ip
ipku.in

IPv4 Subnet Calculator

Enter an IP with a CIDR prefix or a subnet mask to see its network, broadcast, host range, and host count. You can also split the network into smaller subnets.

$ ipcalc
private IP (RFC 1918)10.167.108.0/23
network10.167.108.0/23
broadcast10.167.109.255
first host10.167.108.1
last host10.167.109.254
subnet mask255.255.254.0
wildcard0.0.1.255
addresses512
usable hosts510
classA
ipcalc 10.167.108.0/23
address00001010.10100111.01101100.00000000
subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
network00001010.10100111.01101100.00000000
broadcast00001010.10100111.01101101.11111111
green = network part, grey = host part
hex0x0aa76c00
decimal178744320
reverse dns0.108.167.10.in-addr.arpa
ipv4-mapped::ffff:aa7:6c00

/23 split into /31 · 256 subnets

close ×
#networkhost rangebroadcast
110.167.108.0/3110.167.108.0 – 10.167.108.110.167.108.1
210.167.108.2/3110.167.108.2 – 10.167.108.310.167.108.3
310.167.108.4/3110.167.108.4 – 10.167.108.510.167.108.5
410.167.108.6/3110.167.108.6 – 10.167.108.710.167.108.7
510.167.108.8/3110.167.108.8 – 10.167.108.910.167.108.9
610.167.108.10/3110.167.108.10 – 10.167.108.1110.167.108.11
710.167.108.12/3110.167.108.12 – 10.167.108.1310.167.108.13
810.167.108.14/3110.167.108.14 – 10.167.108.1510.167.108.15
910.167.108.16/3110.167.108.16 – 10.167.108.1710.167.108.17
1010.167.108.18/3110.167.108.18 – 10.167.108.1910.167.108.19
1110.167.108.20/3110.167.108.20 – 10.167.108.2110.167.108.21
1210.167.108.22/3110.167.108.22 – 10.167.108.2310.167.108.23
1310.167.108.24/3110.167.108.24 – 10.167.108.2510.167.108.25
1410.167.108.26/3110.167.108.26 – 10.167.108.2710.167.108.27
1510.167.108.28/3110.167.108.28 – 10.167.108.2910.167.108.29
1610.167.108.30/3110.167.108.30 – 10.167.108.3110.167.108.31
1710.167.108.32/3110.167.108.32 – 10.167.108.3310.167.108.33
1810.167.108.34/3110.167.108.34 – 10.167.108.3510.167.108.35
1910.167.108.36/3110.167.108.36 – 10.167.108.3710.167.108.37
2010.167.108.38/3110.167.108.38 – 10.167.108.3910.167.108.39
2110.167.108.40/3110.167.108.40 – 10.167.108.4110.167.108.41
2210.167.108.42/3110.167.108.42 – 10.167.108.4310.167.108.43
2310.167.108.44/3110.167.108.44 – 10.167.108.4510.167.108.45
2410.167.108.46/3110.167.108.46 – 10.167.108.4710.167.108.47
2510.167.108.48/3110.167.108.48 – 10.167.108.4910.167.108.49
2610.167.108.50/3110.167.108.50 – 10.167.108.5110.167.108.51
2710.167.108.52/3110.167.108.52 – 10.167.108.5310.167.108.53
2810.167.108.54/3110.167.108.54 – 10.167.108.5510.167.108.55
2910.167.108.56/3110.167.108.56 – 10.167.108.5710.167.108.57
3010.167.108.58/3110.167.108.58 – 10.167.108.5910.167.108.59
3110.167.108.60/3110.167.108.60 – 10.167.108.6110.167.108.61
3210.167.108.62/3110.167.108.62 – 10.167.108.6310.167.108.63
3310.167.108.64/3110.167.108.64 – 10.167.108.6510.167.108.65
3410.167.108.66/3110.167.108.66 – 10.167.108.6710.167.108.67
3510.167.108.68/3110.167.108.68 – 10.167.108.6910.167.108.69
3610.167.108.70/3110.167.108.70 – 10.167.108.7110.167.108.71
3710.167.108.72/3110.167.108.72 – 10.167.108.7310.167.108.73
3810.167.108.74/3110.167.108.74 – 10.167.108.7510.167.108.75
3910.167.108.76/3110.167.108.76 – 10.167.108.7710.167.108.77
4010.167.108.78/3110.167.108.78 – 10.167.108.7910.167.108.79
4110.167.108.80/3110.167.108.80 – 10.167.108.8110.167.108.81
4210.167.108.82/3110.167.108.82 – 10.167.108.8310.167.108.83
4310.167.108.84/3110.167.108.84 – 10.167.108.8510.167.108.85
4410.167.108.86/3110.167.108.86 – 10.167.108.8710.167.108.87
4510.167.108.88/3110.167.108.88 – 10.167.108.8910.167.108.89
4610.167.108.90/3110.167.108.90 – 10.167.108.9110.167.108.91
4710.167.108.92/3110.167.108.92 – 10.167.108.9310.167.108.93
4810.167.108.94/3110.167.108.94 – 10.167.108.9510.167.108.95
4910.167.108.96/3110.167.108.96 – 10.167.108.9710.167.108.97
5010.167.108.98/3110.167.108.98 – 10.167.108.9910.167.108.99
5110.167.108.100/3110.167.108.100 – 10.167.108.10110.167.108.101
5210.167.108.102/3110.167.108.102 – 10.167.108.10310.167.108.103
5310.167.108.104/3110.167.108.104 – 10.167.108.10510.167.108.105
5410.167.108.106/3110.167.108.106 – 10.167.108.10710.167.108.107
5510.167.108.108/3110.167.108.108 – 10.167.108.10910.167.108.109
5610.167.108.110/3110.167.108.110 – 10.167.108.11110.167.108.111
5710.167.108.112/3110.167.108.112 – 10.167.108.11310.167.108.113
5810.167.108.114/3110.167.108.114 – 10.167.108.11510.167.108.115
5910.167.108.116/3110.167.108.116 – 10.167.108.11710.167.108.117
6010.167.108.118/3110.167.108.118 – 10.167.108.11910.167.108.119
6110.167.108.120/3110.167.108.120 – 10.167.108.12110.167.108.121
6210.167.108.122/3110.167.108.122 – 10.167.108.12310.167.108.123
6310.167.108.124/3110.167.108.124 – 10.167.108.12510.167.108.125
6410.167.108.126/3110.167.108.126 – 10.167.108.12710.167.108.127
6510.167.108.128/3110.167.108.128 – 10.167.108.12910.167.108.129
6610.167.108.130/3110.167.108.130 – 10.167.108.13110.167.108.131
6710.167.108.132/3110.167.108.132 – 10.167.108.13310.167.108.133
6810.167.108.134/3110.167.108.134 – 10.167.108.13510.167.108.135
6910.167.108.136/3110.167.108.136 – 10.167.108.13710.167.108.137
7010.167.108.138/3110.167.108.138 – 10.167.108.13910.167.108.139
7110.167.108.140/3110.167.108.140 – 10.167.108.14110.167.108.141
7210.167.108.142/3110.167.108.142 – 10.167.108.14310.167.108.143
7310.167.108.144/3110.167.108.144 – 10.167.108.14510.167.108.145
7410.167.108.146/3110.167.108.146 – 10.167.108.14710.167.108.147
7510.167.108.148/3110.167.108.148 – 10.167.108.14910.167.108.149
7610.167.108.150/3110.167.108.150 – 10.167.108.15110.167.108.151
7710.167.108.152/3110.167.108.152 – 10.167.108.15310.167.108.153
7810.167.108.154/3110.167.108.154 – 10.167.108.15510.167.108.155
7910.167.108.156/3110.167.108.156 – 10.167.108.15710.167.108.157
8010.167.108.158/3110.167.108.158 – 10.167.108.15910.167.108.159
8110.167.108.160/3110.167.108.160 – 10.167.108.16110.167.108.161
8210.167.108.162/3110.167.108.162 – 10.167.108.16310.167.108.163
8310.167.108.164/3110.167.108.164 – 10.167.108.16510.167.108.165
8410.167.108.166/3110.167.108.166 – 10.167.108.16710.167.108.167
8510.167.108.168/3110.167.108.168 – 10.167.108.16910.167.108.169
8610.167.108.170/3110.167.108.170 – 10.167.108.17110.167.108.171
8710.167.108.172/3110.167.108.172 – 10.167.108.17310.167.108.173
8810.167.108.174/3110.167.108.174 – 10.167.108.17510.167.108.175
8910.167.108.176/3110.167.108.176 – 10.167.108.17710.167.108.177
9010.167.108.178/3110.167.108.178 – 10.167.108.17910.167.108.179
9110.167.108.180/3110.167.108.180 – 10.167.108.18110.167.108.181
9210.167.108.182/3110.167.108.182 – 10.167.108.18310.167.108.183
9310.167.108.184/3110.167.108.184 – 10.167.108.18510.167.108.185
9410.167.108.186/3110.167.108.186 – 10.167.108.18710.167.108.187
9510.167.108.188/3110.167.108.188 – 10.167.108.18910.167.108.189
9610.167.108.190/3110.167.108.190 – 10.167.108.19110.167.108.191
9710.167.108.192/3110.167.108.192 – 10.167.108.19310.167.108.193
9810.167.108.194/3110.167.108.194 – 10.167.108.19510.167.108.195
9910.167.108.196/3110.167.108.196 – 10.167.108.19710.167.108.197
10010.167.108.198/3110.167.108.198 – 10.167.108.19910.167.108.199
10110.167.108.200/3110.167.108.200 – 10.167.108.20110.167.108.201
10210.167.108.202/3110.167.108.202 – 10.167.108.20310.167.108.203
10310.167.108.204/3110.167.108.204 – 10.167.108.20510.167.108.205
10410.167.108.206/3110.167.108.206 – 10.167.108.20710.167.108.207
10510.167.108.208/3110.167.108.208 – 10.167.108.20910.167.108.209
10610.167.108.210/3110.167.108.210 – 10.167.108.21110.167.108.211
10710.167.108.212/3110.167.108.212 – 10.167.108.21310.167.108.213
10810.167.108.214/3110.167.108.214 – 10.167.108.21510.167.108.215
10910.167.108.216/3110.167.108.216 – 10.167.108.21710.167.108.217
11010.167.108.218/3110.167.108.218 – 10.167.108.21910.167.108.219
11110.167.108.220/3110.167.108.220 – 10.167.108.22110.167.108.221
11210.167.108.222/3110.167.108.222 – 10.167.108.22310.167.108.223
11310.167.108.224/3110.167.108.224 – 10.167.108.22510.167.108.225
11410.167.108.226/3110.167.108.226 – 10.167.108.22710.167.108.227
11510.167.108.228/3110.167.108.228 – 10.167.108.22910.167.108.229
11610.167.108.230/3110.167.108.230 – 10.167.108.23110.167.108.231
11710.167.108.232/3110.167.108.232 – 10.167.108.23310.167.108.233
11810.167.108.234/3110.167.108.234 – 10.167.108.23510.167.108.235
11910.167.108.236/3110.167.108.236 – 10.167.108.23710.167.108.237
12010.167.108.238/3110.167.108.238 – 10.167.108.23910.167.108.239
12110.167.108.240/3110.167.108.240 – 10.167.108.24110.167.108.241
12210.167.108.242/3110.167.108.242 – 10.167.108.24310.167.108.243
12310.167.108.244/3110.167.108.244 – 10.167.108.24510.167.108.245
12410.167.108.246/3110.167.108.246 – 10.167.108.24710.167.108.247
12510.167.108.248/3110.167.108.248 – 10.167.108.24910.167.108.249
12610.167.108.250/3110.167.108.250 – 10.167.108.25110.167.108.251
12710.167.108.252/3110.167.108.252 – 10.167.108.25310.167.108.253
12810.167.108.254/3110.167.108.254 – 10.167.108.25510.167.108.255
12910.167.109.0/3110.167.109.0 – 10.167.109.110.167.109.1
13010.167.109.2/3110.167.109.2 – 10.167.109.310.167.109.3
13110.167.109.4/3110.167.109.4 – 10.167.109.510.167.109.5
13210.167.109.6/3110.167.109.6 – 10.167.109.710.167.109.7
13310.167.109.8/3110.167.109.8 – 10.167.109.910.167.109.9
13410.167.109.10/3110.167.109.10 – 10.167.109.1110.167.109.11
13510.167.109.12/3110.167.109.12 – 10.167.109.1310.167.109.13
13610.167.109.14/3110.167.109.14 – 10.167.109.1510.167.109.15
13710.167.109.16/3110.167.109.16 – 10.167.109.1710.167.109.17
13810.167.109.18/3110.167.109.18 – 10.167.109.1910.167.109.19
13910.167.109.20/3110.167.109.20 – 10.167.109.2110.167.109.21
14010.167.109.22/3110.167.109.22 – 10.167.109.2310.167.109.23
14110.167.109.24/3110.167.109.24 – 10.167.109.2510.167.109.25
14210.167.109.26/3110.167.109.26 – 10.167.109.2710.167.109.27
14310.167.109.28/3110.167.109.28 – 10.167.109.2910.167.109.29
14410.167.109.30/3110.167.109.30 – 10.167.109.3110.167.109.31
14510.167.109.32/3110.167.109.32 – 10.167.109.3310.167.109.33
14610.167.109.34/3110.167.109.34 – 10.167.109.3510.167.109.35
14710.167.109.36/3110.167.109.36 – 10.167.109.3710.167.109.37
14810.167.109.38/3110.167.109.38 – 10.167.109.3910.167.109.39
14910.167.109.40/3110.167.109.40 – 10.167.109.4110.167.109.41
15010.167.109.42/3110.167.109.42 – 10.167.109.4310.167.109.43
15110.167.109.44/3110.167.109.44 – 10.167.109.4510.167.109.45
15210.167.109.46/3110.167.109.46 – 10.167.109.4710.167.109.47
15310.167.109.48/3110.167.109.48 – 10.167.109.4910.167.109.49
15410.167.109.50/3110.167.109.50 – 10.167.109.5110.167.109.51
15510.167.109.52/3110.167.109.52 – 10.167.109.5310.167.109.53
15610.167.109.54/3110.167.109.54 – 10.167.109.5510.167.109.55
15710.167.109.56/3110.167.109.56 – 10.167.109.5710.167.109.57
15810.167.109.58/3110.167.109.58 – 10.167.109.5910.167.109.59
15910.167.109.60/3110.167.109.60 – 10.167.109.6110.167.109.61
16010.167.109.62/3110.167.109.62 – 10.167.109.6310.167.109.63
16110.167.109.64/3110.167.109.64 – 10.167.109.6510.167.109.65
16210.167.109.66/3110.167.109.66 – 10.167.109.6710.167.109.67
16310.167.109.68/3110.167.109.68 – 10.167.109.6910.167.109.69
16410.167.109.70/3110.167.109.70 – 10.167.109.7110.167.109.71
16510.167.109.72/3110.167.109.72 – 10.167.109.7310.167.109.73
16610.167.109.74/3110.167.109.74 – 10.167.109.7510.167.109.75
16710.167.109.76/3110.167.109.76 – 10.167.109.7710.167.109.77
16810.167.109.78/3110.167.109.78 – 10.167.109.7910.167.109.79
16910.167.109.80/3110.167.109.80 – 10.167.109.8110.167.109.81
17010.167.109.82/3110.167.109.82 – 10.167.109.8310.167.109.83
17110.167.109.84/3110.167.109.84 – 10.167.109.8510.167.109.85
17210.167.109.86/3110.167.109.86 – 10.167.109.8710.167.109.87
17310.167.109.88/3110.167.109.88 – 10.167.109.8910.167.109.89
17410.167.109.90/3110.167.109.90 – 10.167.109.9110.167.109.91
17510.167.109.92/3110.167.109.92 – 10.167.109.9310.167.109.93
17610.167.109.94/3110.167.109.94 – 10.167.109.9510.167.109.95
17710.167.109.96/3110.167.109.96 – 10.167.109.9710.167.109.97
17810.167.109.98/3110.167.109.98 – 10.167.109.9910.167.109.99
17910.167.109.100/3110.167.109.100 – 10.167.109.10110.167.109.101
18010.167.109.102/3110.167.109.102 – 10.167.109.10310.167.109.103
18110.167.109.104/3110.167.109.104 – 10.167.109.10510.167.109.105
18210.167.109.106/3110.167.109.106 – 10.167.109.10710.167.109.107
18310.167.109.108/3110.167.109.108 – 10.167.109.10910.167.109.109
18410.167.109.110/3110.167.109.110 – 10.167.109.11110.167.109.111
18510.167.109.112/3110.167.109.112 – 10.167.109.11310.167.109.113
18610.167.109.114/3110.167.109.114 – 10.167.109.11510.167.109.115
18710.167.109.116/3110.167.109.116 – 10.167.109.11710.167.109.117
18810.167.109.118/3110.167.109.118 – 10.167.109.11910.167.109.119
18910.167.109.120/3110.167.109.120 – 10.167.109.12110.167.109.121
19010.167.109.122/3110.167.109.122 – 10.167.109.12310.167.109.123
19110.167.109.124/3110.167.109.124 – 10.167.109.12510.167.109.125
19210.167.109.126/3110.167.109.126 – 10.167.109.12710.167.109.127
19310.167.109.128/3110.167.109.128 – 10.167.109.12910.167.109.129
19410.167.109.130/3110.167.109.130 – 10.167.109.13110.167.109.131
19510.167.109.132/3110.167.109.132 – 10.167.109.13310.167.109.133
19610.167.109.134/3110.167.109.134 – 10.167.109.13510.167.109.135
19710.167.109.136/3110.167.109.136 – 10.167.109.13710.167.109.137
19810.167.109.138/3110.167.109.138 – 10.167.109.13910.167.109.139
19910.167.109.140/3110.167.109.140 – 10.167.109.14110.167.109.141
20010.167.109.142/3110.167.109.142 – 10.167.109.14310.167.109.143
20110.167.109.144/3110.167.109.144 – 10.167.109.14510.167.109.145
20210.167.109.146/3110.167.109.146 – 10.167.109.14710.167.109.147
20310.167.109.148/3110.167.109.148 – 10.167.109.14910.167.109.149
20410.167.109.150/3110.167.109.150 – 10.167.109.15110.167.109.151
20510.167.109.152/3110.167.109.152 – 10.167.109.15310.167.109.153
20610.167.109.154/3110.167.109.154 – 10.167.109.15510.167.109.155
20710.167.109.156/3110.167.109.156 – 10.167.109.15710.167.109.157
20810.167.109.158/3110.167.109.158 – 10.167.109.15910.167.109.159
20910.167.109.160/3110.167.109.160 – 10.167.109.16110.167.109.161
21010.167.109.162/3110.167.109.162 – 10.167.109.16310.167.109.163
21110.167.109.164/3110.167.109.164 – 10.167.109.16510.167.109.165
21210.167.109.166/3110.167.109.166 – 10.167.109.16710.167.109.167
21310.167.109.168/3110.167.109.168 – 10.167.109.16910.167.109.169
21410.167.109.170/3110.167.109.170 – 10.167.109.17110.167.109.171
21510.167.109.172/3110.167.109.172 – 10.167.109.17310.167.109.173
21610.167.109.174/3110.167.109.174 – 10.167.109.17510.167.109.175
21710.167.109.176/3110.167.109.176 – 10.167.109.17710.167.109.177
21810.167.109.178/3110.167.109.178 – 10.167.109.17910.167.109.179
21910.167.109.180/3110.167.109.180 – 10.167.109.18110.167.109.181
22010.167.109.182/3110.167.109.182 – 10.167.109.18310.167.109.183
22110.167.109.184/3110.167.109.184 – 10.167.109.18510.167.109.185
22210.167.109.186/3110.167.109.186 – 10.167.109.18710.167.109.187
22310.167.109.188/3110.167.109.188 – 10.167.109.18910.167.109.189
22410.167.109.190/3110.167.109.190 – 10.167.109.19110.167.109.191
22510.167.109.192/3110.167.109.192 – 10.167.109.19310.167.109.193
22610.167.109.194/3110.167.109.194 – 10.167.109.19510.167.109.195
22710.167.109.196/3110.167.109.196 – 10.167.109.19710.167.109.197
22810.167.109.198/3110.167.109.198 – 10.167.109.19910.167.109.199
22910.167.109.200/3110.167.109.200 – 10.167.109.20110.167.109.201
23010.167.109.202/3110.167.109.202 – 10.167.109.20310.167.109.203
23110.167.109.204/3110.167.109.204 – 10.167.109.20510.167.109.205
23210.167.109.206/3110.167.109.206 – 10.167.109.20710.167.109.207
23310.167.109.208/3110.167.109.208 – 10.167.109.20910.167.109.209
23410.167.109.210/3110.167.109.210 – 10.167.109.21110.167.109.211
23510.167.109.212/3110.167.109.212 – 10.167.109.21310.167.109.213
23610.167.109.214/3110.167.109.214 – 10.167.109.21510.167.109.215
23710.167.109.216/3110.167.109.216 – 10.167.109.21710.167.109.217
23810.167.109.218/3110.167.109.218 – 10.167.109.21910.167.109.219
23910.167.109.220/3110.167.109.220 – 10.167.109.22110.167.109.221
24010.167.109.222/3110.167.109.222 – 10.167.109.22310.167.109.223
24110.167.109.224/3110.167.109.224 – 10.167.109.22510.167.109.225
24210.167.109.226/3110.167.109.226 – 10.167.109.22710.167.109.227
24310.167.109.228/3110.167.109.228 – 10.167.109.22910.167.109.229
24410.167.109.230/3110.167.109.230 – 10.167.109.23110.167.109.231
24510.167.109.232/3110.167.109.232 – 10.167.109.23310.167.109.233
24610.167.109.234/3110.167.109.234 – 10.167.109.23510.167.109.235
24710.167.109.236/3110.167.109.236 – 10.167.109.23710.167.109.237
24810.167.109.238/3110.167.109.238 – 10.167.109.23910.167.109.239
24910.167.109.240/3110.167.109.240 – 10.167.109.24110.167.109.241
25010.167.109.242/3110.167.109.242 – 10.167.109.24310.167.109.243
25110.167.109.244/3110.167.109.244 – 10.167.109.24510.167.109.245
25210.167.109.246/3110.167.109.246 – 10.167.109.24710.167.109.247
25310.167.109.248/3110.167.109.248 – 10.167.109.24910.167.109.249
25410.167.109.250/3110.167.109.250 – 10.167.109.25110.167.109.251
25510.167.109.252/3110.167.109.252 – 10.167.109.25310.167.109.253
25610.167.109.254/3110.167.109.254 – 10.167.109.25510.167.109.255
01 / table

IPv4 CIDR prefix table.

Click a prefix longer than your network to split it into subnets.

prefixsubnet maskaddresseshostsin your /23
/00.0.0.04,294,967,2964,294,967,294-
/1128.0.0.02,147,483,6482,147,483,646-
/2192.0.0.01,073,741,8241,073,741,822-
/3224.0.0.0536,870,912536,870,910-
/4240.0.0.0268,435,456268,435,454-
/5248.0.0.0134,217,728134,217,726-
/6252.0.0.067,108,86467,108,862-
/7254.0.0.033,554,43233,554,430-
/8255.0.0.016,777,21616,777,214-
/9255.128.0.08,388,6088,388,606-
/10255.192.0.04,194,3044,194,302-
/11255.224.0.02,097,1522,097,150-
/12255.240.0.01,048,5761,048,574-
/13255.248.0.0524,288524,286-
/14255.252.0.0262,144262,142-
/15255.254.0.0131,072131,070-
/16255.255.0.065,53665,534-
/17255.255.128.032,76832,766-
/18255.255.192.016,38416,382-
/19255.255.224.08,1928,190-
/20255.255.240.04,0964,094-
/21255.255.248.02,0482,046-
/22255.255.252.01,0241,022-
/23255.255.254.05125101
/24255.255.255.02562542 split →
/25255.255.255.1281281264 split →
/26255.255.255.19264628 split →
/27255.255.255.224323016 split →
/28255.255.255.240161432 split →
/29255.255.255.2488664 split →
/30255.255.255.25242128 split →
/31255.255.255.25422256 split →
/32255.255.255.25511512 split →
02 / faq

About this calculator.

How do I use this subnet calculator?

▼

Type an IP address followed by a prefix, like 192.168.1.10/24, or by a subnet mask, like 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0. Without a prefix it uses /24. Click a row in the table to split the network into smaller subnets.

Why are usable hosts always 2 fewer?

▼

The first address in a subnet is the network address and the last is the broadcast address, so neither can go to a device. The exceptions are /31 (point-to-point links, RFC 3021) and /32 (a single address), which use every address.

Can I use it from a terminal?

▼

Yes. curl 'ipku.in/en/tools/ipv4-subnet-calculator?q=192.168.1.10/24' returns the result as plain text.

Learn how to work it out →