167.13.252 – 10.167.13.25310.167.13.253
25610.167.13.254/3110.167.13.254 – 10.167.13.25510.167.13.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →